Spanish 2 Study Guide Final Exam

Para Empezar ADJECTIVES p 3 Adjectives must agree with the noun they modify.

- Adjectives that end in –O have FOUR forms because they agree in both

NUMBER and GENDER.

- Adjectives that end in –E or a consonant have TWO forms because they agree in

NUMBER only.

- Most adjectives come AFTER the noun they modify.

- An adjective that describes both a masculine and a feminine noun must be in the

MASCULINE, PLURAL form.

SER p 5 What does SER mean? TO BE Conjugate SER Name the uses of SER: 1. Time 2. Possession 3. Nationality 4. Description 5. Personality

6. Composition 7. Origin (de) 8. Profession 9. Religion

PRESENT INDICATIVE TENSE p 9 Give endings for the following types of infinitives: -AR -ER -IR Conjugate the following verbs IN THE PRESENT: Andar Beber Subir TENER p 15, 237 What does TENER mean? TO HAVE Conjugate TENER TENER is used to form the following

expressions: TENER + … Que + an infinitive TO HAVE TO Calor TO BE HOT Sueño TO BE TIRED

Miedo (de) TO BE AFRAID (OF)

Hambre TO BE HUNGRY Frío TO BE COLD Sed TO BE THIRSTY Cuidado TO BE CAREFUL Prisa TO BE IN A HURRY Razón TO BE RIGHT

Tema 1A – Vocabulary p 40 STEM-CHANGING VERBS p 27 Which forms of the verb will have the spelling change in the stem? Use the conjugation box to demonstrate: - Stem-changing verbs use regular endings (see PRESENT INDICATIVE), even though they have spelling changes. Name the 4 types of stems-changing verbs and give examples of each: E > IE O > UE E > I U > UE COMENZAR RECORDAR REPETIR JUGAR EMPEZAR ALMORZAR PEDIR ENTENDER LLOVER VESTIR ENCENDER PODER DESPEDIR PREFERIR DORMIR SEGUIR PENSAR MORIR DECIR

AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS p 31 By now you know many affirmative and negative words: Someone, anyone ALGUIEN Something ALGO Some, any ALGÚN, ALGUNO, -A, -OS, -AS Always SIEMPRE Also, too TAMBIÉN No one, nobody NADIE Nothing NADA No, none, not any NINGÚN, NINGUNO, -A Never NUNCA Neither, either TAMPOCO - Alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas and ninguno, ninguna agree in NUMBER and GENDER of the noun to which they refer. - When alguno and ninguno come before a masculine singular noun, they change to ALGÚN and NINGÚN IR p 43 What does IR mean? TO GO Conjugate IR IR is used to talk about… Going to places: IR + A/AL/A LA + LOCATION Don’t forget to use “al” if the place in masculine and

singular The future: IR + A + INFINITIVE

Tema 1B – Vocabulary p 68 COMPARISONS p 53 Equality Traits: as + adjective + as TAN + ADJ + COMO Nouns: as much/many + noun + as

TANTO / TANTA / TANTOS / TANTAS + NOUN + COMO

- When comparing nouns, the word TANTO agrees in number and gender with the noun compared, not the subject.

Even though Realidades 2 focuses only on comparisons of equality, you should know comparisons of inequality as well: Inequality More + (adjective or noun) + than MÁS + ADJ + QUE

Less + (adjective or noun) + than MENOS + ADJ + QUE

- You can use these expressions when comparing both nouns and traits. If comparing traits, the adjective will

agree in number and gender with the subject. Better than MEJOR(ES) QUE

Worse than PEOR(ES) QUE

Older than MAYOR(ES) QUE

Younger than MENOR(ES) QUE Remember that these expressions are made plural when comparing a plural object SABER vs CONOCER p 56 There are two verbs which mean TO BE in Spanish: SABER CONOCER

When will you use SABER? When will you use CONOCER? 1. FACTS 1. PEOPLE 2. INFO 2. PLACES 3. HOW TO DO SOMETHING 3. THINGS

* CONOCER is followed by a personal “A” when the DIRECT OBJECT is a person or a pet.

HACER IN EXPRESSION OF TIME (to say “how long”) p 58 To tell how long someone has been doing something, Spanish uses HACER in the following structure: HACE + AMOUNT OF TIME + QUE + VERB IN PRESENT TENSE

OR

VERB IN PRESENT TENSE + HACE + AMOUNT OF TIME To ask how long someone has been doing something, Spanish uses the following structure: ¿Cuánto + TIEMPO + HACE + QUE + VERB IN PRESENT TENSE ?

Tema 2A – Vocabulary p 96 REFLEXIVE VERBS p 80, 305 Reflexive verbs are when the subject and the direct object are the SAME PERSON. In other words, the subject does something to himself. Reflexive verbs use reflexive pronouns: Reflexive pronouns are placed in the same positions as any other object pronoun. (see notes on direct and indirect object pronouns) Acostarse (O>UE) TO GO TO BED

Afeitarse TO SHAVE Arreglarse el pelo TO STYLE ONE’S HAIR Bañarse TO BATHE Cepillarse TO BRUSH Cortarse el pelo TO CUT ONE’S HAIR Despertarse (E>IE) TO WAKE UP Divertirse (E>IE) TO HAVE FUN Ducharse TO SHOWER Lavarse TO WASH Levantarse TO GET UP Peinarse TO COMB Ponerse TO PUT ON Prepararse TO PREPARE ONESELF Secarse TO DRY Vestirse (E>I) TO GET DRESSED ESTAR p 86, 171 What does ESTAR mean? TO BE Conjugate ESTAR: Name three uses of ESTAR: 1. FEELINGS 2. LOCATION 3. CONDITION (PRESENT PROGRESSIVE)

Present Progressive: Irregular Forms Some verbs have irregular present participle forms. For –IR stem-changing verbs, the “E” in the infinitive changes to “I” and the “O” changes to “U”. EXAMPLES: DECIR DICIENDO

PEDIR PIDIENDO

REPETIR REPITIENDO

SEGUIR SIGUIENDO

SERVIR SIRVIENDO

VESTIR VISITENDO

DORMIR DURMIENDO

MORIR MURIENDO

In the following –ER verbs, the “I” changes to “Y”.

CREER CREYENDO

LEER LEYENDO

OÍR OYENDO

DESTRUIR DESTRUYENDO

CAER CAYENDO

TRAER TRAYENDO

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES LONG FORM p 88 Name ALL the possessive adjectives in long form:

MINE YOURS HIS HERS YOURS ITS

OUR THEIRS YOURS

mío, míos mía, mías

tuyo, tuyos tuya, tuyas

suyo, suyos suya, suyas

suyo, suyos suya, suyas

nuestro, nuestros nuestra, nuestras

vuestro, vuestros vuestra, vuestras

Possessive adjectives in long form all agree in NUMBER and GENDER. They are used in phrases that contain the word “OF” (friends of his, husband of mine, child of yours). These forms are often used for emphasis. To clarify or emphasize possession, you can use de + a noun or pronoun instead of a form of suyo. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS Possessive pronouns are the same words as the possessive adjectives in long form, but one of the definite articles (el, la, los, las) will be used with it. The pronouns are used when the object has been identified already. Compré mi niña una gorra nueva, pero a ella le gusta LA MÍA. (LA MÍA represents mine [my cap].) NUMBERS 0-1,000, p 99 It is assumed that you now how to say, spell and recognize the Spanish numbers 0–30. If not, you will have some extra studying to do. Write the following numbers: 30 TREINTA 200 DOSCIENTOS 40 CUARENTA 300 TRESCIENTOS 50 CINCUENTA 400 CUATROCIENTOS 60 SESENTA 500 QUINIENTOS 70 SETENTA 600 SEISCIENTOS 80 OCHENTA 700 SETECIENTOS 90 NOVENTA 800 OCHOCIENTOS 100 CIEN 900 NOVECIENTOS 100+ CIENTO 1, 000 MIL - Any number that ends in “uno” agrees in gender with the noun it modifies. If it comes before

a masculine noun, the “uno” changes to “UN” and before a feminine noun it changes to “UNA”.

- Un is not before cien, ciento and mil.

Tema 2B – Vocabulary p 124 PRETERITE REGULAR VERB CONJUGATION p 111 Give ending for the following types of infinitives: -AR -ER -IR Other spelling changes occur with only the “yo” form of the verb in –AR verbs.

-CAR -ZAR -GAR C QU Z C G GU EXAMPLES: TOCAR EMPEZAR JUGAR BUSCAR ALMORZAR PAGAR PRACTICAR COMENZAR LLEGAR SACAR GOZAR NAVEGAR PICAR TROPEZAR DEMONSTRATIVES p 114 Demonstrative adjectives – used when the object is named RIGHT AFTER the demonstrative. This That That (over there) ESTE ESE AQUEL ESTA ESA AQUELLA These Those Those (over there) ESTOS ESOS AQUELLOS ESTAS ESAS AQUELLAS

EXAMPLES: This class ESTA CLASE That girl (over there) AQUELLA CHICA Those pants ESOS PANTALONES Demonstrative pronouns – used when the object was previously named (ONE or ONES is said or implied) This That That (over there) ÉSTE ÉSE AQUÉL ÉSTA ÉSA AQUÉLLA These Those Those (over there) ÉSTOS ÉSOS AQUÉLLOS ÉSTAS ÉSAS AQUÉLLAS EXAMPLES: These books and those Estos libros y ÉSOS That dress and this one Ese vestido y ÉSE Those over there AQUÉLLOS ADJECTIVES USED AS NOUNS p 116 When you are comparing two similar things you can avoid REPETITION by dropping the noun and using an ARTICLE with an ADJECTIVE. EXAMPLES: I like the pink shirt and the blue. Me gusta la camisa rosada y LA AZUL Do you want the big steak or the small one? ¿Quieres el biftec grande o EL PEQUEÑO TIME p 127 Please review time on your own.

Tema 3A – Vocabulary p 152 DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS p 138, 166 What is a direct object pronoun? THE OBJECT DIRECTLY ACTED UPON BY THE SUBJECT Name the 7 Spanish DOPs: Placement rules: 1. DOPs are placed BEFORE conjugated verbs. 2. DOPs are ATTACHED to infinitives. 3. DOPs are ATTACHED to present participles (-ANDO/-IENDO) What is the accent rule regarding present participles? (Where does the accent belong?) COUNT THREE VOWELS FROM THE END (A IN –ANDO AND E IN –IENDO) 4. DOPs are ATTACHED to AFFIRMATIVE commands. A written accent is required when the command is more than one syllable. IRREGULAR PRETERITE: IR, SER, HACER and DAR p 140, 142 Conjugate the following verbs in the preterite:

IR SER

HACER DAR

IRREGULAR STEMS IN THE PRETERITE p 142, 274 The following verbs DO NOT use their regular stems to form the preterite, nor do they use the regular endings (see PRETERITE REGULAR VERB CONJUGATION). Fill in the blanks with the irregular preterite stems for the following verbs: Andar ANDUV- Estar ESTUV-

Tener TUV- Venir VIN-

Poner PUS- Poder PUD-

Querer QUIS- Saber SUP-

Decir *DIJ- Traer *TRAJ-

The irregular stems use the following endings instead of regular preterite endings:

* Verbs whose stem ends in “J” drop the “I” and add –ERON to the 3rd person plural ending. PRESENT TENSE IRREGULAR “YO” FORM VERBS p 15, 155 The following verbs have irregular “yo” forms, but the rest of the verb is conjugated normally. What are they?

*

Hacer HAGO Salir SALGO Venir VENGO Tener TENGO Conseguir CONSIGO Oír OIGO Seguir SIGO Poner PONGO Traer TRAIGO Conocer CONOZCO Decir DIGO Ver VEO Dar DOY Saber SÉ

Tema 3B – Vocabulary p 180 TÚ COMMANDS p 168 Affirmative Regular Conjugate in the “tú” for and drop the “S” EXAMPLE: Study your math! ESTUDIA LAS MATEMÁTICAS Share your drink! COMPARTE TU BEBIDA Affirmative Irregular The following verbs have irregular tú command forms: Tener TEN Poner PON Hacer HAZ Salir SAL

Venir VEN Decir DI Ir VE Ser SÉ

Tema 4A – Vocabulary p 208 IMPERFECT p 194 The Imperfect is used to express what was happening in the past. Give the regular endings for the Imperfect: IMPERFECT OF IR, SER and VER p 196 SER IR VER INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS p 199, 328 Name the 5 Spanish IOPs:

INDIRECT OBJECTS TELL TO WHOM OR FOR WHOM AN ACTION IS PERFORMED. Placement rules: 1. IOPs are placed BEFORE conjugated verbs. 2. IOPs are ATTACHED to infinitives. 3. IOPs are ATTACHED to present participles (-ANDO/-IENDO) What is the accent rule regarding present participles? (Where does the accent belong?) OVER THE “A” IN –ANDO OR THE “E” IN –IENDO (OR-YENDO) 4. IOPs are ALWAYS ATTACHED to AFFIRMATIVE commands. A written accent is required when the command is more than one syllable.

Tema 4B – Vocabulary p 234 IMPERFECT vs. PRETERITE p 219, 248 By now, you should know the conjugations of the preterite and the imperfect. But, the conjugations do you no good unless you know when to use them. In the columns below, write whatever you remember about the uses of the preterite and the imperfect including key words you may see in the sentence. PRETERITE USES IMPERFECT USES

-ED ENDINGS ONE TIME EVENT INTERRUPTING ACTION SUDDEN CHANGE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS DIRECT QUOTE REFERENCE TO BEGINNING OR END SPECIFIC TIME FRAME

WAS / WERE + -ING ONGOING ACTION ACTION IN PROGRESS USED TO SETTING TELLING TIME PHYSICAL / MENTAL STATE SIMPULTANEOUS ACTIONS HEARSAY / GOSSIP / RUMORS REPEATED ACTIONS HABITS / ROUTINES

RECIPROCAL ACTIONS p 224 Sometimes the reflexive pronouns nos and se are used to express the idea “to each other”. We kissed (each other) NOS BESAMOS They wrote (each other) SE ESCRIBIERON It is important to note that only nos and se can be used reciprocally. You must have at least TWO PEOPLE in order to have a reciprocated action. IMPERSONAL SE (CHAPTER 7A) In Spanish, the pronoun SE represents an indefinite or “impersonal” subject that refers to people in general, rather than to specific persons.

• When talking about a plural noun, the verb is plural. Se venden carros. Se buscan camareros. Se rentan bicicletas.

• When talking about an activity, the verb is singular. Se prohíbe fumar. Se permite hablar inglés. Se necesita salir.

Tema 5A – Vocabulary p 262 PRETERITE OF LEER, OÍR, CREER p 250 Some verbs have spelling changes in the preterite. Conjugate the following verbs: CREER OÍR LEER

Se puede encontrar ropa usada aquí. One can find used clothing here.

Other verbs that follow this pattern: DESTRUIR CAER

Tema 5B – Vocabulary p 288 IMPERFECT PROGRESSIVE p 277 To describe something that was happening over a period of time in the past, use the imperfect progressive: ESTAR (in the imperfect) + Present Participle

• IOPs, DOPs or reflexive pronouns are ATTACHED to present participles. What is the accent rule regarding present participles? (Where does the accent belong?) THE ACCENT WILL BE OVER THE “A” IN –ANDO AND THE “E” -IENDO

-AR verbs: -ANDO -ER/-IR verbs: -IENDO For –IR stem-changing verbs, the “E” in the infinitive changes to “I” and the “O” changes to “U”. DECIR DICIENDO SENTIR SINTIENDO MORIR MURIENDO In the following –ER verbs, the “I” changes to __________: CREER CREYENDO CAER CAYENDO TRAER TRAYENDO

* Destruir does not have accents in the “tú” form, nor in the “nosotros” form like the other 4 verbs.

Tema 6A – Vocabulary p 316

STEM-CHANGING VERBS IN THE PRETERITE p 302 Two conditions must be met before the verbs will stem-change: 1. The verb must be AN –IR INFINITIVE 2. The subject must be 3RD PERSON There are two types:

E>I verbs include: O>U verbs include:

SENTIR DORMIR PREFERIR MORIR SERVIR DESPEDIR PEDIR REPETIR VESTIR MENTIR COMPETIR PEDIR DIVERTIR

REÍR SONREÍR

SOME THINGS TO BE AWARE OF

You should be able to do the following: • Name as many Hispanic artists as you can • Give the date of Mexican Independence Day • Name the Latin America Countries and capitals (América Central y el Sur, El Caribe y

España – see pages xvi-xxix. Also, see the song in the back of this packet.) • Describe what is happening in a picture • Read directions to get from point A to point B (see below) • Speak for a minimum of one minute on various topics like a vacation you took, what you were

like as a child, a memorable celebration from the past or what elementary school used to be like.

• Know when to use “tú” and when to use “usted” • Read passages in Spanish and answer multiple choice questions • Listen to Spanish sentences and choose the pictures discussed • Know the meanings of the following vocabulary words: Bolso PURSE, BAG

Al lado de NEXT TO

Más o menos MORE OR LESS

Caro EXPENSIVE

Abrigo COAT

Centavo CENT

Consultorio MEDICAL OFFICE

Consentido SPOILED

Ajedrez CHESS

Compartir TO SHARE

Obra de arte WORK OF ART

Fuegos artificiales FIREWORKS

Boda WEDDING

Echar TO SEND

Cumplir TO HAVE A BIRTHDAY

Conocida KNOWN

Desfile PARADE

Disfrutar TO ENJOY

Disfraces COSTUMES

Demás BESIDES

Encanto DELIGHTED

Misas MASSES

Cantidad QUANTITY

Caballo HORSE

Batido MILKSHAKE

Jabón SOAP

Soprender TO SURPRISE

Patines SKATES

Salón SALON

Travieso NAUGHTY

Tener cuidado TO BE CAREFUL

Barato CHEAP

Ejemplo EXAMPLE

GIVING AND UNDERSTANDING DIRECTIONS (Tema 3B) To cross CRUZAR To turn DOBLAR To go straight SEGUIR DERECHO To take TOMAR To pass PASAR To continue SEGUIR To the left A LA IZQUIERDA To the right A LA DERECHA Until HASTA Between ENTRE In front of DELANTE DE Facing FRENTE The street LA CALLE The corner LA ESQUINA The city block LA CUADRA Close to CERCA DE Far from LEJOS DE