2016

(JUNE 6 1993)

SOMALIA – FUTURE OF A FAILED STATE

CHAIRPERSON: MANDABYA JJ

DEPUTY CHAIRPERSON: ARIJITA SINHA ROY

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A NOTE FROM THE CHAIRS

Greeting Delegates,

It is with utmost pleasure and delight that we welcome you to the 2nd

Edition of Maria’s Model United Nations (MMUN), 2016. This year at

HSC, we will deal with the ‘Somalian Civil War’

Somalia, a land inflicted with conflicts and divergence have come a

long way from being a British protectorate in the 1960s to being

considered a ‘failed state’ at the end of the 20th century. This year

at MMUN, 2016 we are going to focus on Somalia, located at the horn of

Africa; a country with a very poignant history.

At the end of World War II, Britain decided to take charge of both the

Italian and British Somaliland. However, 1945 at the Potsdam

conference, Italian Somaliland was granted trusteeship to Italy, under

the United Nations mandate. As the idea of independence started to

influence the citizens of both the Somalilands, a referendum was held

in Djibouti in 1958, to decide the fate of Somaliland and its people.

On 1st July 1960, independence was granted and the state of Somalia was

formed. The independence was followed by the assassination of the

first Prime Minister, following a military coup, and finally leading

to the installation of the Barre regime in Somalia. The Barre regime

sought to follow authoritarian governance alongside with a desire to

expand the territory, thus waging the Ogaden War of 1977. During the

war, Somalia changed its allies, from being a partner of the Soviet

Union it went on to collaborate with the United States. It is often

noticed that an authoritarian government does not lasts long, and

hence the fate of the Barre regime also followed the same.

In 1991, the Barre regime was ousted by a clan-based coalition, which

opened the arena to a civil war. There were conferences held to fill

the vacuum position of the government of Somalia, but none came to a

conclusion. Finally, the United Nations intervened and resolutions

were passed in the United Nations Security Council, leading to the

creation of UNOSOM I followed by UNOSOM II. The United Nations Task

Force operated under the administration of the United States.

Presenting to you the Historic Security Council, MMUN 2016, which is

going to deal with the events that carved the present state of

Somalia, often considered to be a ‘failed state’, it is for the

committee to decide what lead to the failure of the state. So can the

events of history be altered to help Somalia fit into the novel world?

For any queries, please feel free to contact us at

mmunhsc2016@gmail.com.

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Submission for the Position Paper is due on 17th May, 2016.

Mandabya JJ

Chairperson, HSC

MMUN, 2016

Arijita Sinha Roy

Deputy Chairperson, HSC

MMUN, 2016

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CONTENTS

1. GOD’S LAND : SOMALIA ………………………………………………………3-4 2. TRAVELLING BACK IN TIME ………………………………………………5-8

2.1 COLONIAL ERA 2.2 FASCISM AND WORLD WAR (I&II) 2.3 INDEPENDENCE AND POST INDEPENDENCE

3. THE OGADEN WAR ……………………………………………………………………….9 3.1 EFFECTS OF THE WAR

4. RISE OF SIAD BARRE …………………………………………………………10-11 5. OUTBREAK OF CIVIL WAR,1991………………………………………11-15

5.1 INTERVENTION (1992-1995) 5.2 BATTLE OF MOGADISHU,1993 5.3 WITHDRAWL OF THE U.N

6. EFFECTS OF THE WAR …………………………………………………………15-16 6.1 HUMANITARIAN CONTEXT

7. TIMELINE OF THE SOMALIAN CIVIL WAR……………….17-18 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………….19 9. QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER……………….20 10. SAMPLE POSITION PAPER……………………………………….20-21

11. SAMPLE RESOLUTION PAPER………………………………….22-23

________________________________________________

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1. GOD’S LAND: SOMALIA

Somalia, located in the Horn of Africa, adjacent to the Gulf of

Aden and the Arabian Peninsula, sharing its boundary with Djibouti,

Ethiopia, and Kenya has since time immemorial, attracted the Arabs,

the Egyptians and also western countries such as Great Britain, France

and Italy. The location proved to be quite strategic in context to

trade along the coastline, to be precise.

Spread across a total of 637,657 sq km and with a population of 13-14

million, it is prone to numerous natural hazards such as droughts,

famines, dust storms, etc. The land is prone to droughts because of

the climate that prevails throughout the year, i.e. principally

deserted with irregular rainfall. Despite the rough climate, it does

not seem to fall short of natural resources such as uranium, gypsum,

iron ore, bauxite, natural gas and oil reserves. It is likely

predicted by many geologists that these oil reserves can help Somalia

to become the next oil superpower and researches are being conducted

to discover more such reserves in the country.

To understand Somalian History, it’s imperative for us to understand

the role of clan politics. Clans have always played a very important

role in shaping the countries past and present. To look at the

history, with which the Council is going to deal with, we find that at

every war that took place, or behind any political activities,

clanship played an important role. The four major clans of Somalia

are: Darood, Dir, Isaaq and Hawiye, which are further subdivided into

many factions. These clans are also referred to as ‘noble clans’.

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Even after being prone to an ongoing civil war, the culture of Somalia

didn’t disappear into the deserts. People still celebrate their story

telling traditions and cook exotic cuisines for themselves as well as

people who visit their land. Somalia, too has contributed in Islamic

learning which has spread much across the Horn of Africa, the Arabian

Peninsula, and well beyond that.

The description of Somalia, by far looks very ordinary, but the

reality is far worse than what these words speak. The spark of the

civil war which broke around the 1980s, left Somalia to scrambles and

it has almost been two decades that the state is surviving without a

central government, which in turn has made the meager Somalians face

devastation day by day.

So what led to the civil war? Was it the authoritarian government or

clan politics? Somalia, now declared a complete ‘failed state’, still

strives for a central government. So what led to this failure? Let’s

travel back in time.

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2. TRAVELLING BACK IN TIME

2.1 COLONIAL ERA

The colonial era in Somalia has both its pros and cons. The location

of Somalia is said to be the major reason which attracted the

Europeans to the state, because around 1839, the British began to use

the Gulf of Aden, on the south coast of Arabia, as port for the ships

on their route to India.

Soon, the Europeans are joined by

France and Italy along the coastal

area of Somalia; however the

Italians occupy the region near

Eritrea. A notable change came in

this colonial era when the

‘Scramble for Africa’ began in

1880s, the three rivals were joined

by another nation; Ethiopia. All

four began to claim their rights

over Somalia.

After an armed conflict that took place between France and Britain,

the nations decided to arrive at a consensus and hence a demarcation

line was drawn, giving both the rivals a minor share of the strategic

coastal area, back in 1888. The newly given French colony later went

on to be the Independent state of Djibouti. But the British didn’t

stop here; they went on to influence the coastal areas of Zeila and

Berbera, promising protection to the chieftains of the various Somali

clans and hence these regions came under the British protectorate. The

Italians established their protectorates along the coast eastwards,

however things started to sour up between Ethiopia and Italy

concerning the state of ‘Eritrea’. Hence, by 1896 the tensions lead to

an outright war with the Italians being defeated.

Even if the war concerned the territory of Eritrea, the weakened

Italian position had direct repercussions in Somalia. The large Somali

in-habited region, ‘the Ogaden’, which lied between Ethiopia and the

Italia occupied Somali coast. The Italians after the war were in no

position to resist another war over Ogaden and hence a new settlement

was agreed between the powers in 1897. The treaty stated clearly that

the Ogaden had been granted to the Ethiopians and ceded with the

southern strip of British Somaliland, known as the ‘Haud’.

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Following the Berlin Conference,

the Dervish State was state

established by Mohammed Abdullah

Hassan aka the ‘Mad Mullah’, a

Somali religious leader who

gathered Muslim soldiers from

across the Horn of Africa and

united them into a loyal army

known as the Dervishes. This

Dervish army enabled Hassan to

carve out a powerful state

through conquest of lands sought after by the Ethiopians and the

European powers. The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British

Empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region.

2.2 FASCISM AND WORLD WAR (I & II)

With the dawn of Fascism, the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini began

his ‘scramble’ for Italian Somaliland. A new governor was appointed

who bought another era of conflicts to Somalia.

A vigorous policy framework was adopted to extend the Italian imperial

interests, culminating the defeat and annexation of Ethiopia in 1936.

*the map of Somalia during the Great War, 1914-1918.

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With the tensions of the World War II, the british had withdrawn from

their colonies, while French Somaliland kept neutrality. In 1941

British Forces recover the whole area from the Italians, thus uniting

almost the entire area of Somalia under British rule. The British were

quite successful in unifying most the regions, because by the

beginning of the 20th century and the new Italian fascist government

rule, Pan-Somalism started spreading which played a detrimental role

in unifying the various Somalilands. The British were victorious in

driving the Italians completely out of the scenario.

After the World War II ended, the situations began to revert again to

the colonial ages. The treaty which granted Ethiopia the Ogaden and

the Haud remained the same. The French and British Somaliland

continued as before.

2.3 INDEPENDENCE and POST-INDEPENDENCE

Following World War II, Britain retained control of both British

Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during

the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship

of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the

condition—first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other

nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle

Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL)—that Somalia

achieve independence within ten years. British Somaliland remained a

protectorate of Britain until 1960.

To the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the

trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain

experience in Western political education and self-government. These

were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated

into the new Somali state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British

colonial officials attempted, through various administrative

development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate

stagnated. The disparity between the two territories in economic

development and political experience would later cause serious

difficulties integrating the two parts.

After independence, Somalia witnessed a wave of changes, especially

in the administrative structure. Political parties kept sprouting

every now and then. The main theme of the parties was to reunite three

large Somali groups trapped in other states- the French Somaliland, in

Ethiopia (Ogaden and Haud) and in northern Kenya.

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*Somalian Prime Minister Abdurashid Ali Shermake, shown on the right,

with Somalian President Aden Abdullah Osmaan Dar (L). The president

was defeated by the former Prime Minister*

But the successive failure mainly in the Ethiopian and Kenyan region

urged Somalia to take help from the Soviet Union in the form of

military aid. However, the Somali government maintained a neutral

stance in international politics and affairs. Soon the elections

arrived, and the winning party of the first election turned out to the

‘Somali Youth League’ which was originally formed to campaign for

independence within the British Somaliland. Elections took place in

March 1969 which brought the party a majority. However, as time passed

the party became absolutely authoritarian and the same year, a

policeman assassinated President Shermake.

The day after President Shermake’s funeral, a military coup d'état

followed after which Mohammed Siad Barre seizes power.

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3. THE OGADEN WAR, 1977

After the military d’état, Mohammed Siad Barre declared Somalia to be

a socialist, following the strengthening of its relations with the

Soviet Union in 1970. Siad Barre wanted ‘scientific socialism’ hence

in 1974 Somalia joined the Arab League.

In 1977, with Ethiopia in anarchy

after the fall of its leader, Halie

Selassie, the wish to seize the

Ogaden region came to Barre. Hence,

the Somali National Army invaded

the Ogaden, Ethiopia. But

ironically, Siad Barre’s long time

ally betrayed him, the Soviet

Union. The USSR was in a fix at the

moment, because the Cold War had

begun and found itself supplying

for both the wars. It is during

this time period, that the allies

of Somalia changed. The Soviet

Union and Cubans backed the Ethiopians; however USA did not sit back

and enjoyed watching the Cold War rival take control. Hence USA came

to help the Somalians, which was backed by Yemen, North Korea and

Germany.

The Ethiopians succeed in capturing the Ogaden region with the help of

the Soviet Union’s equipment and Cuban troops.

3.1 EFFECTS OF THE WAR

A small faction of the Somalia National Army continued to carry out

the insurgency. The worse scenario after the war was the exodus mass

of hundreds and thousands of Somalia refugees over the borders.

Historians consider this to be the turning point of Somalian history.

The war costed Somalia one third of its army, half of the Somali Air

Force and armored units. But the most notable and direct effect was

that the United States adopted Somalia as a Cold War ally, with a

promise that the US would be allowed to use Somalia as military bases,

so as to gain control over the region.

Moreover, both the countries committed the crime of killing civilians.

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4. RISE OF SIAD BARRE

Siad Barre introduced a brutal dictatorship, and one of the most

disturbing elements of his dictatorship was that he opposed to the

local clan loyalties, a very strong feature of Somali culture.

A new constitution was promulgated in 1979 under which elections for a

People's Assembly were held. However, Barre's Somali Revolutionary

Socialist Party politburo continued to rule. In October 1980, the SRSP

was disbanded, and the Supreme Revolutionary Council was re-

established in its place.[15] By that time, the moral authority of

Barre's ruling Supreme Revolutionary Council had begun to weaken. Many

Somalis were becoming disillusioned with life under military

dictatorship. The regime was further weakened in the 1980s as the Cold

War drew to a close and Somalia's strategic importance was diminished.

The government became increasingly totalitarian, and resistance

movements, supported by Ethiopia's communist Derg administration,

sprang up across the country. This eventually led in 1991 to the

outbreak of the civil war, the toppling of Barre's regime and the

disbandment of the Somali

National Army (SNA). Among

the militia groups that

led the rebellion were

the Somali Salvation

Democratic

Front (SSDF), United

Somali

Congress(USC), Somali

National Movement (SNM)

and the Somali Patriotic

Movement (SPM), together

with the non-violent

political oppositions of

the Somali Democratic

Movement (SDM), the Somali Democratic Alliance(SDA) and the Somali

Manifesto Group (SMG).

In the aftermath of this disaster guerrilla groups, clan-based and

regional, are formed in and around Somalia with the intention of

toppling Siad's repressive and centralizing regime. By 1988 the result

is full-scale civil war, resulting in the overthrow of Siad in 1991.

He withdraws to the safety of his own clan, becoming one warlord among

many in this increasingly chaotic nation. During 1990, in the capital

city of Mogadishu, the residents were prohibited from gathering

publicly in groups greater than three or four. Fuel shortages caused

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long lines of cars at petrol stations. Inflation had driven the price

of pasta (ordinary dry Italian noodles, a staple at that time) to five

U.S. dollars per kilogram. The price of khat, imported daily

from Kenya, was also five U.S. dollars per standard bunch. Paper

currency notes were of such low value that several bundles were needed

to pay for simple restaurant meals.

A thriving black market existed in the centre of the city as banks

experienced shortages of local currency for exchange. At night, the

city of Mogadishu lay in darkness. Close monitoring of all visiting

foreigners was in effect. Harsh exchange control regulations were

introduced to prevent export of foreign currency. Although no travel

restrictions were placed on foreigners, photographing many locations

was banned. During the day in Mogadishu, the appearance of any

government military force was extremely rare. Alleged late-night

operations by government authorities, however, included

"disappearances" of individuals from their homes.

In 1991 the faction controlling the former British Somaliland confuses

matters by declaring its independence as the republic of Somaliland.

5. OUTBREAK OF THE CIVIL WAR, 1991

The Barre regime was ousted by coalition of clan-based opposition

group backed by Ethiopia and Libya. The first phase of the civil war

stemmed from the insurrections against the repressive regime of Siad

Barre. After his ousting from power, a counter-revolution took place

to attempt to reinstate him as leader of the country.

Only Somaliland, which comprises the northwestern section of the

country (between Djibouti and the northeastern area known as Puntland

(which is also effectively independent) have functioning governments.

The rest of the country, especially the South, descended into anarchy.

Warlords emerged who controlled small zones and competed with each

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other for domination of larger areas. Taking place in one of the

world's poorest countries, mass starvation followed.

5.1 INTERVENTION (1992-1995)

United Nations Security Council Resolution 733 and Resolution 746 led

to the creation of UNOSOM I, the first mission to provide humanitarian

relief and help restore order in Somalia

after the dissolution of its central

government.

On 3rd December, 1992, the United Nations

Security Council unanimously passed

Resolution 794, approving the coalition

of United Nations peacekeepers to be led

by the United States of America.

The year 1993 began with an effort to

alleviate the famine conditions which

killed almost 300,000 civilians. U.S

President George H.W Bush was reluctant

about the entire mission. However, Bill

Clinton was persuaded by the UN

Secretary General to continue the

mission as long as the central

governance in the so-called ‘failed state’ was re-established. The

troops of the U.S proved to be the main backbone of the UN mission

along with the small contingents from Pakistan and Malaysia, to name a

few.

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5.2 THE BATTLE OF MOGADISHU, 1993

The Somalians opposed the foreign presence. The reasons were many. The

Somali people initially fancied the aid provided by the United Nations

and the U.S, however they started to believe in the idea that they

will be asked to convert their religion in exchange. The idea was

introduced by the Warlord, Mohamed Farrah Aidid, with his main focus

on the U.S contingency. The period from June and October proved to be

bloodshed between the local gunmen and the peacekeepers, resulting in

the death of 24 Pakistanis and 19 U.S soldiers. The bloodshed was

followed by the Battle of Mogadishu in October 3, 1993. Over a 1000

Somali militia were killed.

On 3 March 1993, the U.N. Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-

Ghali submitted to the U.N. Security Council his recommendations for

effecting the transition from UNITAF to UNOSOM II. He stressed that

even if the UNITAF were successful in making a positive impact, the

Somalians were still deprived of a national government, followed by

any army or administrator-y body. Hence the Security Council

authorized UNOSOM II, with its main agenda being national

reconciliation and to pave the way of Somalia to being a democratic

state.

As soon as the UNOSOM II was authorized, a conference was held in

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to agree on certain terms and how to achieve

reconciliation in the state. Most of the Somali parties agreed on the

idea put forward, but the faction led by Mohamed Farrah Aidid opposed

to incorporate in the agreement.

From the very beginning, Aidid was anti-U.N; he soon began propagandas

on radios marginalizing the U.N’s attempt to build a democratic

Somalia. It soon turned into a rebel, with civilian spies throughout

UNOSOM II's headquarters likely led to the uncovering of the U.N.'s

plan. Aidid ordered SNA militia to attack a Pakistani force on 5th June

1993, which had been tasked with the inspection of an arms cache

located at the radio station.

The activities led to the creation of the Task Force Ranger, which the

U.S positioned to capture the lieutenants of the warlord.

Task Force Ranger was created in August 1993 and was immediately

deployed to Somalia. It consisted of Special Forces from the U.S Army,

Air Force and the Navy as well. The mission or the operation of the

Task Force Ranger, involved the capturing of leaders of Habr Gidr clan

which followed the ideals of the warlord, Mohamed Farrah Aidid. But

the mission never became successful as it met a fatal accident. On 3rd

October, 1993 Somali militia along with armed civilians shot down the

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two Black Hawk helicopters.

The rescue operation began

shortly on 4th October. The

result was 24 dead, and 57

wounded Pakistani troops, as

well as 1 wounded Italian

and 3 wounded American

soldiers.

Pakistani and Malaysian

soldiers were killed during

the rescue operation. The

battle also resulted in the

death of 315 Somali people.

On 6 June 1993, the U.N. Security Council passed Resolution 837, for

the arrest and prosecution of the persons responsible for the death

and wounding of the peacekeepers.

5.3 WITHDRAWL OF THE UN

The Battle of Mogadishu soon turned into turmoil. The Americans

started to wonder on the fact that why

there were military causalities in a

place which had already been declared

a ‘state of failure’. Much of the

humanitarian aids started being looted

and sold, which in turn left the

innocent civilians helpless and pushed

them to a devastating state of

starvation. The U.S tried its best to

track down Aidid, but the more it kept

on trying the less information they

acquired. The whole U.N mission left

on 3rd March, 1995, exactly two years

after the transition of UNITAF to

UNOSOM II.

The U.N left Somalia on a note that no

government can bring stability to the state.

However, it reassured that Somalia will not be abandoned and help will

be given, in both humanitarian and financial ways.

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6. EFFECTS OF THE CIVIL WAR

6.1 HUMANITARIAN CONTEXT

The war resulted in a series of causalities along with widespread

poverty across the state. The poor are left with no options, but to

survive the starvation day after day. Clanship makes it more difficult

to survive in the state as the distribution of resources and food

between them is unequal. The collapse of the Government in 1991 marked

the beginning of fights between clans over land and water. Clans are

now the safety net for many Somalians. The problem is that clan

identity has become a resource for political position.

A report launched by the United Nations Development Programme, stated

the following-

“Despite the gains, the challenges posed by Somalia’s humanitarian

situation and high levels of insecurity affect the delivery and impact

of development support

throughout the country.

While Somalia’s

humanitarian situation

has slowly stabilized

since the devastating

famine that killed

260,000 people three

years ago, it is still

extremely fragile. Half

of the population has

experienced abject

poverty. More than one

million people remain

displaced in often

appalling conditions and more than one million people are refugees in

the region. One serious or a series of shocks – such as failed rains,

increased insecurity or reduced access – and Somalia could slip easily

back into a deep crisis. Development indicators in Somalia remain

among the worst in the world. One in seven children die before their

first birthday; one in eighteen women die in childbirth; and only one

in three people have access to safe drinking water. Global acute

malnutrition levels among internally displaced persons are above

global emergency levels of 15 per cent. Approximately 857,000 people in Somalia require urgent and life-

saving assistance. An additional 2 million people are on the margin of

food insecurity and require continued livelihoods support. Decades of

conflict have displaced over one million people inside Somalia. They

are particularly vulnerable to food insecurity and susceptible to

human rights violations, such as sexual and gender based violence.

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Only 42 per cent of school-age children in Somalia are in school, one

of the world’s lowest enrolment rates. Of those, one a third are

girls.

Extreme poverty and lack of employment opportunities leave many young

Somalis with few prospects for the future. Over 70% of Somalia’s

population is under the age of thirty. However, the unemployment rate

for youth in Somalia is 67% —one of the highest in the world.

Somalia remains one of the most complex environments in which to

deliver assistance. However, to the extent possible, humanitarian and

development partners are managing rather than avoiding risk, in order

to be able to continue to deliver critical, life-saving programmes.”

Famine is a situation which arises out of three dormant factors:

poverty, high cost of goods and extreme political instability. Famines

are a common part of the Somali people. The involvement of the IMF in

this case, is something very interesting which questions the

legitimacy of International Organizations.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

.

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7. Timeline of the Somalian Civil War

1875 - Egypt occupies towns on Somali coast and parts of the interior.

1860s - France acquires foothold on the Somali coast, later to become

Djibouti.

1887 - Britain proclaims protectorate over Somaliland.

1888 - Anglo-French agreement defines boundary between Somali

possessions of the two countries.

1889 - Italy sets up a protectorate in central Somalia, later

consolidated with territory in the south ceded by the sultan of

Zanzibar.

1925 - Territory east of the Jubba River detached from Kenya to become

the westernmost part of the Italian protectorate.

1936 - Italian Somaliland combined with Somali-speaking parts of

Ethiopia to form a province of Italian East Africa.

1940 - Italians occupy British Somaliland.

1941 - British occupy Italian Somalia.

Independence 1950 - Italian Somaliland becomes a UN trust territory under Italian

control.

1956 - Italian Somaliland renamed Somalia and granted internal

autonomy.

1960 - British and Italian parts of Somalia become independent merge

and form the United Republic of Somalia; Aden Abdullah Osman Daar

elected president.

1963 - Border dispute with Kenya; diplomatic relations with Britain

broken until 1968.

1964 - Border dispute with Ethiopia erupts into hostilities.

1967 - Abdi Rashid Ali Shermarke beats Aden Abdullah Osman Daar in

elections for president.

Drought and war 1969 - Muhammad Siad Barre assumes power in coup after Shermarke is

assassinated.

1970 - Barre declares Somalia a socialist state and nationalizes most

of the economy.

1974 - Somalia joins the Arab League.

1974-75 - Severe drought causes widespread starvation.

1977 - Somalia invades the Somali-inhabited Ogaden region of Ethiopia.

1978 - Somali forces pushed out of Ogaden with the help of Soviet

advisers and Cuban troops. Barre expels Soviet advisers and gains

support of United States.

1981 - Opposition to Barre's regime begins to emerge after he excludes

members of the Mijertyn and Isaq clans from government positions,

which are filled with people from his own Marehan clan.

1988 - Peace accord with Ethiopia.

1991 - Mohamed Siad Barre is ousted. Power struggle between clan

warlords kills or wounds thousands of civilians.

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Somaliland breaks away 1991 - Former British protectorate of Somaliland declares unilateral

independence.

1992 - US Marines land near Mogadishu ahead of a UN peacekeeping force

sent to restore order and safeguard relief supplies.

1993 - US Army Rangers are killed when Somali militias shoot down two

US helicopters in Mogadishu and a battle ensues. Hundreds of Somalis

die. US mission formally ends in March 1994.

1995 - UN peacekeepers leave, having failed to achieve their mission.

1996 August - Warlord Mohamed Farah Aidid dies of wounds and is

succeeded by his son, Hussein.

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.poverties.org.

http://www.so.undp.org.

http://www.theguardian.com.

http://www.bbc.com.

http://www.historyworld.net.

http://journals.cambridge.org.

http://www.globalresearch.ca.

http://www.fragilestates.org.

*note to all delegates that the committee will begin from 6th

June, 1993*

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9. QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER-

A. WILL THE UNITED NATIONS GO BACK TO SOMALIA AND HELP THE

ESTABLISH A DEMOCRATIC STATE?

B. CAN THERE BE ANY ADDITION TO THE OBJECTIVES OF UNOSOM I

AND UNOSOM II?

C. WHO SHOULD FORM THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT?

D. CAN THE FIGHT FOR RESOURCES BETWEEN THE CLANS BE STOPPED?

E. WHAT CAN THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS FURTHER DO TO

RESTORE PEACE IN SOMALIA?

----X----

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SAMPLE POSITION PAPER

Country: The Russian Federation.

Committee: The Security Council.

Delegate: Kaustav Barua.

Agenda: Translational Terrorism with special reference to the Middle East.

“Terrorism has once again shown it is prepared deliberately to stop at nothing in creating human

victims. An end must be put to this. As never before, it is vital to unite forces of the entire world

community against terror.”~ Vladimir Putin.

Evolution has always forced man to use force as a way of exerting his influence upon

others and getting the community to listen to his needs. Since then, this tradition has been

coming down through generations. And now, it has reached the point where people are ready to

take each others’ lives without hesitation. It started right from the time, when man used stones to

the present, where man uses weapons of mass destruction. This has led to, what we know today

as, Terrorism.

The Emergence of the one of the most commonly discussed phenomenon of

“Translational Terrorism” has put up a question against World Peace and Harmony. It has led

to the loss of livelihood for millions across the globe, especially the ones living in the Middle

East. The Middle East has been associated and has been the target of many Islamic and State

terrorist organizations for over the last three decades now. Rise in no. of attacks in the Middle

Eastern countries have resulted in millions of casualties and fatalities.

Attacks like those of 9/11, 26/11 etc are some that shook the world. Terrorist groups

like the Al-Qaeda, al-Nurse front, ISIS are still mercilessly taking the lives of millions. The ISIS

rule in Iraq has left the people among the debris in the region. In 2013 and 2014, Kenya, Somalia,

Algeria, Mali, Nigeria and Tunisia have been theaters of some of the bloodiest terrorist actions that

the African continent has ever seen. African terrorist groups are proselytizing, primarily because

Africa’s Islamists are able to take advantage of the fact that many of the continent’s countries have

porous borders, vulnerable and corrupt central governments, undertrained and underequipped armies

and booming drug trades that provide a steady source of income.

Russia, a country belonging to the “Eurasian” continent, understands the gravity of

the problem and feels that it needs to be responded as soon as possible. Russia, being a

perpetuator of peace, believes that it is the duty of every country to cooperate and find a solution

to the problem. It is the duty of every nation to fight terrorism and end it. Numerous countries are

falling weak against these non state activists and require the help of developed nations.

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Since long, Terrorism has prevailed even in Russia. It has suffered from numerous

domestic insurgencies and non state acts. But with properly planned efforts, Russia has been able

to counter the problem efficiently. It hopes to exterminate terrorism within its political boundary

very soon. It has adopted the “On Combating Terrorism” in 1998 which sketched out the legal

regime of the counterterrorism operations and created several agencies to execute the policy. The

Alpha group is an elite unit, of the Russian Special Forces to combat terrorism.

Recently, “State Sponsored Terrorism” has come into existence. It has been seen that,

it is the government of numerous countries that are funding the terrorist organizations. This has

caused much chaos and the cause of mistrust among countries. This needs a halt.

The Delegate of Russia would like to suggest that:

1. Terrorism shouldn’t be encouraged by any country for it’s own materialistic gains.

2. Powerful countries should help other nations fight terrorism.

3. Terms and Regulation of the Resolution 1624 of the Security Council should be given

priority in very country.