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Uttar PradeshU.P.

— State —

Coat of arms

Location of Uttar Pradesh in India

Map of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar PradeshFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Uttar Pradesh /ˌʌtər prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviation U.P.("Northern Province"; formerly: United Provinces), is astate located in the north western part of India. It wascreated on 1 April 1937, with the passing of the StatesReorganisation Act and renamed Uttar Pradesh in1950. The capital city is Lucknow. On 9 November2000, the Himalayan portion of the state, comprisingthe Garhwal, Kumaon divisions and Haridwar district,was formed into a new state "Uttaranchal", nowrenamed as Uttarakhand.

Uttar Pradesh is bordered by the Rajasthan to the west,Haryana to the northwest, Uttarakhand and Delhi to thenorth, Bihar to the east, Jharkhand to the southeast, andMadhya Pradesh to the southwest. State also shares aninternational border with Nepal. The state covers anarea of 93,933 sq mi (243,290 km2), or 6.88% of thetotal geographical area of India. It is the fifth largestIndian state by area. With over 200 million inhabitants(2011), is the first largest state by population,comprising 70 districts. Hindi is the most widelyspoken and official language of the state.

Uttar Pradesh is the second largest state by economy inIndia, with a GDP of $103.5 billion. Agriculture is asignificant part of state's economy. The state wasIndia's sixth largest producer of fruits, and became thelargest producer of vegetables in 2011.

With an antiquity that dates to the paleolithic, UttarPradesh has also been home to some of the mostpowerful empires of ancient and medieval India,including the Magadha, Nanda, Mauryan, Sunga,Kushan, Gupta, Gurjara, Rashtrakuta, Pala and Mughalempires. It is the birthplace of Hinduism.

Over time, Uttar Pradesh has acquired a number ofepithets, most referring to its size and prominent statuswithin the nation. State is known tourist destination fordomestic and international tourists. One of the SevenWonders of the World, Taj Mahal is found within thestate in Agra. The prominent tourist and historicaldestinations are Varanasi, Piprahwa, Kaushambi,Ballia,

Coordinates: 26.85°N 80.91°E



Coordinates (Lucknow): 26.85°N 80.91°E

Country IndiaRegion Awadh, Baghelkhand, Braj,

Bundelkhand, Purvanchal,RohilKhand, Indo-Gangetic Plain

Established Modern : 1805 (as Ceded andConquered Provinces. )

History

1805 : Ceded andConquered Provinces.14 Nov 1834 : Presidencyof Agra.1 Jan 1836 : North-Western Provinces.3 Apr 1858 : Oudh takenunder British control,Delhi taken away fromNWP & merged intoPunjab.1 Apr 1871 : Ajmer,Merwara & Kekri madeseparate commissionership.15 Feb 1877 : Oudhadded to North-WesternProvinces.22 Mar 1902 : RenamedUnited Provinces of Agraand Oudh.3 Jan 1921 : RenamedUnited Provinces ofBritish India.1 Apr 1937 : RenamedUnited Provinces1 Apr 1946 : Self rulegranted.

Shravasti, Kushinagar, Lucknow, Chitrakoot, Jhansi,Allahabad, Vrindavan and Meerut.

HistoryMain article: History of Uttar Pradesh

The state has undergone several name changes andterritorial demarcations since the early 19th century,when the British East India Company had establishedit's supremacy in the Gangetic plains. In 1833 the thenBengal Presidency of the Company was divided intotwo parts, one of which became Presidency of Agra;[2]

in 1836 the Agra area was named North-WesternProvinces[3] and placed under a Lieutenant Governorby the Company. In 1877, the two provinces of Agraand Oudh (Oudh was occupied by the Company in1858), were placed under one Colonial administrator ofthe British Crown; he was called Lieutenant Governorof the North-Western Provinces and ChiefCommissioner of Oudh.[4] Later in 1902 the name waschanged to United Provinces of Agra and Oudh withLieutenant Governor of the United Provinces of Agraand Oudh as administrator; in 1921 LieutenantGovernorship was elevated to Governorship and thename of the province was changed to United Provincesof British India. On 1 April 1937, the name wasshortened to United Provinces.[5] On independencefrom the British colonial rule in 1947, the princelystates of Rampur, Benares and Tehri-Garwal weremerged into the United Provinces. In 1950, the name ofUnited Provinces was changed to Uttar Pradesh.[6]

Archeological finds in Uttar Pradesh confirm thepresence of Stone Age Homo sapiens hunter-gatherersin Chhatarpalia, Mahugarh, Parisdhia, Lalitpur, Nihiand Gopipur,[7][8][9] between 85±11 and 72±8 kyr(thousand years ago) before present (BP); MiddlePaleolithic and later the Upper Paleolithic artefactsdated at 21–31 kyr BP;[10] Mesolithic/Microlithichunter-gatherer's settlement, near Pratapgarh, around10550–9550 BCE; villages, domesticated cattle, sheepor goats and evidence of plants and agriculture as earlyas 6000 BCE – although, most dates range between c.4000 and 1500 BCE – thus initiating a sequence which

Summary



15 Aug 1947 : Part ofindependent India.26 Jan 1950 : RenamedUttar Pradesh9 Nov 2000 : Uttaranchalstate created from part ofUttar Pradesh.

Capital LucknowLargest City KanpurDistricts 70 total

Government • Body Government of India,

Government of Uttar Pradesh • Governor Banwari Lal Joshi • Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav (SP) • Legislature Bicameral (404 + 108 seats) • Parliamentaryconstituency

80

• High Court Allahabad High Court

Area • Total 243,286 km2 (93,933 sq mi)Area rank 5th

Population (2011)[1]

• Total 199,581,000 • Rank 1st • Density 820/km2 (2,100/sq mi)

Demonym Uttarpradeshi, UPite, UPian,North Indian, Uttar Bhartiya

Time zone IST (UTC+05:30)UN/LOCODE INUPVehicleregistration

UP XX XXXX

HDI 0.490 (low)HDI rank 32nd (2005)

Literacy 69.72% (29th)79.24% (male)59.26% (female)

Officiallanguage

Hindi, Urdu

Website upgov.nic.in(http://www.upgov.nic.in)

extends into the Iron Age,[11][12][13] beginning fromIndus Valley Civilization and Harappa Culture finds inthe Saharanpur division through the Vedic period.

The ancient Mahajanapada era kingdom of Kosala inAyodhya – where, according to Hindu legend, thedivine king Rama of the Ramayana epic reigned – waslocated here. Krishna – another divine king of Hindulegend, who plays a key role in the Mahabharata epicand is revered as the eighth reincarnation (Avatar) ofHindu god Vishnu – is believed to have been born inthe city of Mathura. The aftermath of Mahabharata waris believed to have taken place in the area between theUpper Doab and Delhi, (in what was KuruMahajanapada), during the reign of the Pandava kingYudhishtira. The kingdom of the Kurus[14]

corresponds to the Black and Red Ware and PaintedGray Ware culture and the beginning of the Iron Age inNorthwestern India, around 1000 BCE. The reveredSwaminarayan – mentioned in the Brahma Purana andVishwaksena Samhita as the manifestation of God –was born in the village of Chhapaiya.

Most of the empire building invasions of North Indiapassed through the Gangetic plains of what today isUttar Pradesh. Control over this region was of vitalimportance to the power and stability of all of India'smajor empires, including the Mauryan (320–200 BCE),Kushan (100–250 CE) and Gupta (350–600 CE)Gurjara-Pratihara (650–1036 CE) empires. Followingthe Hun invasions that broke Guptas' empire, theGanges-Yamuna Doab saw the rise of Kannauj.During the reign of Harshavardhana (590–647 CE), theKannauj empire was at its zenith; spanning fromPunjab and Gujarat to Bengal and Orissa – and parts ofcentral India, north of the Narmada River – itencompassed the entire Indo-Gangetic plain. Manycommunities in various parts of India boast of beingdescendants of migrants from Kannauj, reflecting itsglory in the past.[15] Soon after Harshavardhana'sdeath, his empire disintegrated into many kingdoms, tobe invaded and ruled mostly by Gurjar Pratiharass, whoalso challenged Bengal's mighty Pala Empire's controlof the region.

Later, in Mughal times, U.P. became the heartland of their vast empire; they called the place Hindustan, which



Mughal Empire Kushan Empire Akbar the Great is widelyregarded as the "thepowerful Hindu Rajput".

Rama portrayed as exilein the forest, accompaniedby his wife Sita andbrother Lakshmana

A part of the Gangetic Plain

is used tothis day asthe name forIndia inseverallanguages.Mughalrulers BaburandHumanyunhad theircapital inDelhi. In1540 an

Afghan, Sher Shah Suri, took the reins of U.P. afterdefeating Humanyun, the Mughal king, who ranaway to Kabul. Sher Shah's son, Islam Shah, ruled Uttar Pradesh from theircapital at Gwalior. After the death of Islam Shah Suri, his prime minister Hemubecame the de facto ruler of U.P., Bihar, MP and western parts of Bengal. Hewas bestowed the title of Vikramaditya at his coronation or Rajyabhishake atPurana Quila in Delhi and was titled as Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya.Hemu died in the Second Battle of Panipat, and U.P. came under EmperorAkbar's rule. Agra and Fatehpur Sikri were the capitals of Emperor Akbar. At itszenith, the Mughal Empire covered almost the entire Indian subcontinent(including present day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh), which was ruledat different times from Delhi, Agra and Allahabad.

GeographyMain article: Geography of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh is India's fifth largest state, situated on the northern spout ofIndia, shares an international boundary with Nepal stretching from theHimalayas in the north.[16] The state has a total area of 243,290 squarekilometres (93,935 sq mi).[17] It spreads over a large area, and the plainsof the state are distinctly different from the high mountains in thenorth.[18] The larger Gangetic Plain region is in the north; it includes theGanges-Yamuna Doab, the Ghaghra plains, the Ganges plains and theTerai.[19] The smaller Vindhya Range and plateau region is in thesouth.[20] It is characterised by hard rock strata and a varied topographyof hills, plains, valleys and plateaus. In addition, the area is fairly arid.The state has more than 32 large and small rivers; of them, the Ganges, Yamuna, Sarayu, Betwa andGhaghara are larger and of religious importance in Hinduism.[21]

The prominent peaks in the hill region include Bandarpunch, Mount Kamet, Trisul, Dunagiri, Nanda Devi,



Monsoon clouds over Lucknow

State symbols of UttarPradesh

Badrinath and Kedarnath.[22] The hill areas are sparsely populated.[23] Cultivation is done under intensivesoil.[24] Irrigation facilities are deficient and only a small fraction of the total area is under artificialirrigation.[25] The valley areas have fertile and rich soil which results intensive cultivation on terraced hillslopes. The Siwalik Range which forms the southern foothills of the Himalayas, slopes down in to a boulderbed called 'bhadhar'.[26] The transitional belt running along the entirelength of the state is called the terai and bhabhar area.[27] It has richforests, cutting across it are innumerable streams which swell into ragingtorrents during the monsoon.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh experiences four seasons. The winter in January andFebruary is followed by summer between March and May, the monsoonseason between June and September.[28] Climate in general is humid temperate in Himalayan region.[29]

Summers are extremes with temperatures fluctuating anywhere from 0 °C to 50 °C in several parts of the stateand cool while winters record frost and snow at higher altitude. The annual rainfall ranges between 1400 to2000 mm.[30] The climate of Gangetic plain varies from semiarid to sub-humid. The mean annual rainfallranges from 650 mm (south west comer of the state i.e. Agra and Mathura districts) to 1000 mm (eastern andsouth eastern parts of the state).[31] The climate of the Vindhya Range and plateau is subtropical with meanannual rainfall between 1000–1200 mm received mostly during the monsoon season extending from July toSeptember. Typical summer months are from March to June, with maximum temperatures ranging from 30 to38 °C (86 to 100 °F). There is low relative humidity of about 20% and dust laden winds flow throughout theseason. The state receives 85% of average annual rainfall of 1,025 mm.[32]

Climate data for Uttar PradeshMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average high °C (°F) 29.9(85.8)

31.9(89.4)

35.4(95.7)

37.7(99.9)

36.9(98.4)

31.7(89.1)

28.4(83.1)

27.4(81.3)

29.4(84.9)

31.4(88.5)

30.1(86.2)

28.9(84.0)

31.59(88.87)

Average low °C (°F) 11.0(51.8)

12.1(53.8)

15.8(60.4)

19.9(67.8)

22.4(72.3)

22.9(73.2)

22.2(72.0)

21.6(70.9)

20.8(69.4)

18.5(65.3)

14.4(57.9)

11.5(52.7)

17.76(63.96)

Precipitation mm (inches) 0(0)

3(0.12)

2(0.08)

11(0.43)

40(1.57)

138(5.43)

163(6.42)

129(5.08)

155(6.1)

68(2.68)

28(1.1)

4(0.16)

741(29.17)

Avg. precipitation days 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.1 3.3 10.9 17.0 16.2 10.9 5.0 2.4 0.3 67.8

Mean monthly sunshine hours 291.4 282.8 300.7 303.0 316.2 186.0 120.9 111.6 177.0 248.0 270.0 288.3 2,895.9

Source: [33]

Flora and faunaSee also: Pilibhit Tiger Reserve and Dudhwa National Park

The state has an abundant amount of natural resources.[35] After the creationof Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh’s forest area declined from 52 lakh hectares to



Stateanimal

SwampDeer[34]

Statebird

SarusCrane

Statetree Saal

Stateflower Palash

StateDance Kathak

StateSport

Fieldhockey

view of the Terai region

A Chinkara

16.9 lakh hectares. As of 2011, recorded forest area in the state is 16,583 km2

(6,403 sq mi) which is 6.88% of the state's geographical area,[36] In spite ofrapid deforestation and the poaching of wild-life, a diverse flora and fauna

exists. Several species of trees, large andsmall mammals, reptiles and insects arefound in the belt of temperate uppermountainous forests; medicinal plantsare also found wild,[37] or are grown onplantations. The Terai-Duar savanna andgrasslands support cattle. Moistdeciduous trees grow in the upperGangetic plain, including along itsriverbanks. This plain supports a widevariety of plants and animals. TheGanges and its tributaries are the habitatof large and small reptiles, amphibians,fresh-water fish and crabs. Scrubland trees such as the babool andanimals such as the chinkara are found in the arid Vindhyas.[38][39]

Tropical dry deciduous forests are found in all parts of the plains, andusually in central eastern and western regions. Trees are mostlydeciduous. Since sun-light reaches the ground in abundance, shrubs andgrasses also grow here.[40] Large tracts of these forests have been cleared

for cutivation. Tropical Thorny Forests are mostly found in south-western parts of the State.[41] These forestsare confined to the areas which have low annual rainfall (50-70 cms), mean annual temperature between 25degreee to 27 degree centegrade and low humidity (less than 47 percent). These forests contain widelyscattered thorny trees, mainly Babool.

Uttar Pradesh is known for its extensive avifauna.[citation needed] The most common birds which are found inthe state are Dove, peacock, junglefowl, black partridge, house sparrow, songbird, blue jay, parakeet, quail,bulbul, comb duck, kingfisher, woodpecker, snipe and parrot. The reptiles that are found in the region arelizard, cobra, krait and gharial. Among the wide variety of fishes, the most common ones are Mahaseer andtrout. Some animal species in Uttar Pradesh have become extinct in recent years. Animals like the lion fromthe Gangetic Plain and rhinoceros from the terai region have become endangered. Though the animal in thestate are subject to poaching despite regulation by the government.[42]

Regions and CitiesMain articles: Divisions of Uttar Pradesh and Districts of Uttar Pradesh

The state of Uttar Pradesh consists of 75, which are grouped into eighteen divisions: Uttar Pradesh has beendivided into 71 districts under 18 divisions.[43] The 18 divisions of Uttar Pradesh are as listed below.

1. Agra 11. Jhansi



Divisions of Uttar Pradesh

Population Growth Census Pop. %±

1951 60,274,000 —1961 70,144,000 16.4%1971 83,849,000 19.5%1981 105,137,000 25.4%1991 132,062,000 25.6%2001 166,198,000 25.8%2011 199,581,000 20.1%

Source:Census of India[49]

2. Aligarh3. Allahabad4. Azamgarh5. Bareilly6. Basti7. Chitrakoot8. Gonda9. Faizabad

10. Gorakhpur

12. Kanpur13. Lucknow14. Meerut15. Mirzapur16. Moradabad17. Saharanpur18. Varanasi

This Indian state has more metropolitan cities than any other statein India.[44][45] The absolute urban population of the state is 44.4million, which constitutes the second largest share of urbanpopulation of India (11.8%).[46] As per 2011 census, there are 15urban agglomerations with a population greater than 5 lakhs.[47]

There are 14 municipal corporations, while Noida is speciallyadministered by a statuary authority.[48]

DemographicsMain article: Demographics of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh has both a high population and high population growth. During91-01 decade its population increased by over 25.8%.[50] Uttar Pradesh is themost populous state in India, with a population of 199,581,477 million people asof 1 March 2011.[51] The population density is 689 people per km2, which ismuch higher than that of many other states in the country.[52] The sex ratio, asof 2011, at 898 women to 1000 men, was lower than the national figure of933.[53]

As of the 2001 Indian census about 80 percent of Uttar Pradesh population isHindu, while Muslims make up around 18.5 percent of the population. Theremainder consists of Sikhs, Buddhists, Christians and Jains.[54]

Most people in Uttar Pradesh speak a dialect of Hindustani, which in writtenform is referred to as Urdu and Hindi.[55][56]

In addition, Uttar Pradesh is home to a number of other languages, which are sometimes referred to as dialects.Traditionally, five distinct dialect regions tend to be identified, which correspond to a particular dialectgrouping. In western Uttar Pradesh, the region of Rohilkhand and the upper Doab is home to the speakers ofKhari Boli. The lower Doab is referred to as Braj Bhumi, or the land of Braj, and is home to the speakers ofBraj Bhasha. Further south, the Bundelkhand region is home to Bundelkhandi speakers. In central UttarPradesh is the region of Awadh, which is also home to the speakers of Awadhi. And final eastern UttarPradesh is home to Bhojpuri speakers. Often these dialects merged into each other, for example in



Population Growth of the UttarPradesh over the previous years

Largest metropolitan areas in Uttar Pradesh by population (2011 Census)

Name Province Population Name Province Population

Kanpur Awadh 2,920,067 Lucknow Awadh 2,901,474

Ghaziabad Pashchimanchal 2,358,525 Agra Pashchimanchal 1,746,467

Varanasi Purvanchal 1,435,113 Meerut Pashchimanchal 1,424,908

Allahabad Purvanchal 1,216,719 Bareilly Pashchimanchal 979,933

Aligarh Pashchimanchal 909,559 Moradabad Pashchimanchal 889,810

Saharanpur Pashchimanchal 703,345 Gorakhpur Purvanchal 692,519

Noida Pashchimanchal 642,381 Firozabad Pashchimanchal 603,797

Jhansi Bundelkhand 549,391 Muzaffarnagar Pashchimanchal 494,792

Allahabad High Court is the fourtholdest high court of India.

Shahjahanpur, Khari boli merges into Awadhi.[citation needed]

Government and politicsMain article: Government of Uttar PradeshSee also: Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly election, 2012

Since Uttar Pradesh sends the largest number of legislators to thenational Parliament, it is often considered to be one of the mostimportant states with respect to Indian politics.[57] The statecontributes 80 seats to Lok Sabha and 34 seats to Rajya Sabha of theIndian Parliament.[58] The Council of Ministers reports to theLegislative Assembly. Uttar Pradesh has been called India's under-achiever, because it has provided India with eight prime ministerswhile remaining a poor state.[59]

The state's legislative body is divided into two significant parts: UttarPradesh Vidhan Parishad[60] and Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha.[61]

The state is governed through a parliamentary system of representativedemocracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. The Governor is the head of state and isappointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative



Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed bythe Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister.

In the 2012 election, the largest number of seats went to the Samajwadi Party) with 224 seats.[62]

At the local level, the state has a large number of village councils (panchayats), which are similar to thosefound in other Indian states. The administration in each district is headed by a Deputy Commissioner whobelongs to the Indian Administrative Service and is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Karnatakastate services.

The Deputy Commissioner of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service and assisted by theofficers of the Uttar Pradesh Police Service, is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and orderand related issues in each district. The Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the IndianForest Service, also serves the government. Sectoral development in the districts is looked after by the districthead of each development department such as Public Works Department, Health, Education, Agriculture,Animal Husbandry, etc. The judiciary in the state consists of the Allahabad High Court in Allahabad, districtand session courts in each district and lower courts and judges at the taluk level.[63]

Crime

The history of Crime in Uttar Pradesh is perhaps as old as the history of human civilization.[64] However, thevalue of human development index in U.P has increased steadily over the time.[65] Among the most backwardin the country, have done better in improving the lot of their marginalized Dalits and tribals.[66] As of nowUttar Pradesh has the second highest strength of Civil Police 107840 accounting for 9.5% of the total civilpolice in the country.[67][68]

Terror attacks

Main articles: 2006 Varanasi bombings, 2007 Uttar Pradesh bombings, and 2010 Varanasi bombingSee also: Demolition of Babri Masjid

Uttar Pradesh is the second state where most of the terror attack took placed after Maharashtra. The 2006Varanasi bombings were a series of bombings that occurred across the Hindu holy city of Varanasi in India onTuesday, 7 March 2006. At least 28 people are reported to have been killed and as many as 101 others wereinjured. The blasts occurred nearly simultaneously shortly after 18:00 IST. The first blast took place at 18:20 atthe crowded Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple near the Banaras Hindu University.[69] Other blast followed atthe Varanasi Cantonment Railway Station — It occurred in the waiting area next to the travel office. Initiallyanother blast was reported inside the stationary Shivganga Express bound for Delhi.[70]

Later On 23 November 2007 afternoon in a span of 25 minutes, six consecutive serial blasts rocked Lucknow,Varanasi and Faizabad courts in Uttar Pradesh, in which reportedly 28 people were killed and several othersinjured.[71][72] The blasts came a week after the Uttar Pradesh police along with central security agenciesbusted a Jaish-e-Mohammed terrorists which planned to abduct Rahul Gandhi. A known group IndianMujahidin has claimed responsibility of these blasts.[73] This group apparently sent an email to some private



TRoadside vegetable vendor in asemi-rural area. A largeproportion of residents areemployed in informal sector.

Net State Domestic Product at FactorCost at Current Prices (2004–05 Base)[74]

figures in crores of Indian Rupees

Year Net State Domestic Product2004–2005 229,0742005–2006 256,6992006–2007 294,0312007–2008 332,3522008–2009 384,7182009–2010 453,020

TV channels just five minutes before the blasts. The first blast occurred in Varanasi civil court and collectoratepremises between 13:05 and 13:07 pm. Two successive blasts occurred in Faizabad district court around 13:12and 13:15, closely followed by one at Lucknow at 13:32. Bombs were explicitly targeted to the lawyers whowere working in courts premises at these cities.

On 7 December 2010, another blast has occurred at Sheetla Ghat, adjacent to the main Dashashwamedh Ghat,in which reportedly more than 38 people were killed and several others injured. The blast occurred a day afterthe anniversary of the 1992 Babri Masjid demolition, in which a mosque was demolished at Ayodhya leadingto nationwide religious riots killing over 2,000 people.

EconomyMain article: Economy of Uttar PradeshSee also: List of conglomerates in Uttar Pradesh

Agriculture is the leadingoccupation in Uttar Pradesh.Wheat is the state's principalfood crop & Sugarcane is thestate's commercial crop.About 70% country sugar isproduced from Uttar Pradsh.Rice, potato, jute andsugarcane are the top fivecrops of the state.[75] In termsnet state domestic product(NSDP), Uttar Pradesh hasthe second largest economy(2009–2010) in India, with an

NSDP of 453,020 crores Indian rupees, behind Maharashtra (817,891 crores).[76] State industries are localisedin the Kanpur region, the fertile-rich purvanchal lands and Noida region. The Mughalsarai is home to anumber of major locomotives work plants. Manufacturing industries playing an important economic role areengineering products, electronics, electrical equipment, cables, steel, leather, textiles, jewellery, frigates,automobiles, railway coaches, and wagons. Largest number of small-scale industrial units are situated in UttarPradesh, with 12 percent of over 2.3 million units. Lucknow the World famous dress-manufacturing centre inthe country, with strong auto-mobiles, engineering and chemical industries. Agra is known for its handicrafts,and gold jewellery. Kanpur is the largest shoe-manufacturing centre in the India.

The U.P. Financial Corporation abbreviated as "UPFC" was established in the year 1954 under the SFCsAct1951 mainly to develop small & medium scale industries in the state.[77] UPFC provides financialassistance to new/existing units going in for diversification, modernization, expansion for acquisition of fixedassets such as land, building,plant and machinery.[78] Corporation also provide working capital to existingunits with sound track record and also to new units under single window scheme.[79] At present due tofinancial constraints, and directions from State Govt., lending activities have been suspended except for StateGovernment Schemes.[80]



Corenthum Business Park inNoida

In 2009–10, the tertiary sector of the economy (service industries) was the largest contributor to the grossdomestic product of the state, contributing 44.8% of the state domesticproduct compared to 44% from primary sector (agriculture, forestry,tourist) and 11.2% from secondary sector (industrial andmanufacturing).[81][82] During the 11th five-year plan (2007–2012), theaverage gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth rate was 7.28%(compared with a target of 6.10 percent), lower than 15.5%, the averagefor all states of the country.[83][84] The state’s per capita GSDP at currentprices in 2009–10 was US$ $109.770 billion but lower than the nationalper capita GSDP of US$ 1,302.[85] The state's total financial debt stood

at 200,009 crore (US$39.9 billion) as of 2011.[86] Labour efficiency is higher at an index of 26 than thenational average of 25. The economy also benefits from the state's tourist industry.[87]

The state is attracting foreign direct investment which has mostly come in the software and electronics fields;Noida is becoming a major hub for the Information technology (IT) industry. Sonebhadra, a district in easternUttar Pradesh, has large-scale industries; its southern region, known as the "Energy Capital Of India".[88]

Notably, many corporate companies are now headquartered in Noida include Samsung, LG, FIAT, Ford, ZeeNews, NDTV, TV Today, CNN-IBN, CNBC, newsX, Alstom, Ericsson, United Bank of India, AllahabadBank, UPRVUNL, Hindalco, Aditya Birla Group. The economy is gearing itself to cater to contemporaryWestern tastes and the lifestyle of upper-class Uttar Pradeshis; shopping malls are being built in large cities tosatisfy their needs.

TransportationMain articles: List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh, List of airports in Uttar Pradesh, and UttarPradesh State Road Transport Corporation

The state has a large, multimodal transportation system with the largest road network in the country.[89] Thestate is well connected to its nine neighboring states and almost all other parts of India through NationalHighway which are intended to facilitate medium and long distance inter-city passenger and freight trafficacross the country. It boasts 42 National Highways, with a total length of 4,942 km (9.6% of the total NHlength in India). UPSRTC was established in 1972 to provide an economical, reliable and comfortabletransport in the state with connecting services to adjoining states.[90] All cities are connected to statehighways.The State Highways are supposed to carry the traffic along major centres within the State. OtherDistrict Roads and Village Roads provide villages accessibility to meet their social needs as also the means totransport agriculture produce from village to nearby markets. Major District Roads provide the secondaryfunction of linkage between main roads and rural roads.[91] Uttar Pradesh has the seventh-highest road densityin India, (1,027 km per 1000 km2 as of 2002) and the largest surfaced urban-road network in the country(50,721 km as of 2002).

The National Golden Quadrilateral of India is passes through Jhansi, Agra, Kanpur, Allahabad andVaranasi.[92] With an existing expressway between Lucknow and Kanpur, new expressways are being builtbetween Agra & Noida and between Noida & Ballia, known as Yamuna Expressway and Ganga Expresswayrespectively.[93] The state has established the Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority to



An aerial view of the YamunaExpressway

Lucknow Shatabdi near New Delhi

develop seven new expressways.[94]

The state has excellent civil aviation infrastructure with six domesticairports located at Agra, Allahabad, Gorakhpur, Kanpur, Lucknowand Varanasi including two international airports, Chaudhary CharanSingh international airport, Lucknow and Lal Bahadur ShastriAirport, Varanasi.[95] The state has also proposed to set up Tajinternational airport in the Delhi‑NCR region.[96] A stretch of theGanges – from Allahabad to Haldia has been declared as NationalWaterway (NW)-I; 600 km of NW-I flows through Uttar Pradesh.[97]

The state has largest railway network in the country. As 0f 2011, thetotal railway route length in Uttar Pradesh is around 8,546 km(5,310 mi) and the sixth-largest railway density.[98] Allahabad is theheadquarter of North Central Railway.[99] On the other hand,Gorakhpur is the headquarter of another important railway zone calledNorth Eastern Railway.[100][101] Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Expressis the second fastest shatabdi train that connects the Indian capitalNew Delhi to Lucknow, the capital of the state. This was the firsttrain in India to get the new German coaches.[102] The railwaystations of Lucknow NR, Kanpur Central, Varanasi JN, Agra Canttand Mathura JN are included in the list of 50 world-class railwaystations by Indian Railways in its annual budget.[103]

SportsSee also: Indian Grand Prix and Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association

Presently, common sports of Uttar Pradesh are of two distinct genre: the Traditional Sports and the modernsports of mainly European origin. State had produced Olympian shooter Nawab Mian, International Volleyball player Sanjiv Balian, International Wrestler Anuj.[104] Traditional sports,now played mostly as a pasttime, include wrestling, swimming, kabaddi and track- or water-sports played according to local traditionalrules and without use of modern gears; some times, display of martial skills using a sword or ‘Pata’ (stick) etc.form the basis of sports.[105] Due to lack of organised patronage and requisite facilities, these sports aresurviving mostly as individuals' hobbies or local competitive events.

Modern sports viz. the indoor, field and track games are popular, especially among the educated class, but theState has yet to attain all-round national standing in most of them. Field hockey is very popular and UttarPradesh has produced some of the finest players in India.[106][107]

Indian Hockey lagend Dhyan Chand was born in Allahabad, United Provinces. In 1936, Adolf Hitler, theChancellor of Germany, was so impressed by Indian hockey player Dhyan Chand's performance in the BerlinOlympic hockey finals that he purportedly offered to elevate Lance Naik Dhyan Chand to the post of FieldMarshal in the German Army, so that he will play at Germany’s side. However Chand had declined the



The Indian hockey legendMajor Dhyan chand

Faculty Building, IIT Kanpur

The main building of JRHU with theIndian national flag hoisted

offer.[108]

Cricket has become more popular than field hockey. Uttar Pradesh won itsfirst Ranji Trophy tournament in February 2006, beating Bengal in thefinal.[109] It can also boast of its 3 or 4 players normally finding a place inthe national side. Green Park Stadium, Kanpur is the only one internationallyrecognised cricket stadium in the state and has witnessed some of India'smost famous victories. Faizabad Sports Complex is another sports venue inUttar Pradesh which includes Faizabad International Sports Stadium.[110]

Greater Noida Cricket Stadium is another newly built international cricketstadium.[111]

Buddh International Circuit hosted hugely successful India’s inaugural F1Grand Prix on October 30, 2011.[112] The 5.14 km long Circuit has beendesigned by world-renowned German architect and racetrack designer,Herman Tilke, to compete other world-class race circuits viz. Malaysia,Bahrain, China, Turkey, Indonesia, the UAE, South Africa, South Koreaand the US.[113]

EducationMain article: Education in Uttar PradeshSee also: List of institutions of higher education in Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh has a long tradition oflearning, although it was primarilyconfined to the elite class andreligious schools.[114] Sanskrit-based education (learning from theVedic to the Gupta periods),coupled with the later Pali body ofknowledge and a store of ancient-to-medieval learning in Persian andArabic, had formed the core ofHindu-Buddhist-Muslim education until the rise of British power.[115]

The present schools-to-university system of education owes itsinception and development in the state (as in the rest of the country) to foreign Christian missionaries and theBritish colonial administration.[116] Schools in the state are either managed by the government or by privatetrusts. Hindi is used as a medium of instruction in most of the schools except the schools which are affiliated tothe CBSE or Council for ICSE boards.[117] Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school,students typically enroll for 2 years in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or in schools with ahigher secondary facility affiliated with the Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Educationor any central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely liberal arts, commerce or science.Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs.



IIT (BHU) Varanasi

The Literacy rate of the state according to the 2011 Census is 69.70%.[118] With the literacy rate for Males at79.20%, while it is 59.30% for the Females. While this is still below the national average of 74.04%.[119] In2001, literacy rate in Uttar Pradesh stood at 56.27 percent of which male and female were 67.30 percent and43.00 percent literate respectively.[120] Child sex ratio of Uttar Pradesh is 899 females per 1000 males.[121]

Uttar Pradesh has more than 30 universities[122] including 4 centraluniversities, 20 state universities, 8 deemed universities, 2 IITs, 1 IIM andseveral polytechnics, engineering colleges and industrial traininginstitutes.[123] Prestigious institutes like Indian Institute of TechnologyKanpur,[124] Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi and IndianInstitute of Management Lucknow are known worldwide for their qualityeducation and research in respective fields.[125] This provides the Statewith a firm basis for providing opportunities for higher education to itsyouth.[126][127] Banaras Hindu University, Aligarh Muslim University,University of Allahabad, Indian Veterinary Research Institute Bareilly,IMT Ghaziabad, Gautam Buddha Technical University, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Narendra DevUniversity of Agriculture and Technology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University and King George'sMedical University are some of the universities in Uttar Pradesh offering the best courses and research optionsfor students.[128]

Besides these, the state also has The Integral University, state level institution established by Uttar PradeshGovernment for providing education in different technical, applied sciences and other disciplines.[129] andCentral Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies an autonomous organization under Union Ministry of Culture.These has played a pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in India. JagadguruRambhadracharya Handicapped University is the first and only university exclusively for the disabled in Indiaand the world.[130][131] A large number of Indian Scholars are educated at different universities in UttarPradesh. State has produced likes of V. P. Singh, Lakshmi Raj Sharma and Amitabh Bachchan.

TourismMain article: Tourism in Uttar PradeshSee also: Kumbh Mela and Taj Mahal

Uttar Pradesh ranks first in domestic tourist arrivals.[132] The diverse linguistic and religious ethnicities that arenative to Uttar Pradesh combined with their long histories have contributed immensely to the varied culturalheritage of the state. Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in Uttar Pradesh. Owing to its rich andvaried topography, vibrant culture and captivating festivities, monuments, ancient places of worship andviharas. Uttar Pradesh offers immense tourism delights and an endless array of attractions to visitors coming tothe state.The state attracts large number of visitors, both national and international; with more than 71 milliondomestic tourists.[133] Thousands gather at Allahabad to take part in the Magh Mela festival, which is held onthe banks of the Ganges. This festival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the KumbhaMela, where over 10 million Hindu pilgrims congregate–proclaimed as one of the largest gathering of humanbeings in the world.[134]



A procession of Akharas marchingover a makeshift bridge over theGanges river, Kumbh Mela at Prayag,2001.

The Taj Mahal a UNESCO WorldHeritage Site attracts a large numberof tourists from overseas.

The historically important towns of Sarnath and Kushinagar arelocated not far from Varanasi.[135] Gautama Buddha gave his firstsermon at Sarnath after his enlightenment and died at Kushinagar;both are important pilgrimage sites for Buddhists. Also at Sarnath arethe Pillars of Ashoka and the Lion Capital of Ashoka, both importantarchaeological artefacts with national significance. At a distance of80 km from Varanasi, Ghazipur is famous not only for its GangesGhats but also for the Tomb of British potentate Lord Cornwallis,maintained by the Archeological Survey of India.

Lucknow, the capital of the state, has several beautiful historicalmonuments such as Bara Imambara and Chhota Imambara.[136][137]

It has also preserved the damaged complex of the Oudh-period BritishResident's quarters, which are being restored. Uttar Pradesh givesaccess to three World Heritage Sites: Taj Mahal, Agra Fort and thenearby Fatehpur Sikri. Varanasi is widely considered to be one of theoldest cities in the world. It is famous for its ghats.[138]

In order to prepare schemes relating to the development of tourismand to execute them, the Directorate of Tourism was established in theyear 1972 of which the Director General is an I.A.S. officer. In 1974the Uttar Pradesh State Tourism Development Corporation wasestablished to look after the commercial activities which are a part ofdevelopment of tourism.[139]

CultureMain article: Culture of Uttar Pradesh

The diverse linguistic and religious ethnicities that are native to Uttar Pradesh combined with their longhistories have contributed immensely to the varied cultural heritage of the state. The traditional folk arts coverthe entire gamut of music, dance, drama, storytelling by itinerant troupes. Minor populations of TibetanBuddhists and Christians also live in Uttar Pradesh. The state is claimed to the birthplace of Hinduism and itsderived Vedic and Buddhist beliefs, UP has been the ancient seat of Hindu religion, learning and culture, andhas many important sites of Hindu pilgrimage.[140] The State has several sites important to Buddhism: theChaukhandi Stupa marks the spot where Buddha met his first disciples, while the Dhamek Stupa in Sarnathcommemorates Buddha's first sermon. Also the town of Kushinagar is where Gautama Buddha died. TheMauryans, the Mughals, the British, etc. all brought with them their own cultural traits. Saree is the traditionaldress of women in Uttar Pradesh. Dhoti and kurta-pyjama is the traditional attire of men. Shirt, Trousers andSalwar kameez are widely worn in Urban areas. Men also often sport a head-gear like topi or pagri. Sherwaniis a more formal male dress and is frequently worn along with chooridar on festive occasions. The numeroussignificant ghats along the Ganges are known generally as the 'Varanasi ghats' and the 'ghats of the Ganges'.Each of the hundred ghats, big and small, is marked by a lingam, and occupies its own special place in thereligious geography of the city. Some of the ghats situated in varanasi are Asi Ghat, Kedara Ghat, ChaukiGhat, chausathi Ghat, Dashashwamedha Ghat, Man Mandir Ghat, Lalita Ghat, Manikarnika Ghat, Scindia



Harivansh Bachchan, poetof Chhayavaad literarymovement (romanticupsurge) of early 20thcentury Hindi literature

Veda Vyasa attributed tohave compiled the Vedas

Ghat, Panchganga Ghat, Adi Keshva Ghat and Vishwanatha Khanda.[141] Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, aeuphemism for the mutually participatory co-existence of Hindu and Muslim, which is regarded as a fusion ofHindu and Muslim elements.[142]

Language and Literature

Main article: Languages of Uttar Pradesh

The Hindi language boasts a rich literary heritage in UP.The Vedas are a large body of texts originating in UttarPradesh. The texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskritliterature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism.[143]

State has a long tradition in folk literature, evidenced bythe, in the nineteenth and twentieth century, Hindiliterature was modernised in the works of authors suchas Jaishankar Prasad, Maithili Sharan Gupt, MunshiPremchand, Suryakant Tripathi Nirala, Babu Gulabrai,Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan 'Agyeya', RahulSankrityayan, Harivansh Rai Bachchan, DharamvirBharati, Subhadra Kumari Chauhan, Mahavir PrasadDwivedi, Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, DushyantKumar, Hazari Prasad Dwivedi, ChandramaniBrahmdutt, Acharya Kuber Nath Rai, BharatenduHarishchandra, Kamleshwar Prasad Saxena,Shivmangal Singh Suman, Mahadevi Varma andVibhuti Narain Rai among others are well known.[144]

The languages of state administration is Hindi, As per the Uttar Pradesh Official Language Act, 1951 and isoften referred to as the 'Hindi heartland of India'.[145] Urdu, established by the Amendment to the same in1989, another native languages of the state.[146] Both language are the common populace as well as the Stateand Central Governmental authorities. Linguistically, the state spreads across the Central, East-Central andEastern zones of the Indo-Aryan languages, the major native languages of the state being, Awadhi, Bundeli,Braj Bhasha, Kannauji and the vernacular form of Khari boli.[147] The state government promotes the nativedialects in cultural festivals[148] Bhojpuri is spoken in the east and Bagheli is spoken on the southwesternfringes of the state.[149][150]

Music and dance

Main article: Music of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh has a special place in the world of Indian classical music with both Uttar Pradesh(Khyal andDhrupad) and Carnatic styles finding place in the state.[151] The dance form that originated from the courts ofRoyals has traversed a long path since its inception. During the eras of Guptas and Harsh Vardhan, UttarPradesh was a major centre for musical innovation. Swami Haridas was a great saint-musician whochampioned Hindustani classical music. Tansen, the great musician in Mughal Emperor Akbar's court, was a



Kathak Dancer Richa Jainperforming the chakkarwala tukra.

2001 Kumbh Mela at Prayag

disciple of Swami Haridas. The ragas sung by Tansen were believed to be so powerful that they could bringrain, or light a fire, when recited. Uttar Pradesh has produced a number of stalwarts in both styles viz. AnupJalota, Baba Sehgal, Girija Devi, Gopal Shankar Misra, Hari Prasad Chaurasia, Kishan Maharaj, Naushad Ali,Pandit Ravi Shankar, Shubha Mudgal, Siddheshwari Devi, Talat Mehmood, and Ustad Bismillah Khan. Thelegendary Ghazal singer Begum Akhtar was also a native of Uttar Pradesh. The region's folk heritage includessongs called rasiya (known and especially popular in Braj), which celebrate the divine love of Radha and ShriKrishna. The Bhatkhande Music Institute University at Lucknow is named after the great musician PanditVishnu Narayan Bhatkhande.[152] Other forms of music are Kajari,Sohar, Qawwali, Rasiya, Thumri, Birha, Chaiti, Sawani.

Kathak, a classical dance form, owes its origin to the state of UttarPradesh.[153] The dance form is inextricably bound with classicalHindustani music where the rhythmic nimbleness of the feet isaccompanied by the Tabla or Pakhawaj.[154] Two prominent schools ofthis dance form namely, Lucknow Gharana and Benares gharana aresituated in Uttar Pradesh.[155][156]

Fairs & Festivals

Rama Navami and Diwali (celebrated between mid-October and mid-December) is the most popular festival in the Uttar Pradesh. Kumbh Melaorganized in the month of Maagha (Feb-March) is another importantfestival held every three years in rotation at Allahabad, Haridwar, Ujjainand Nasik and comes to Allahabad every 12 Years.[157] Lath mar Holi isa local celebration of the Hindu festival of Holi. It takes place well beforethe actual Holi in the town of Barsana near Mathura. Taj Mahotsav that isheld annually at Agra is a colorful display of the Arts, Crafts, Culture andCuisine of the Braj area.[158] Buddha Purnima, which marks the birth ofGautama Buddha, is one of the most important Hindu/Buddhist festivalswhile Christmas is celebrated by the minority Christian population. Othernotable festivals are Vijayadashami, Makar Sankranti, Ayudha Puja,Ganga Mahotsava, Janmashtmi, Sardhana Christian Fair, Mahashivratri,Mahavir Jayanti, Moharram, Bārah Wafāṭ, Eid, Bakreed, Chhath puja, Lucknow Mahotsav, Kabob andHanuman Jayanti.[159]

Cuisine

Main article: Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh is divided by cuisines into 3 distinct zones namely Western UP, Oudh and Eastern UtterPradesh. Uttar Pradesh has a generous platter for both vegetarians and non-vegetarians. A formal vegetarianmeal of Uttar Pradesh consists of chapati, roti (flatbread), puri, dal and papad. Most famous cuisines in Oudhare Kebab, Biryani, Keema and Nihari. In the western Uttar Pradesh or Rampur region, the major delicaciesare Rampuri Rohu and Zamindoz; both items of fish. The most famous vegetarian dish of this region isPaneer. In the eastern Uttar Pradesh, Tahri and Reshmi kabobs are very famous. Besides, Murg Musallam is



Uttar Pradeshi thali with naan,sultani dal, raita, and shahipaneer.

another favorite dish of this region. The most famous vegetarian dishes ofeastern Uttar Pradesh is Tahri and Nargishi kofta. Sweets occupy animportant place in the diet of Hindu and at their social ceremonies. Nativeresidence make distinctive sweetmeats from milk products, includingKhurchan, Peda, Gulabjamun, Petha, Makkhan Malai and Chamcham.The Chaat in Lucknow and Banarasi Paan is famous all over India for itstaste and ingredients.[160]

MediaA number of periodicals are published in Hindi, English and Urdu. UttarPradesh has large number of newspapers published in Hindi, English and Urdu. The Pioneer was founded inAllahabad in 1865 by George Allen.[161] Amar Ujala, Dainik Bhaskar and Dainik Jagran, have a widecirculation, with their local editions being published from several important cities. Major English languagenewspapers which are published and sold in large numbers are The Telegraph, The Times of India, HindustanTimes, The Hindu, The Statesman, The Indian Express and Asian Age. Some prominent financial dailies likeThe Economic Times, Financial Express, Business Line and Business Standard are widely circulated.Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Nepali Gujarati, Oriya, Urdu and Punjabi are also read by aselect readership.

Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Multi system operators provide a mix of Hindi,English, Bengali and Nepali and international channels via cable. Hindi 24-hour television news channels areNDTV India, DD News, Zee News Uttar Pradesh, Jan TV, IBN-7 and ABP News. All India Radio is apublic radio station. There are 32 private FM stations are available in all major cities like Lucknow, Kanpur,Varanasi, Allahabad, Agra and Noida.[162][163] Vodafone, Airtel, BSNL, Reliance Communications, Uninor,Aircel, MTS India, Tata Indicom, Idea Cellular and Tata DoCoMo are available cellular phone operators.Broadband internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by otherprivate companies.[164] Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.[165]

See alsoUttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate EducationList of Chief Ministers of Uttar PradeshList of Governors of Uttar PradeshNawabganj Bird Sanctuary

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138. ^ "Varanasi Ghats On the banks of the river Ganga" (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcwE4XIyrG0) . YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcwE4XIyrG0.

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140. ^ "The cultural seat of the country" (http://www.up-tourism.com/People_language_culture.htm) . CultureDepartment of Uttar Pradesh. http://www.up-tourism.com/People_language_culture.htm.

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142. ^ Steven Wesley Ramey (2008-09-15). Hindu, Sufi, or Sikh: contested practices and identifications of SindhiHindus in India and beyond (http://books.google.com/books?id=BqUV3v57R0QC) . Macmillan, 2008. ISBN 978-0-230-60832-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=BqUV3v57R0QC. "... the continuing joint Muslim and Hinduparticipation in public festivals, relating it to "Ganga-Jamuni Tahzeeb," the attitude of refined hospitality andharmonious relations that historically characterized this region ..."

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144. ^ "The Indus Valley Civilization" (http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/ancient/indus/indus_civ.html) .hindunet.org. http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/ancient/indus/indus_civ.html.

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tourism.com/destination/varanasi/fair_festival.htm) . U.P tourism. http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/fair_festival.htm.

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162. ^ "Radio Stations in Uttar Pradesh, India" (http://www.asiawaves.net/india/uttar-pradesh-radio.htm) .asiawaves.net. http://www.asiawaves.net/india/uttar-pradesh-radio.htm. Retrieved 14 July 2012.

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External linksGovernment

Uttar Pradesh Government Website (http://upgov.nic.in/)Department of Tourism, Government of Uttar Pradesh (http://www.up-tourism.com/)

Other

Uttar Pradesh travel guide from WikitravelUttar Pradesh (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Uttar_Pradesh/) at the Open Directory Project

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttar_Pradesh&oldid=502981918"Categories: Rivers of Uttar Pradesh States and territories of India Uttar PradeshStates and territories established in 1834 Urdu-speaking countries and territories

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Source[59]- Uttar Pradesh - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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