Space Settlelemt Contest Project tesus2005

8/7/2019 Space Settlelemt Contest Project tesus2005

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University of Toronto Space Design Competition

Space Colony Proposal

The

Tesus Space Colony

Mike Kapps

Thornhill Secondary School

January 2, 2005


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The Tesus Space Colony

Table of Contents

Judging Guide Judging Guide for Content vi

Section 1: Introduction 1.1: Foreword

1.2: Space Colonization1.3: Proposal Purpose

1.4: Proposal Highlights

1

2.1: General Process

2.2: Materials

2.2.1: General Materials

2Section2: Construction

and Materials

2.2.2: Smart Materials

2.3: Assembly

3

Section 3: Positioning 3.1: Background3.2: Orbit3.3: Gravitational Production

3.4: Positioning Summary

4

4.1: General Structure

4.2: Torus

4.2.1: Transportation4.2.2: Elevator Design

4.2.3: Buildings

5

4.3: Outer Covering

4.3.1: Artificial Sky

4.3.2: Protection from the elements4.3.2.1: Exterior Shape Deformation Control

6

4.3.2.2: Collisions with Meteors

4.3.2.3: Ionizing Radiation

4.3.2.4: Interior Temperature Control

4.3.3: Power4.3.3.1: Solar Power

7

4.3.3.2: Heel-Strike Generator Using

Electrostrictive Polymers

4.3.4: Propulsion4.4: Inner Core

4.4.1: Communications

8

4.4.2: Control Headquarters4.4.3: Fluids and Wastes Processing

4.4.3.1: Water Filtration

4.4.3.2: Waste Management4.4.3.2.1: Waste Collection

9

Section 4: Structure and

Operations

4.4.3.2.2: Waste Processing and Recycling

4.4.3.2.3: Removal of Unrecyclable Wastes

4.4.4: The Biodome

10


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4.4.5: Airport/Construction Yard4.4.5.1: Airport

4.4.5.2: Construction Yard

4.5: Human Physiological Factors

11

Section 5: NanoSpace

Technology

5.1: Nano-materials for the hulls of spacecraft

5.2: Swarms

5.2.1: Swarms5.2.2: Smart Cloth

5.2.3: Astronaut Space Suit

5.2.4: Swarm Application in Construction

12

6.1: Lunar Mining

6.1.1: Mining Shuttle6.1.1.1: Hull

6.1.1.2: Ion Drive

6.1.1.3 Ion Drive Manipulation

13Section 6: Industries

6.1.2: Refinement6.2: Near Earth Objects

6.3: SMA Space Suits6.3.1: Augmenting Human Performance

6.3.2: Mechanical Counter Pressure

14

Section 7: Costs, Time

and Future Expansion

7.1: Costs and Time

7.2: Future Expansion

15

Figures Title Page Figures 16

Figures: Torus

Structural Elements

2.1.1: Torus sectional piece

2.1.2: General cross section of Torus

17

2.2.2.2: Work force of actuator materials

2.2.2.3: Power of actuator materials

18Figures: Properties of

Smart Materials

2.2.2.4: Functionality of EAPs in space temperature

environments

19

2.3: Assembly (1-3) 20

Assembly (4-7) 21

Figures: Assembly

Assembly (8-11) 22

Figures: Transportation 4.2.1.1: Lateral escalator (transportation mats)

4.2.1.2: Transportation layout

4.2.2: Elevator Design

23

Figures: Structures

within the Torus

4.2.3.1: A view from inside

4.2.3.2: Building Layout

24

Figures: Applications of

SMAs

4.3.2.1.1: The Martensite and Austenite phases

4.3.2.1.2: The dependency of phase change on loading4.3.2.1.3: Microscopic diagram of the shape memory

effect

25

Figures: Polymer heel-

strike generator

4.3.3.2.1: Placement of dielectric elastometer

4.3.3.2.2: Principle of electroactive polymer generator

4.3.3.2.3: Other application of electroactive polymers:an artificial muscle design

26

Figures: Propulsion andCommunications

4.3.4.1: Perpetual rotation process4.3.4.2: The lateral projection process

27


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4.4.1.1: A concept of inflatable lenticular antenna with

distributed pneumatic actuators

4.4.1.2: Top view of communications

Figures: Fluids and

Waste Processing and

the Biodome

4.4.3: Fluids and Waste Processing

4.4.4: Biodome General layout

28

Figures: Airport andHuman Factors

4.4.5.1: Airport general layout4.5: Human Factors

29

Figures: Nano-spaceTechnology

5.2.1: Nanorobotics-based swarms5.2.2: Bucky tube strand

5.2.3: Smart cloth space suit

30

6.1: Mining process

6.1.1: Mining shuttle design

31Figures: Mining of

Space Materials

6.1.1.2: Ion drive 32

6.1.2.1: Aluminium processing 32Figures: Metal

Processing 6.1.2.2: Titanium processing 33

Figures: Mining of NearEarth Objects

6.2.1: NEO shuttle design 33

Figures: Space Suit 6.3.1: Active ankle foot orthosis

6.3.2: Shrinking SMA garment

Includes assorted images

34

Figures: Project

Schedule

7.1: Project Schedule 35

References References 36

Appendix Appendix 38


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vi

Judging GuideThis judging guide is included within the Tesus Space Colony proposal as a way

of facilitating the judging process. Each Content section below is grouped with several

applicable categories in the proposal.

Content

[Construction] Section 2: Construction and Materials (Including general construction, materials

and assembly diagram)

[Structure] Introductory figures (page ii) Section 4: Structure and Operations, and related figures

[System and Operation] Section 2: Positioning, and related figures Section 4: Structure and Operations, and related figures:

o Transportation

o Powero Protection from the Elementso Propulsiono All Inner Core subcategorieso Elevator design

[Community] Section 4: Structure and Operations, and related figures:

o Buildings

o Protection from the Elements

o Inner Core subcategories: Communications Biodome

Fluids and Waste Processing

o Human Physiological Factors

[Economics] Section 6: Industries, and related figures

[Expansion] Section 7: Costs, Time and Future Expansion:

o Future Expansion and related figure

[Schedule and Costs] Section 7: Costs, Time and Future Expansion:

o Costs and Time and related figures Section 3: Assembly figure


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Section 1 [Introduction]

1.1 [Foreword]

Man, from his very beginning, has always dreamt of travelling to space, but the

opportunity was always difficult to reach. Now, TSS inc. can make mans ultimate dreamcome true. With the introduction of the Tesus Space Colony, a self-sustaining economic

and residential centre, space will finally become inhabitable for the population of Earth.

1.2 [Space Colonization]

Why live on the Tesus Space Colony?

For people employed on the colony by a series of commercially profitable enterprises:

Mining minerals from the Moon and NEOs and transporting them back to Earth orrefining them to build space shuttles or related space structures

Manufacturing unique materials and nano-structures in weightlessness Performing unique medical experiments in weightlessness Launching and supporting near-space expeditions Deep-space observation without atmospheric diffraction (akin to Hubble Telescope)

For people on a short or long-term stay on the colony (fee: $20,000 per week):

The lack of high-quality (e.g., secluded) residential space on Earth has become anever-increasing problem. The Tesus Space Colony will create a comfortable

environment for the upper class to live in either during a long-term retirement orshort-term vacation

The space colony is outfitted with hundreds of commercial, recreational andaesthetically pleasing areas that suit customers every needs, such as movie

theatres, spas, shopping centres, casinos, and weightless attraction parks

The Tesus Space Colony provides astounding views of space and the Moon1.3 [Proposal Purpose]

The goal of TSS Inc. is to effectively build an accommodating space colony that

runs efficiently and generates profit. The Tesus Space Colony will:

Be self-sustaining Encompass a major mining, construction, and scientific industry:

o Mining the Moon

o Mining NEOs

o Refinement of mined materialso

Scientific Researcho Space Shuttle Construction

Be a robust and comfortable enclosure for 10,000 permanent, and 1000temporary inhabitants

1.4 [Proposal Highlights]

Prevalent use of new technologies including smart materials, nano technologies,biotechnologies

Feasible, affordable design Safe and comfortable for all inhabitants


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Section 2 [Construction and Materials]

2.1 [General Process]

The Tesus Space Colony will be mainly assembled from pre-constructed pieces

while in orbit (see section 3). Since it is very expensive to carry materials deep intospace, a significant portion of the main construction will take place on the Moon and on

the existing International Space Station. At first, a primary Moon base will be constructed

and mining operations will commence (see section 6). The use of geological assessment

will allow for mining shafts to be constructed in areas containing valuable deposits suchas aluminium, titanium and iron. Vast construction yards, mainly controlled by robots,

will assemble the refined materials into the larger pieces of the space colony.

Pieces of the colony, built on Earth and assembled together on the InternationalSpace Station, will be launched via rocket from the station at exact intervals as to meet up

with the orbiting Tesus body. In its later stages of construction, the larger pieces of the

colony (i.e. support beams, Torus base-see section 4) will be sent from the Moon instead.

After the main body is constructed, and an adequate airlock is formed,development crews can enter the colony and begin work on the electrical, plumbing,

inner construction, and aesthetic properties of the colony. Since pieces are created foreasy assembly (which includes major piping - see figures 2.1.1-2.1.2), large construction

equipment will be unnecessary, and inner construction will be a simple process.

2.2.1 [General Materials]

The Tesus Space Colony, space shuttles, and Moon base will implement a wide

range of materials, keeping in mind low costs, efficiency and a robust and safe structurefor all inhabitants.Below is a table listing the main raw materials that will be used for the

construction of the Tesus Space Colony, their advantages and disadvantages, where theycan be found, and where they will be used in the colony:

Table 2.2.1: Raw Material Usage for Construction of the Tesus Space Colony

Material Advantages Disadvantages Mining Location Implementation

Aluminium Light Good electrical

conductor

Makes good fuel whenburned with oxygen

Great reflector of light(90%) Aluminium is 100%

recyclable with no

downgrading of its

qualities.

Impermeable to lightand taste

Expandsand contracts

drastically

when exposed

to large

changes intemperature

The Moon containsaluminium in an easily

processed mineral

form called anorthite

Anorthite contains20% aluminium and isfound to make up 78%

to 80% of the lunar

crust on the landsite of

the Appolo16 mission,

which makes mining it

very feasible

Since aluminium is solight, it can be used to

make the inner frame

structures of the colony


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Titanium/

Titanium

Oxides

High strength metal Light weight Alloyed with aluminum

and vanadium, it makes an

impressive fire wall, and

outer coating

Withstands saltwatercorrosion

Slightlymore costly

than

aluminium

Ilmenite, foundextensively on the

lunar orbit contains

about 53% Titanium

Dioxide

Very easy to extract,mine, and refine

Titanium will be thepredominantly used

material onboard the

Tesus Space colony

Used for the outercoating, main structure,

support beams, etc. Used in engines, rockets,

shuttle covering, hydraulic

tubing, firewalls

Used in metallurgy,paints, lacquers, plastics,

paper, textiles, and rubber

Silicon Abundant on Moon Semiconductor Not durable Few

construction

uses

Moon: about 45% ofsurface consists of

Silicon Dioxide

Electronics Used for

glass and glaze

coverings

Copper Excellent electricalconductor

Good thermal conductor Corrosion resistant Non-magnetic Recyclable Antibacterial Can be easily alloyed

with other metals

Must bemined from

Earth orNEOs

Earth Electro-magnetic coils Wiring (electrical) Piping Electromagnetic

Disturbance shield

2.2.2 [Smart Materials]

A significant portion of the Tesus Space Colony will

utilize what are called smart materials. They are materials that

will undergo controlled transformations through physicalinteractions and convert one type of input energy into another type

of output energy. Examples include piezoelectric materials, shape-memory alloys, electrostrictive materials, magnetostrictive

materials, electro-rheological fluids, dielectric elastomers.Usingthe newest of Smart Material Based Systems (SMBS)

technologies, which are defined as electro-mechanical systemsintegrated with sensing, actuating, control and computational

functions provided by such materials, Tesus will have full control

over all its physical manipulations. For example, the tremendoustemperature changes experienced by the Torus and solar panels are

enough to create deformations in structure: with the use of shape memory alloys, thedeformation can be easily counteracted with the correct application of an electric current(see figure 2.2.2.1). Ultimately, smart materials are the most robust, flexible, and easily

controlled materials available: see figure 2.2.2.2 and 2.2.2.3 for a comparison of the work

and power of these smart materials as compared to other methods of actuation. Figure2.2.2.4 demonstrates the functionality of smart materials in space conditions.

2.3 [Assembly]See assembly diagram (figure 2.3)

Figure 2.2.2.1: A shapememory alloy materialused to construct aminiature actuator


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Section 3 [Positioning]

3.1 [Background]There are five general positions that one can place a space colony in the dark

depths of space. These five points are called the Lagrange/liberation points.Unfortunately, three of the five points (L1-L3) are very unstable: if an object were to be

subjected to a collision from a space rock or a gust of solar winds, that object would then

fall into complete entropy. The remaining points, L4 and L5, are considered stable;therefore, the Tesus Space Colony be placed upon either the L4 or L5 point in space,

preferably L5 (because of abundance of NEOs in its vicinity).

3.2 [Orbit]The Tesus Space Colony will be

a self-sustaining enterprise with its own

economy, specializing in the

accumulation of space materials, miningthe Moon and conducting research that

cannot be conducted anywhere on Earth.

The colony will run in an 89-day orbit inproximity to the Lagrange points L4 and

L5 (see figure 3.2.1), at a close range to

the Moon, Earth, and nearby NEOs (nearearth objects), facilitating mining on the

Moon and transportation to the Earth.

This point provides all the

benefits stated above, keeps the Space

Colony within transportation range ofthe Earth, and out of range of the Van

Allen radiation belt that surrounds the Earth. With the space colony being stationed in the89-day orbit around the L5 point, it will avoid frequent lunar eclipses, which would

otherwise limit the amount of sunlight that the colony will receive from its solar panels.

3.3 [Gravitational Production]Pseudo-gravity is essential when considering the construction of any space

colony. Pseudo-gravity can be created with the constant rotation of an object in space,

due to the creation of centrifugal force. The inertia of this force in zero gravity becomes

great enough for the imitation of real gravity. For the Tesus Space Colony, the rotation

needed for artificial gravity is around 1.1 rpm (rotations per minute). See Appendix fordetailed calculations. See Section 4.3.4 for details on pseudo-gravity initiation process.

3.4 [Positioning Summary]When built, the Tesus Space Colony will be positioned in an orbit that will

facilitate mining of the Moon and NEOs, as well as provide a viable transportation

pathway back to Earth and visa versa. Finally, inhabitants will feel comfortable and atease in a perfectly calibrated artificial gravity enclosure. Together, these positioning

attributes create a home that provides both comfort and profit.


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Section 4 [Structure and Operation]

4.1 [General Structure]When built, the Tesus Space Colony will be an economic

and residential centre, housing people in style and comfort, andgenerating profits from its many industries. To house its trades, the

Tesus Space Colony will be robust, efficient, and aesthetically

pleasing. Tesus main structure can be categorized into three main

sections: (i) the Inner Core, which is responsible for sustenanceoperations; (ii) the Torus, which accommodates all the inhabitants

and transients; and (iii) the Outer Covering, which includes the

solar panels (see figure 4.1.1).

4.2 [The Torus]

The Torus is the centre of human activity onboard the Tesus Space Colony. Themain layout of the Torus is that of a luxury suburban and urban town. It is a peaceful

community dedicated to living in comfort and style. The entire floor area of the Torus is

covered in trees, shrubs, and grasses, as well as some detached homes, apartments,commercial areas, and recreational areas: similar to what one would find on Earth.

4.2.1 [Transportation]A number of options can be utilized for transporting inhabitants around the Torus

circumference. Since individual vehicles are prohibited on board the station, a public

means of transportation must be implemented. An efficient way of travelling throughout

the Torus would be a system of moving carpets. These are lateral escalators that are runby motors. Six carpeted mats would run along the floor of the Torus: three mats going

clockwise, each one with a different set speed, and three mats going counter clockwise.

See figure 4.2.1.1 for an illustration of the system. Other forms of transportation includeelevators and Tesus maintenance vehicles. A diagram of the transportation network is

shown in figure 4.2.1.2.

4.2.2 [Elevator Design]A major aspect of the Tesus Space Colonys transportation system relies on the

elevator system located throughout the colony. The main vertical elevators within the

Inner Core will function like those found on Earth, while the linking-tube elevators, those

that allow movement from the Torus to the Inner Core, utilize a simple mechanicaldesign with two degrees of freedom. This design allows for a shift in gravity that is

virtually unfelt by travellers. For linking-tube elevator design see figure 4.2.2.

4.2.3 [Buildings]The Torus structure will mainly contain large apartment buildings, as to maximize

space efficiency. Each apartment is outfitted with new technologies and spacious rooms,

to accommodate the needs of all inhabitants. Apartments range from 3 stories to 10stories. Detached homes are available as well. See a layout of internal structures (figure


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4.2.3.1) and buildings (figure 4.2.3.2). Along with comfortable housing, the Torus is

home to many commercial and recreational buildings. Simply put, it has all the comfortsof home: movie theatres, spas, swimming pools, parks, shopping malls, and etc.

4.3 [Outer Covering]

4.3.1 [Artificial Sky]Natural sunlight is an important factor that must be considered when constructing

the Tesus Space Colony. Maintaining what is called the circadian cycle regular (a

sequence of days and nights) plays a major role in the proper development of human

beings, affecting both metabolism and social activity. A specially treated Plexiglascomposite sheet will surround part of the exterior of the Torus. It will contain an

electrically activated crystal display or a stimuli-responsive polymer gel, as well as

ionized coatings that block out the intense light and UV rays of the sun. The display(having a slightly blue tint) will become more opaque as the day progresses (utilizing the

crystal display or stimuli-responsive polymer gel properties), making it seem as though a

change between day and night has occurred. As the Tesus Space Colony rotates and turns

away from the sun, electrical lighting takes the role of illuminating the artificial sky. Insome areas of the sky there will not be any crystal display coating, as to provide a view of

space.

4.3.2 [Protection from the Elements]

4.3.2.1 [Exterior Shape Deformation Control]The orbital path and rotation of the Tesus

Space Colony create an environment of vast

temperature change. When facing the sun, thecolony is subjected to extreme heat, and the

titanium covering on that side can expand

drastically. On the contrary, the opposite side isfaced with extreme cold, compressing that side.

This combination creates dangerous levels of stress

and deforms the metal structure and skin of the

Torus and Outer Covering. A relatively new proven technology will be implemented tocounteract these deformations by taking advantage of the temperatures involved. The

solution is to use a shape memory alloy (SMA for short). This smart material changes

its physical properties when exposed to temperature or electromagnetic radiation:

changing shape, stiffness, position, natural frequency, and other mechanicalcharacteristics. However, what distinguishes these alloys is that they can be specially

custom-trained to function in accordance with a specific temperature range. For example,a sheet of SMA is interlaced between two sheets of the titanium protective coating. If that

side were to experience a rise in temperature and expand, the specific SMA treated to

contract in higher temperatures would counteract this primary deformation. Another

solution would be to implement a SMA that changes its Young module: so when themetal expands, the SMA would become more compressible and accommodate this

expansion. Creating an SMA that counteracts the compression experienced by the


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wayward side of the Torus would serve the same purpose. The result is a structure that

does not experience radical shape deformation and stress, making it last longer and besafer. A more detailed explanation of SMAs and their role in the Tesus Space Colony is

described in figures 4.3.2.1.1 -4.3.2.1.3 on page 25 in section Figures and figure

4.3.2.1.4 above in this subsection. Advantages of SMAs include biocompatibility, diverse

fields of application, and good mechanical properties (strong, corrosion resistant, etc).

4.3.2.2 [Collisions with Meteors]

The entire basis of meteor protection for Tesus relies on careful monitoring fromnearby satellites, Earth, and the Communications centre. Threatening meteors are

detected long before they are able to pose any serious threat to the space colony, and

suitable measures are taken. For instance, a 1-gram meteor, which can sometimes strikethe station and create a small crater, destroy a solar panel, or cause a 1%/hour leak-down,

can be stopped by one of Tesus robotic shuttle-satellites (which have a thick titanium

wall designed for such collisions). Nonetheless, Tesus outer covering (see figure 2.1.2)is strong enough to resist such minor impacts. Larger meteors, which occur less

frequently, but have a more devastating effect, can also be stopped by either the shuttle-

satellites or by simply requesting a rocket from the construction yard to tow the Tesus

Space Colony away from the trajectory of the meteor

4.3.2.3 [Ionizing Radiation]

Solar flares and galactic cosmic rays are direct and serious threats to life in spacebecause they emit blasts of high-energy protons capable of delivering dangerous doses of

radiation. Ionizing radiation endangers humans because it is capable of breaking chemical

bonds in tissue. The solution for stopping this radiation is electromagnetic shielding. Themagnetic shield will create a magnetic field that will curve the ionized particles

trajectories: when the particle enters the region of high magnetic field, its trajectory will

be curved away from the protected region. Tesus magnetic shield will consist ofconcentric multi-layered coils that run on low amperage from the solar panels. To

maxmimize elecrical eficiency, radiation sensors (Geiger-Mueller counters) along the

outer covering will calculate levels of radiation, and the strength of the electromagnetic

shield will be adjusted to suit the proper levels needed to sustain human life.

4.3.2.4 [Interior Temperature Control]To protect inhabitants from the significant cold and heat of space, a system of

radiators and thermal shields must be installed within the structure of the Tesus Space

Colony. Sensors positioned on the outside of the colony and throughout the structure will

control a central thermostat. The ventilation pipes running above and below theinhabitant area of the Torus will generate the appropriate temperature and air circulation.

As well, a thermal shield will be positioned between the two double hulls as to provide a

barrier between the cold vacuum of space and the interior of the Torus.

4.3.3 [Power]

4.3.3.1 [Solar Power]

The major resource of power for the Tesus Space Colony will be the sun. Morethan one half of Tesus surface area is covered by solar panels. In fact, a total area of 1.14

km2

can be covered in solar panels. If the panels run at only 10% efficiency, they will be


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able to generate up to 18 billion watts per year. That is just about 500 mW/h more than

necessary: meaning that this extra power can be used for the Moon base, or in case powerdemands rise.

4.3.3.2 [Heel-Strike Generator Using Electrostrictive Polymers]

A new technology, which in the year 2005 is being used primarily for the military,can also be very useful in power generation for the Tesus Space Colony. Polymer heel-

strike generators utilize electroactive polymers (EAP for short) to produce largequantities of power. Theoretically, if one were to compress an EAP, it would actually

give off electric power (approximately 9 kW/h). By placing the material in the heels of

inhabitants shoes, total of about 100 mW/h can be produced. The only burden for thisrelatively free energy is that inhabitants would have to discharge their footwear by

parking it in specially designed outlets (available in each apartment) at night. So, just by

walking around, one could fully power ones home with the energy produced. (See

figures 4.3.3.2.1-4.3.3.2.3)

4.3.4 [Propulsion]There are two main needs for propulsion of the Tesus Space Colony. The first isthe initial rotation that perpetuates the pseudo-gravity within the Torus. A pseudo-gravity

initiation procedure is undertaken soon after the main construction phase is completed:two rockets attach themselves to opposite ends of the Torus in opposite directions (with

the use of two docking slots). The thrust from their engines is enough to set the colony in

a perpetual motion. See figure 4.3.4.1.The second need for propulsion can also be satisfied with a separate rocket. In the

case that the Tesus Space Colony is to be moved from its orbital position, a rocket would

be affixed to a projection from the top of the top of the Inner Core. Then, the rocketwould initiate its thrust and drag the colony to a desirable position. See figure 4.3.4.2 for

the projection design.

4.4 [Inner Core]The Inner Core is the force behind the operations and sustenance of the Tesus

Space Colony. It is divided into five main sections, each serving its own purpose insustaining human life onboard the colony: Communications, Control Headquarters,

Fluids and Waste Processing, the Biodome, and the Construction Yard/ Airport.

4.4.1 [Communications]Having a precise and reliable form of

communication is essential for maintaining life in space.

Accessible communication from the Tesus Space Colonyto Earth minimizes the isolation felt by inhabitants, allows

for monitoring of nearby threats, creates a link for themany industries, and is generally considered a lifeline.

The communications centre, located at the very peak of

the Tesus Space Colony, has a number of parabolicantennas and signal amplification devices that facilitate

the entire communications process. The layout of the Communications centre is shown in

figure 4.4.1.2. To maintain a constant lenticular shape for the long-distance antennas


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despite thermal deformation, a multifunctional adaptive membrane of dielectric actuators

must be implemented (antenna design is shown in figure 4.4.1.1).

4.4.2 [Control Headquarters]Control Headquarters is the centre for analysis, security,

monitoring, and processing of information. It receives data from themultitude of sensors and cameras positioned all around the Tesus

Space Colony, and it responds justly. Computer algorithms make themost adjustments; to temperature, airflow/conditioning, the artificial

sky, thermal deformation control, etc. However, a crew of eleven

members still has a role in ensuring the well being of all inhabitantson board.

4.4.3 [Fluids and Waste Processing]The Fluids Processing sector is responsible for three major

tasks: water filtration, recycling, and waste management and

sanitation. Each task is crucial for sustaining life, minimizing costs,and ensuring that the Tesus Space Colony runs efficiently. The

positioning of the water filtration, recycling, and waste

management and sanitation plants is shown in figure 4.4.3.

4.4.3.1 [Water Filtration]Water is essential for human life in space: it is used to sustain plant life (which

provide oxygen and food), to drink, for hygienic purposes, and for general maintenance

and functionality. Primary sources of water would be sent via rocket to the Tesus Space

Station from Earth, and then this same water will be perpetually recycled. There aredifferent methods for treating waste water: biologically as in most terrestrial

communities, physiochemically, by dry incineration, or by some more advancedtechniques such as electrodialysis, electrolysis, vapour distillation or reverse osmosis.However, each of these alternatives is inefficient in some way. Therefore, the best

solution for water treatment is wet oxidation (Zimmerman process), because it is the most

efficient. Taking only -1 hour, wet oxidation produces a reactor effluent gas free of

nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorous oxides, and high quality water containing a finelydivided phosphate ash and ammonia.

4.4.3.2 [Waste management]The Tesus Space Colony is a completely isolated environment. Since a minimal

amount of resources will be brought from Earth after construction, the existing resources

will have to be used efficiently and losses minimized, and much of the waste generatedby human activity on the station will have to be recycled.

4.4.3.2.1 [Waste collection]Agricultural, food processing, household activities and excretion will generate

organic wastes. Agricultural waste, consisting mainly of inedible plant parts like roots or

foliage will be collected directly from the food processing facilities. Feces and urine will

be collected through toilets similar to those on Earth and will be part of the sewage water,which will be purified. Household wastes will consist of both organic and inorganic

matter (food scraps, glass, metal, paper, plastic), and inhabitants will be advised to store


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different types of waste in designated containers, until it is collected and transported to

recycling plants.

4.4.3.2.2 [Waste processing and recycling]All types of waste will need to be recycled using specific processes. Below is a

chart (Table 4.4.3.2.2) demonstrating the processes required to recycle different wastes:

Table 4.4.3.2.2: Waste Processing and RecyclingWaste Type Processing and

Recycling

Result

General

organicwaste

Composting

(decomposition bybacteria and fungi)

Humus (used as fertilizer for plants)

Plants Pulp and Paper mill Contain cellulose (can make paper)

Plastics Recycling Plant

(heating)

Thermoplastic Polymers: Can be made into high

density polyethylene (used in pipes, bottles and toys),

low density polyethylene (used in plastic bags andflexible containers), polyethylene terephthalate

(used in bottles and food packaging), polypropylene(used in food containers), polystyrene and polyvinyl

chloride (used in bottles, cable insulation and medical

products).

Thermosetting Polymers: Difficult to recycle

Metals Recycling Plant(melting and re-

manufacturing)

Metals in metal alloys can be separated by using theirdifferent melting points. Powerful magnets can be

used for the separation of ferrous from non-ferrous

metals.

Glass Recycling Plant(Mechanicalprocessing)

Glass will be crushed into small pieces by amechanical processing system, metals and otherimpurities will be filtered out using magnets and

vacuum systems and the remaining glass will be

melted in a furnace, then moulded into the desired

shape.

Paper Recycling Plant(Mechanical andchemical processing)

Recycling paper involves shredding it and mixing itwith water and chemical preservatives until itbecomes a viscous liquid. Then it is passed between

two rollers that press the fibres together and dry the

paper (water is squeezed out by the pressure).

4.4.3.2.3 [Removal of unrecyclable waste]Materials that cannot be recycled will be exposed to high temperatures; the

evaporated water will be collected, condensed, and recycled, and the ash residue wouldbe released into space.

4.4.4 [The Biodome]The Biodome is the largest section of the Inner Core: it is a

multileveled environment housing different climates and different

species of flora and fauna. Its purpose is to provide oxygen and food


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in a sustainable manner to the inhabitants of the Tesus Space Colony. A layout of the

Biodome is shown in figure 4.4.4.1. To make plant production more efficient, a numberof innovative technologies will be used. Hydroponics, the process of growing of plants in

water containing essential mineral nutrients rather than in soil, and aeroponics, where the

plants are held above a system that constantly mists the roots with nutrient-laden water,

minimize the amount of space, energy and time needed to grow the plants, making totalplant production more efficient. With the revolution of biotechnology, abiotic factors that

influence a plants growth can be tweaked to produce riper, and quicker growing plants.In fact, a computer can control the amount of nutrients, sunlight, and water needed, as

well as automatically pick ripe yields, to make the growing process fast and efficient.

Animal production on the Tesus Space Colony will differ from that on Earth,because on the Tesus Space Colony it will be done on a three-dimensional scale (a

system of multiple levels). Food processing will also be done in the Biodome and sent to

food dispersal centres in the Torus.

4.4.5 [Airport/Construction Yard]

4.4.5.1 [Airport]The Airport is a relatively conventional area. It is

positioned at the very bottom of the Inner Core, belowthe Torus. Eight hydraulic airlocks are positioned

around the exterior of the airport to allow multiple

shuttles to arrive at one time. The interior of the airporthas limited gravity, so entering shuttles will be strapped

to the floor using clip-on tether lines. When entering the

low gravity zone, passengers will be hooked on to a

series of rails and enter and exit the appropriate shuttles

at given times (via Space-Traffic control). The generallayout of the airport is shown in figure 4.4.5.1).

4.4.5.2 [Construction Yard]The Construction Yard is the home of the Tesus

Space Colonys major industries. It houses a refinery, ashuttle construction yard, maintenance systems, and

manufacturing plants.

4.5 [Human Physiological Factors]See figure 4.5 for a list of specific factors that

influence the well being of the inhabitants on the Tesus Space Colony.


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Section 5 [NanoSpace Technology]

Nanotechnology, biotechnology, and miniaturization are combining to form what

is called NanoSpace Technology. Miniature robots made of mechanical or biologicalprotein parts will create an entire infrastructure that will aid in the construction, mining,

and other related tasks of the Tesus Space Colony enterprise.

5.1 [Nano-materials for the hulls of spacecraft]Materials primarily composed of nanotube-fibers with nano-sized computers

integrated into them will be interlaced in the hulls of spacecraft (including rockets and

mining shuttles). These materials, along with being lighter, will also be far stronger. Forthe purpose of transportation to the Tesus Space Colony, a surface that will help transfer

the aerodynamic forces working on a spacecraft during launch will be created. When the

craft is launched, the nano-computers will flex the crafts hull to offset pressure

differences in the hull caused by the crafts acceleration through the atmosphere. Thenthe same nano-computer network in the hull would go to work heating the shaded side of

the craft and cooling the sun exposed side and to even create heat shielding for re-entry.

5.2 [Swarms]

5.2.1 [Definition]Nano-robotics called "Swarms" are a new technology that is being experimented

with in Year 2005. Swarms are nano-robots that act in unison like bees. See figure 5.2.1.

5.2.2 [Smart Cloth]Swarms will act as a flexible cloth-like-material, and being composed of what are

called Bucky tubes (figure 5.2.2), this cloth will be as strong as a diamond. With theaddition of nano-robots and nano-computers, a smart cloth is created. Specialty

garments and assistive devices made of smart cloth could be used to keep the humanoperators protected in harsh operating environment by, among other uses, offsetting thesudden movements and monitoring the operators physiological status.

5.2.3 [Astronaut Space Suit]Another application for the nano-robot swarm smart cloth is astronauts space

suits, used primarily in mining operations on the Moon. A space suit is itself akin to a

mini space ship, so this same smart cloth can be the super structure of a deep space probe

complete with an onboard computer capable of creating optimal travel plans needed onroute to a destination and capable of not only making changes in mission plans but

creating new mission-support decisions as they are needed or wanted. See figure 5.2.3.

5.2.4 [Swarm Applications in Construction]Another application of nano-robots would be in carrying out construction projects

in hostile environments. For example, with just a handful of self replicating robots,utilizing local materials and local energy, it is conceivable that space habitats can be

completely constructed by remote control so that the inhabitants need only show up with

their suitcases, as the case with the primary mining operations on the Moon, and primaryconstruction of the Tesus Space Colony.


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Section 6 [Industries]

There are about five major ways in which the Tesus Space Colony can generate

profit: mining the Moon, mining NEOs, constructing spacecraft and related technologies,

zero gravity research, inhabitant fees.

6.1 [Lunar Mining]A lunar base was initially built for the actual construction of the Tesus Space

Colony. More landings on the Moon from automated rockets and manned colonization

units will create an entire mining city, capable of mining, refining, and transporting vastamounts of raw materials found on the lunar surface to the Tesus Space Colony and

potential buyers. See figure 6.1 for the mining process.

6.1.1 [Mining Shuttle]A Mining Shuttle design has been put together using smart materials (such as

Shape Memory Alloys) to enable high-efficiency innovative modes of operation. See

figure 6.1.1 and subsection 6.1.1.3 for detailed explanations and schematics.

6.1.1.1 [Hull]Materials primarily composed of nanotube fibers with nano-sized computers

integrated into them will be interlaced in the hulls of the mining shuttle. When the craft is

launched, the nano-computers will flex the crafts hull to offset pressure differences andthermal loading in the hull.

6.1.1.2 [Ion Drive]Ion propulsion is a technology that involves ionizing a gas to propel a craft.

Instead of a spacecraft being propelled with standard chemicals, xenon gas is ionized and

then electrically accelerated to a speed of about 30 km/second. When xenon ions areemitted at such high speed as exhaust from a spacecraft, they push the spacecraft in the

opposite direction. Due to the limited gravity on the Moon, the Mining Shuttle will be

able to hover in one spot or propel itself forward with ease. The ion drive can push thespacecraft up to about ten times as fast as chemical propulsion. It is highly efficient, very

gentle in its thrust, and it requires a smaller fuel tank than a chemical propulsion system.

See figure 6.1.1.2.

6.1.1.3 [Ion Drive Manipulation]

Just like the jet engines on a supersonic aircraft, the direction of the flow of

gaseous materials from the space shuttles ion drives will be regulated. However, most

supersonic aircraft in the air today operate these systems using extensive hydraulicsystems that are often relatively difficult and costly to maintain. The unique solution

proposed for the shuttles is to use shape memory alloy wire actuators to move multipleflaps within the ion drive apparatus and therefore control the flow of gas (which

ultimately controls the manoeuvrability of the space shuttle). This system is much more

compact and efficient, in that the shape memory wires only require an electric current formovement. The wire on the bottom of each flap is shortened through the shape memory

effect, while the top wire is stretched bending the edge downwards, the opposite occurs

when each flap must be bent upwards. The shape memory effect is induced in the wires

simply by heating them with an electric current, which is easily supplied through


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14

electrical wiring, eliminating the need for large hydraulic lines. By removing the

hydraulic system, aircraft weight, maintenance costs, and repair time are all reduced, andan accurate control of the space shuttle is procured. See figure 6.1.1.

6.1.2 [Refinement]

See figures 6.1.2.1 and 6.1.2.2 for the aluminium and titanium refinement process.

6.2 [Near Earth Objects]Near Earth objects contain metals that cannot be found on the lunar surface (e.g.,

copper). Catching these objects and refining them is a feasible way of making profit andexpanding upon the Tesus Space Colony. To accomplish this goal, NEO shuttle will be

used. It will be a remotely automated shuttle that catches smaller meteors (50 kg-

250kg) and returns them to the Tesus Space Colony for refinement. The concept behind

this expendable shuttle is to fly in the path of meteors and have them embed themselvesin its thick mat of Aerogel, later to be claimed onboard the Tesus Space Colony. See

figure 6.2.1 for the NEO shuttle design.

6.3 [SMA Space Suits]For the lunar surface, construction and any space-related activities, a specially

designed space suit will be built that utilizes smart material technology. The followingsubsection present elements of this new space suit.

6.3.1 [Augmenting Human Performance]An exoskeleton-like boot will allow for better operation on difficult terrain. The

active ankle foot orthosis will utilize a potentiometer to sense the ankle angle, sixcapacitive force sensors to sense the ground reaction force, and a Series Elastic Actuator

(SEA) to provide stepping power (with low impedance, and high power density). Seefigure 6.3.1.

6.3.2 [Mechanical Counter Pressure]A certain level of suit pressure must be maintained (2.9 psi), for physiological

reasons, yet a certain level of mobility has to be sustained as well. However, getting into

a tight-fitting suit is a problem. The solution is to use an SMA channel: once a person is

inside, the SMA constricts and tightens the suit around the persons body (see figure6.3.2). After the suit is donned, a number of technologies help maintain the required

levels of Mechanical Counter Pressure (MCP). For one, Smart polymer gels expand

with body heat, voltage or pH, accommodating the astronaut. Interlaces made of SMAs

expand and contract the suit when needed, and piezoelectric actuators allow foraugmentation of physical tasks by acting as a force-enhancing exoskeleton.


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Section 7 [Costs, Time, and Future Expansion]

7.1 [Costs and Time]The Tesus Space Colony will be built in a feasible, efficient and productive

manner. Total costs for development, production, transportation, sustenance and other

related costs for the Tesus Space Colony, Moon base and other related equipment rangefrom about 250 to 275 billion dollars (US). Estimated time for the completion of the

colony and related activities is 30-36 years (see figure 7.1). Operating costs, including

transportation of materials to and from the Tesus Space Colony, worker salaries, power

costs, mining operation costs, maintenance and related costs, will total to approximately7-10 billion dollars (US) per year. Profits from lunar mining, visitor costs, space shuttle

construction, and research will range between 14-19 billion dollars (US) per year.

7.2 [Future Expansion]The Tesus Space Colony can readily expand to accommodate more inhabitants.

The expansion process can be seen in figure 7.2 below.

Figure 7.2: Future Expansion of the Tesus Space Colony

(1) To encompass the demand for more

space, five more Tesus Colonies will be

oined together to form a fully connected

unit. Each pod will spin on its own axis in

order to create pseudo-gravity.(2) Joining three five-unit centres around a main

core will allow for even more carrying capacity.

This super-structure houses more than 200,000

people within its Tesus Colony Pods, while its

core is responsible for the refinement of space

materials and construction of space equipment.

(3) The continuous expansion ofthe colony requires the fractal

growth of the super-structures.

This specific section can house

more than 750,000 people. Over

time, support from Earth will beunnecessary, and structures that

can house millions of people will

be readily built in space.


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Figures


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Torus Structure

Figure 2.1.2:

Note: Torus section is tilte

(to accommodate thcentrifugal force needed f

artificial gravity). In th

diagram, the left side of th

Torus is where thinhabitants would b

positioned. The right side

the ceiling.

Figure 2.1.1:

LightingElectrical systems

already installed on

Earth minimize work

for electriciansVentilation pipes

Floor BoardsSteel trusses create a strong

support for housing,

transportation and other loads

Interlocking Tubing

Connecting pipes allow

for easy assemble of

electrical, sewage,

water, ventilation and

other piping

Interlocking

plates allow for

a robust and

easily formed

seal


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18

Properties of Smart Materials

E

[ %

Figure 2.2.2.2: The work force of actuator materials: elongation as a function ofthe materials force density

Figure 2.2.2.3: The power of actuator materials: Actuation time as a function ofthe materials power density


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Note: the above table does not take into account a system of temperature control.

If temperature control is included, then a wider range of materials becomes

available. For instance, the use of shielding to reduce exposure to solar radiation

minimizes the upper temperature but does not provide the temperature control

required for gels, liquid crystal elastomers or piezoelectric polymers. Also, the

soft nature of some materials (gels, elastomers) may facilitate the function of self

regulation of temperature.


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Assembly

Figure 2.3: The general assembly and construction process of the Tesus Space Colony


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[5]

[6]

Figure 2.3 (continued)

ControlCentre

Communic

Waste andFluidsProcessing

Biodome


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Figure 2.3 (continued)


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Transportation

Figure 4.2.1.1: LateralEscalator

Above, elevator designallows for a change

from pseudo-gravity tono ravit

Figure 4.2.2: Elevator Design


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Structures within the Torus


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SMA Applications


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Polymer heel-strike generator

Figure 4.4.3.2.3:

Other applications of

Electroactive

polymers: an artificial

muscle design

Figure 4.4.3.2.2: Principle of EAP Generator


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Figure 4.4.1.1: A concept of inflatable lenticular

antenna with distributed EAP actuators

Propulsion

Communications

Shuttle

Interloc

LimitedFrictionJoint

Actuator

Projection

Tether Line

Tower

Rocket

Rotation is kept despite lateral displacement

4.3.4.2: Lateral Propulsion Process

Figure 4.4.1.2: Top View of

Communications


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Fi ure 4.4.4

Fluids and Wastes Processing

Biodome


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Figure 4.4.5.1:

Airport

Airport

Human Factors

Figure 4.5: Human Physiological Factors within the Tesus Space Colony

Psuedogravity 0.95 +/- 0.5 g

Radiation exposure for

the general population


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Nano-Space Technologies

Figure 5.2.2: Bucky tube

strand Figure 5.2.3: Smart cloth space suit

Figure 5.2.1: Nanorobotics-based swarms


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Mining

Port

Lunar MiningFigure 6.1:


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Metal Processing

Figure 6.1.1.2: Ion Drive

Figure 6.1.2.1: Aluminium Processing


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Figure 6.1.2.2: Titanium Processing


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Space Suit

Figure 6.3.1: Active

ankle foot Orthosis

Figure 6.3.2: Shrinking

garment


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Figure7

.1:ProjectSched

ule


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References

Barsan, Costea, and Sigovan. LEDA. NASA Space Settlement Contest.

,December 15, 2004.

Bonser, Harwin, Hayes, Jeronimidis, Mitchell, Santulli. Final Report: EAP-basedartificial muscles as an alternative to space mechanisms. The University of Reading.

, February 1, 2005.

Cornish. The Lagrange Points. MAP Education and Outreach Program. December 5, 2004.

Globus, Bailey, Han, Jaffe, Levit, Merkle, Srivastava. NASA applications of molecular

nanotechnology

,December 16, 2004.

Gorinevsky, Hyde, Cabuz. Distributed Shape Control of Lightweight Space ReflectorStructure. Proceedings of the 40th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, December

2001.

Johnson, Holbrow. Space Settlements: A Design Study. NASA.

, December 15, 2004.

Pelrine. Heel-Strike Generator Using Electrostrictive Polymers. Energy Harvesting.


Johnson. Dielectric Elastomers. AE 510: Research Project Presentation. January 27,

2004

Latham. Moon. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2001. 2001

Leung. Smart Materials. Hong Kong Baptist University.

February 1, 2005.

Lewin. Aluminum. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2001. 2001

Mavroidis. Protein based nano-machines for space applications. Rutgers Engineering. , February 1, 2005.


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Newman, Hoffman, Bethke, Carr, Jordan, Sim, Jessiman, Trotti. An astronaut bio-suit

system for exploration missions. February 1, 2005.

SMA.MEMS Research Group Aircraft Maneuvrability. ESmart.

, February 2, 2005.

Somers. NanoSpace Technologies and their Applications in Space Science, December 16, 2004.

Titanium. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2001. 2001

Texas A&M. Introduction to shape memory alloys. Smart Lab

, January 24 2004.

Figure 2.2.2.1: Courtesy ofwww.cim.mcgill.ca/ ~grant/sma.html

Figure 6.1.2.1 and 6.1.2.2: Courtesy ofhttp://lifesci3.arc.nasa.gov/SpaceSettlement/75SummerStudy/4appendI.html

Figures 4.4.3.2.1 and 4.4.3.2.2: Courtesy of

http://www.darpa.mil/dso/trans/energy/pa_sri.html

Figure 4.4.1.1: Courtesy of: Gorinevsky, Hyde, Cabuz. Distributed Shape Control of

Lightweight Space Reflector Structure. Proceedings of the 40th

IEEE Conference on

Decision and Control, December 2001.

Figures 4.3.2.1.1-4.3.2.1.3: Courtesy of http://smart.tamu.edu/

Figure 4.3.2.1.5: Courtesy ofwww-robot.mes.titech.ac.jp/.../ elastor_e.html

Figure 4.5: Courtesy ofhttp://www.belmont.k12.ca.us/ralston/programs/itech/SpaceSettlement/75SummerStudy/Chapt3.html

Figures 6.3.1, 6.3.2 and assorted figures: Courtesy of

http://mvl.mit.edu/EVA/BioSuitNIACAnnual2004_forweb.pdf
http://www.cim.mcgill.ca/~grant/sma.htmlhttp://www-robot.mes.titech.ac.jp/robot/medical/elastor/elastor_e.htmlhttp://www.belmont.k12.ca.us/ralston/programs/itech/http://www.belmont.k12.ca.us/ralston/programs/itech/http://www.belmont.k12.ca.us/ralston/programs/itech/http://www-robot.mes.titech.ac.jp/robot/medical/elastor/elastor_e.htmlhttp://www.cim.mcgill.ca/~grant/sma.html


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Appendix

Size ConsiderationsConsiderations for the Tesus Space Colonys dimensions were based on research

conducted by Holbrow1 according to certain building standards and building codes.Projected area within Torus was calculated to be about 85 m2 per person and volume per

person within the Torus was calculated to be about 195 m3

per person. Total Torus area(inclusive of 11000 inhabitants) of about 935000 m2 and total Torus volume of 2145000

m was accounted for in design. The Inner Cores sustenance regions are within the area

and volume ranges predicted by Holbrow1.

Solar PowerWith only 10% conversion, a square kilometre will return about 2220 kw/h

2. The

area of the solar panels was calculated to be approximately 1.14 km, therefore solar

energy was calculated to be approximately 1.8 billion watts per year.

PseudogravityFor physiological reasons, a pseudo gravity of 1 g is required on board the colony.

For a radiusR, and angular velocity, w, a gravity of 1 g (9.81 m/s2) can be created:

(1) Rwg = 2

Ifw is expressed in revolutions per minute (rpm), 1 rpm means that the structure will

cover 2 radians in one minute:

s

radiansrpm 105.0

60

21 ==

Substituting the above into (1):

gRw = 2)105.0(

Expressing w in terms of R:

R

gRw 524.9)( =

Substitute a 750 m radius for R: w = 1.1. Therefore, the colony will spin at around1.1 revolutions per minute. Living on a permanently rotating structure can be harmful to

human beings. As a result, The rotating motion and subsequent Coriolis acceleration cancause equilibrium and inner ear problems. Research appears to show that eventually

humans can adapt to rotation rates of several rpm. However, most negative effects are

1 Johnson, Holbrow. Space Settlements: A Design Study. Chapter 3: Human Needs in Space NASA.


2Johnson, Holbrow. Space Settlements: A Design Study. Chapter 2: Solar Energy: An Abundant and Important source of energy.

NASA. , December 15, 2004.


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hardly noticeable at rotation rates below 2 rpm. The Tesus Space Colonys velocity is 1.1

rpm (this velocity is below 2 rpm), which means that these negative effects are negligible.

Linking Tube ElevatorThe gravity or g-force experienced by inhabitants traveling from the Torus into

the Inner core decreases non-linearly, given by the following expression:(2) 2)105.0( wRg =

where g is the g-force experienced at a certain radius,R, when the colony spins at angularvelocity, w, at 1.1 rpm

We assume that it takes 2 minutes to travel the 550 meters from the Torus to the

Inner Core, so the elevators velocity is about 4.5833 m/s. Therefore, at any given pointwhile traveling, the elevators lateral displacement will be (velocity*time) or 4.5833t.Sub in the expression for radius (4.5833t) into (2):

(3) 2)105.0(5833.4 wtg =

The percentage of rotation for any given time can be found by: (i) dividing the

level of gravity in (3) by the total level of gravity (1 g or 9.81 m/s2), and then (ii),

multiplying it be the total span of rotation ( radians2

). Below, r, rotation in radians, for

a given time, t:

(4)a

wttr

2

)105.0)(5833.4()(

2

=

where a is 1 g (9.81 m/s2)

Therefore, the rotation of the elevator along the horizontal axis must rotate in

accordance with the function r(t), (4) above.

Costs and TimeThe general costs and times for the Tesus Space Colony project were based upon

research conducted by Holbrow3.

Space Settlelemt Contest Project tesus2005

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