solid waste project

7/29/2019 solid waste project

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SSoolliidd WWaassttee


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What is solid waste?The sight of a dustbin overflowing and the stench rising from it, theall too familiar sights and smells of a crowded city. You look awayfrom it and hold your nose as you cross it. Have you ever thoughtthat you also have a role to play in the creation of this stench? Thatyou can also play a role in the lessening of this smell and makingthis waste bin look a little more attractive if you follow proper

methods of disposal of the waste generated in the house?

Since the beginning,humankind has beengenerating waste, be it thebones and other parts ofanimals they slaughter fortheir food or the wood they

cut to make their carts. Withthe progress of civilization,

the waste generated became of a more complex nature. At the endof the 19th

century the industrial revolution saw the rise of the world

of consumers. Not only did the air get more and more polluted butthe earth itself became more polluted with the generation of nobiodegradable solid waste. The increase in population andurbanization was also largely responsible for the increase in solid

waste.

Each household generates garbage or waste day in and day out.Items that we no longer need or do not have any further use for fallin the category of waste, and we tend to throw them away. Thereare different types of solid waste depending on their source. Intodays polluted world, learning the correct methods of handling

the waste generatedhas become essential. Segregation is an
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important method of handling municipal solid waste. Segregationat source can be understood clearly by representation. One of theimportant methods of managing and treating wastes is composting.

As the cities are growing in size and in problems such as the

generation ofplastic waste, various municipal waste treatment anddisposal methodsare now being used to try and resolve theseproblems. One common sight in all cities is the rag picker who playsan important role in the segregation of this waste.

Garbage generated in households can berecycled and reused to prevent creation of waste at source andreducing amount of waste thrown into the community dustbins.
http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/compost.htmhttp://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/plastics.htmhttp://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/disposal.htmhttp://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/disposal.htmhttp://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/disposal.htmhttp://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/segre.htm#raghttp://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/segre.htmhttp://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/recycle.htmhttp://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/recycle.htmhttp://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/segre.htmhttp://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/segre.htm#raghttp://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/disposal.htmhttp://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/disposal.htmhttp://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/plastics.htmhttp://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/compost.htm


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Types of solid wasteSolid waste can be classified into different types depending on theirsource:a) Household waste is generally classified as municipal waste,b) Industrial waste as hazardous waste, andc) Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste.

Municipal solid waste

Municipal solid waste consists ofhousehold waste, construction anddemolition debris, sanitation residue,and waste from streets. Thisgarbage is generated mainly from

residential and commercialcomplexes. With rising urbanizationand change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipalsolid waste has been increasing rapidly and its compositionchanging. In 1947 cities and towns in India generated an estimated6 million tones of solid waste; in 1997 it was about 48 million tones.More than 25% of the municipal solid waste is not collected at all;70% of the Indian cities lack adequate capacity to transport it and

there are no sanitary landfills to dispose of the waste. The existinglandfills are neither well equipped nor well managed and are notlined properly to protect against contamination of soil and

groundwater.Over the last few years, the consumer market hasgrown rapidly leading to products being packed in cans, aluminumfoils, plastics, and other such no biodegradable items that causeincalculable harm to the environment. In India, some municipalareas have banned the use of plastics and they seem to have


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achieved success. For example, today one will not see a single pieceof plastic in the entire district of Ladakh where the local authoritiesimposed a ban on plastics in 1998. Other states should follow theexample of this region and ban the use of items that cause harm tothe environment. One positive note is that in many large cities,

shops have begun packing items in reusable or biodegradable bags.Certain biodegradable items can also be composted and reused. Infact proper handling of the biodegradable waste will considerablylessen the burden of solid waste that each city has to tackle.

There are different categories of waste generated, each take theirown time to degenerate (as illustrated in the table below).

The type of litter we generate and the approximate time it takes todegenerate

Type of litter Approximate time it takes todegenerate the litter

Organic waste such as vegetable andfruit peels, leftover foodstuff, etc.

a week or two.

Paper 1030 days

Cotton cloth 25 months

Wood 1015 years

Woolen items 1 year

Tin, aluminum, and other metal itemssuch as cans

100500 years

Plastic bags one million years?

Glass bottles undetermined

Hazardous waste

Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous as they maycontain toxic substances. Certain types of household waste are alsohazardous. Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to humans,animals, and plants; are corrosive, highly inflammable, or explosive;

and react when exposed to certain things e.g. gases. India generates

around 7 million tons of hazardous wastes every year, most of whichis concentrated in four states: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, UttarPradesh, and Tamil Nadu.


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Household wastes that can be categorized as hazardous wasteinclude old batteries, shoe polish, paint tins, old medicines, andmedicine bottles.Hospital waste contaminated by chemicals used inhospitals is considered hazardous. These chemicals includeformaldehyde and phenols, which are used as disinfectants, and

mercury, which is used in thermometers or equipment that measureblood pressure. Most hospitals in India do not have proper disposalfacilities for these hazardous wastes. In the industrial sector, themajor generators of hazardous waste are the metal, chemical,paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods industries. Directexposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such as mercury andcyanide can be fatal.

Hospital waste

Hospital waste is generatedduring the diagnosis, treatment,or immunization of human beings

or animals or in research activitiesin these fields or in the productionor testing of biological. It mayinclude wastes like sharps, soiledwaste, disposables, anatomicalwaste, cultures, discardedmedicines, chemical wastes, etc.

These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, bodyfluids, human excreta, etc. This waste is highly infectious and can be

a serious threat to human health if not managed in a scientific anddiscriminate manner. It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kgof waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg would be infected.

Surveys carried out by various agencies show that the health careestablishments in India are not giving due attention to their wastemanagement. After the notification of the Bio-medical Waste(Handling and Management) Rules, 1998, these establishments are


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slowly streamlining the process of waste segregation, collection,treatment, and disposal. Many of the larger hospitals have eitherinstalled the treatment facilities or are in the process of doing so.


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Effects of solid waste on

environment andhealth.On environment:-

The safety and acceptability of many widely used solid wastemanagement practices are of serious concern from the public

health point of view. Such

concern stems from both

distrust of policies and

solutions proposed by all tiers

of government for the

management of solid wasteand a perception that many

solid waste management

facilities use poor operating

procedures. Waste management practice that currently

encompasses disposal, treatment, reduction, recycling, segregation

and modification has developed over the past 150 years. Before

that and in numerous more recent situations, all wastes produced

were handled by their producers using simple disposal methods,

including terrestrial dumping, dumping into both fresh and marine

waters and uncontrolled burning. In spite of ever-increasing

industrialization and urbanization, the dumping of solid waste,

particularly in landfills, remains a prominent means of disposal and

implied treatment. Major developments have occurred with respect


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to landfill technology and in the legislative control of the categories

of wastes that can be subject

to disposal by land filling.

Even so, many landfills

remain primitive in theiroperation. Alternative

treatment technologies for

solid waste management

include incineration with heat

recovery and waste gas

cleaning and accelerated

composting, but both of these technologies are subject to criticism

either by environmentalists on the grounds of possible hazardous

emissions, failure to eliminate pathogenic agents or failure to

immobilize heavy metals, or by landfill operators and contractors

on the basis of waste management economics, while key questions

concerning the effects of the various practices on public health and

environmental safety remain unanswered. The probable and

relative effects on both public health and environmental safety of

tradition and modern landfill technologies will be evaluated with

respect to proposed alternative treatment technologies.

On Health:-

Modernization and progress has had its share of disadvantages and

one of the main aspects of concern is the pollution it is causing to

the earth be it land, air, and water. With increase in the global

population and the rising demand for food and other essentials,

there has been a rise in the amount of waste being generated daily

by each household. This waste is ultimately thrown into municipal

waste collection centers from where it is collected by the area

municipalities to be further thrown into the landfills and dumps.


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However, either due to resource crunch or inefficient infrastructure,

not all of this waste gets collected and transported to the final

dumpsites. If at this stage the management and disposal is

improperly done, it can cause serious impacts on health and

problems to the surrounding environment.

Waste that is not properly managed, especially excreta and other

liquid and solid waste from households and the community, are a

serious health hazard and lead to the spread of infectious diseases

Unattended waste lying around attracts flies, rats, and other

creatures that in turn spread disease. Normally it is the wet waste

that decomposes and releases a bad odour. This leads to unhygienicconditions and thereby to a rise in the health problems. The plague

outbreak in Surat is a good example of a city suffering due to the

callous attitude of the local body in maintaining cleanliness in the

city. Plastic waste is another cause for ill health. Thus excessive solid

waste that is generated should be controlled by taking certain

preventive measures.

Impacts of solid waste on health

The group at risk from the unscientific disposal of solid wasteinclude the population in areas where there is no proper wastedisposal method, especially the pre-school children; waste workers;and workers in facilities producing toxic and infectious material.Other high-risk group includes population living close to a waste

dump and those, whose water supply has become contaminatedeither due to waste dumping or leakage from landfill sites.Uncollected solid waste also increases risk of injury, and infection.

In particular, organic domestic waste poses a serious threat, sincethey ferment, creating conditions favorable to the survival andgrowth of microbial pathogens. Direct handling of solid waste canresult in various types of infectious and chronic diseases with the
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waste workers and the rag pickers being the most vulnerable.Exposure to hazardous waste can affect human health, childrenbeing more vulnerable to these pollutants. In fact, direct exposurecan lead to diseases through chemical exposure as the release ofchemical waste into the environment leads to chemical poisoning.

Many studies have been carried out in various parts of the world toestablish a connection between health and hazardous waste.

Waste from agriculture andindustries can also cause serioushealth risks. Other than this, co-disposal of industrial hazardouswaste with municipal waste can

expose people to chemical andradioactive hazards. Uncollectedsolid waste can also obstruct stormwater runoff, resulting in the formingof stagnant water bodies thatbecome the breeding ground of

disease. Waste dumped near a water source also causescontamination of the water body or the ground water source.Direct dumping of untreated waste in rivers, seas, and lakes resultsin the accumulation of toxic substances in the food chain throughthe plants and animals that feed on it.

Disposal of hospital and other medical waste requires speciaattention since this can create major health hazards. This waste

generated from the hospitals, health care centers, medicallaboratories, and research centers such as discarded syringe needles,bandages, swabs, plasters, and other types of infectious waste areoften disposed with the regular non-infectious waste.


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Waste treatment and disposal sitescan also create health hazardsfor the neighborhood.Improperly operatedincineration plants causeair pollution and

improperly managedand designed landfillsattract all types ofinsects and rodents thatspread disease. Ideallythese sites should belocated at a safe

distance from all humansettlement. Landfill sitesshould be well lined and walled to ensure that there is no leakageinto the nearby ground water sources.

Recycling too carries health risks if proper precautions are nottaken. Workers working with waste containing chemical andmetals may experience toxic exposure. Disposal of health-carewastes require special attention since it can create major healthhazards, such as Hepatitis B and C, through wounds caused bydiscarded syringes. Rag pickers and others, who are involved inscavenging in the waste dumps for items that can be recycled, maysustain injuries and come into direct contact with these infectiousitems.


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ConclusionCausal of increase in solid waste

Population growth Increase in industrials manufacturing Urbanization Modernization

Modernization, technological advancement and increase in globalpopulation created rising in demand for food and other essentials.This has resulted to rise in the amount of waste being generateddaily by each household. 158 million tons of municipal solid waste isproduced annually in U.S.

Groups at risks due to solid waste

The groups at risk from the unscientific waste disposal include: Populations in areas where there is no proper waste treatment

method.

children Waste workers Populations living close to waste dump Animals

SOURCES OF HUMAN EXPOSURES

Exposures occurs through

Ingestion of contaminated water or food Contact with disease vectors Inhalation


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Points of contact

Soil adsorption, storage and biodegrading Plant uptake Ventilation Runoff Leaching Insects, birds, rats, flies and animals Direct dumping of untreated waste in seas, rivers and lakes

results in the plants and animals that feed on it

Impacts of solid waste on health

Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation

Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm water runoffresulting in flood

Low birth weight

Cancer

Congenital malformations

Neurological disease

Nausea and vomiting Increase in hospitalization of diabetic residents living near

hazard waste sites.

Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high levels of mercury

Effects of Solid Waste on Animals andAquatics life

Increase in mercury level in fish due to disposal of mercury inthe rivers.


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Plastic found in oceans ingestedby birds

Resulted in high algalpopulation in rivers and sea.

Degrades water and soil quality

Impacts of solid wasteon Environment.

Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, a potent

greenhouse gas Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste

biodegradable

Littering, due to waste pollutions, illegal dumping, Leaching: isa process by whichsolid waste entersoil and ground water andcontaminating them.

PREVENTIVEMEASURES

Proper management ofsolid waste

Involving public in plans for

waste treatment anddisposal

Provide the publicaccurate, usefulinformation about the whole projects, including the risks andmaintain formal communication with public

Educate people on different ways of handling waste.


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Waste Minimization is a process of reducing waste produce byindividuals, communities and companies, which reduces theimpact of chemical wastes on the environment to the greatestextent.

Household level of proper segregation of waste, recycling andreuse.

Process and product substitution e.g. use paper bag instead ofplastic bags.


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Bibliographywww.google.com

www.wikipedia.com

U.S. Environment Protection Agency (2009). ProposedRevision to Definition of solid waste- frequent Questions.Retrieved July17, 2009 from

http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/index.htm

Goorah, S., Esmyot, M., Boojhawon, R. (2009). TheHealth Impact of Nonhazardous Solid Waste Disposal ina Community: The case of the Mare Chicose Landfill in

Mauritius. Journal of Environment Health, 72(1) 48-54

Kouznetsova, M., Hauang, X., Ma, J., Lessner, L. &Carpenter, D. (2007). Increased Rate of Hospitalizationfor Diabetes and Residential Proximity of Hazardouswaste Sites. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(1)75-75

Barlaz, M., Kaplan, P., Ranjithan, S. & Rynk, R. (2003)Evaluating Environmental Impacts of solid WasteManagement Alternatives. BioCycle, 52-56.
http://www.google.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/index.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/index.htmhttp://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.google.com/


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AcknowledgementFor doing this tedious work, I received direct and

indirect help from many corners of the world.

First, I would like to thank our EVS faculty for

providing this opportunity to work o this project and

without whose guidance this project would have been

incomplete.

Secondly, I would to thank WWW (World Wide Web)

for providing all the relevant information which was

necessary for the completion of this project.

And lastly, I would like to thank my friends who have

been a great support to me all through the duration of

the project work.

I am thankful to them from the bottom of my heart.

Thank You.


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List of solid waste

treatment technologies Composting

Incineration

Landfill

Recycling

Windrow composting

Compost

Compost (pron.: /kmpst/ or /kmpost/) is organic matter that

has been decomposed and recycled as a fertilizer and soilamendment. Compost is a key ingredient in organic farming. At thesimplest level, the process of composting simply requires making aheap of wetted organic

matter (leaves, "green"food waste) and waitingfor the materials tobreak downinto humusafter a period of weeksor months. Modern,methodical compostingis a multi-step, closelymonitored process withmeasured inputs ofwater, air and carbon-and nitrogen-rich materials. The decomposition process is aided byshredding the plant matter, adding water and ensuring properaeration by regularly turning the mixture. Worms and fungi furtherbreak up the material. Aerobic bacteria manage the chemical
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process by converting the inputs into heat, carbon dioxide andammonium. The ammonium is further converted by bacteria intoplant-nourishing nitrites and nitrates through the process ofnitrification.

Compost can be rich in nutrients. It is used in gardens,landscaping,horticulture, and agriculture. The compost itself is beneficial for theland in many ways, including as a soil conditioner, a fertilizer,addition of vital humus or humic acids, and as a natural pesticidefor soil. In ecosystems, compost is useful for erosion control, land andstream reclamation, wetland construction, and as landfill cover (seecompost uses). Organic ingredients intended for composting canalternatively be used to generate biogas through anaerobic

digestion. Anaerobic digestion is fast overtaking composting in someparts of the world including central Europe as a primary means ofdown cycling waste organic matter.

Incineration

Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the

combustion oforganic substances contained in waste materials.

[1]

Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systemsare described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of wastematerials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat. The ash ismostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste, and maytake the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue gas.The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and particulate

pollutants before they are dispersed into the atmosphere. In some

cases, the heat generated by incineration can be used to generateelectric power.

Incineration with energy recovery is one of several waste-to-energy(WtE) technologies such as gasification, plasma arc gasification,pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion. Incineration may also beimplemented without energy and materials recovery.
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In several countries, there are still concerns from experts and localcommunities about the environmental impact of incinerators (seearguments against incineration).

In some countries, incinerators built just a few decades ago often

did not include a materialsseparation to removehazardous, bulky orrecyclable materials beforecombustion. These facilitiestended to risk the health ofthe plant workers and thelocal environment due to

inadequate levels of gascleaning and combustionprocess control. Most of thesefacilities did not generateelectricity.

Incinerators reduce the solidmass of the original waste

by 8085% and the volume (already compressed somewhat ingarbage trucks) by 95-96%, depending on composition and degreeof recovery of materials such as metals from the ash for recycling.

[2]

This means that while incineration does not completely replace landfilling, it significantly reduces the necessary volume for disposal.Garbage trucks often reduce the volume of waste in a built-in

compressor before delivery to the incinerator. Alternatively, atlandfills, the volume of the uncompressed garbage can be reducedby approximately 70%

[citation needed]by using a stationary steel

compressor, albeit with a significant energy cost. In many countries,simpler waste compaction is a common practice for compaction atlandfills.

Incineration has particularly strong benefits for the treatment ofcertain waste types in niche areas such as clinical wastes and certainhazardous wastes where pathogens and toxins can be destroyed by
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high temperatures. Examples include chemical multi-product plantswith diverse toxic or very toxic wastewater streams, which cannotbe routed to a conventional wastewater treatment plant.

Waste combustion is particularly popular in countries such as Japan

where land is a scarce resource. Denmark and Sweden have beenleaders in using the energy generated from incineration for morethan a century, in localized combined heat and power facilitiessupporting district heating schemes.

[3]In 2005, waste incineration

produced 4.8% of the electricity consumption and 13.7% of the totaldomestic heat consumption in Denmark.

[4]A number of other

European countries rely heavily on incineration for handlingmunicipal waste, in particular Luxembourg, the Netherlands,

Germany and France.[2]

Landfill

A landfill site (also known as tip, dump, rubbish dump or

dumping ground and historically as a midden) is a site for the

disposal ofwaste materials by burial and is the oldest form ofwaste

treatment. Historically, landfills have been the most commonmethods of organized waste disposal and remain so in many placesaround the world. Some landfills are also used for wastemanagement purposes,such as the temporarystorage, consolidation andtransfer, or processing ofwaste material (sorting,

treatment, or recycling).

A landfill also may refer toground that has been filledin with rocks instead ofwaste materials, so that it can be used for a specific purpose, such asfor building houses. Unless they are stabilized, these areas may
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experience severe shaking or liquefaction of the ground in a largeearthquake.

Recycling

Recycling is a process using materials (waste) into new products toprevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce theconsumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduceair pollution (from incineration) and waterpollution (from landfilling) by reducingthe need for "conventional" wastedisposal, and lower greenhouse gas

emissions as compared to plasticproduction.[1][2]

Recycling is a keycomponent of modern wastereduction and is the thirdcomponent of the "Reduce, Reuse,Recycle" waste hierarchy.

There are some ISO standards relating to recycling such as

ISO 15270:2008 for plastics waste and ISO 14001:2004 forenvironmental management control of recycling practice.

Recyclable materials include many kinds ofglass, paper, metal,plastic, textiles, and electronics. Although similar in effect, thecomposting or other reuse ofbiodegradable wastesuch as food orgarden wasteis not typically considered recycling.

[2]Materials to

be recycled are either brought to a collection center or picked up

from the curbside, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into newmaterials bound for manufacturing.

In the strictest sense, recycling of a material would produce a freshsupply of the same materialfor example, used office paper wouldbe converted into new office paper, or used foamed polystyreneinto new polystyrene. However, this is often difficult or tooexpensive (compared with producing the same product from rawmaterials or other sources), so "recycling" of many products or
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materials involves theirreusein producing different materials (e.g.,

paperboard) instead. Another form of recycling is thesalvageof

certain materials from complex products, either due to their intrinsicvalue (e.g., lead from car batteries, or gold from computercomponents), or due to their hazardous nature (e.g., removal andreuse ofmercury from various items). Critics dispute the neteconomic and environmental benefits of recycling over its costs, andsuggest that proponents of recycling often make matters worse andsuffer from confirmation bias. Specifically, critics argue that the costsand energy used in collection and transportation detract from (and

outweigh) the costs and energy saved in the production process;also that the jobs produced by the recycling industry can be a poor

trade for the jobs lost in logging, mining, and other industriesassociated with virgin production; and that materials such as paperpulp can only be recycled a few times before material degradationprevents further recycling. Proponents of recycling dispute each ofthese claims, and the validity of arguments from both sides has ledto enduring controversy.

Windrow composting

In agriculture,windrow composting is the production ofcompost

by piling organic matter or biodegradable waste, such as animamanure and crop residues, in long rows (windrows). This method issuited to producing large volumes of compost. These rows aregenerally turned to improve porosity and oxygen content, mix in orremove moisture, andredistribute cooler and hotterportions of the pile. Windrowcomposting is a commonlyused farm scale compostingmethod. Composting processcontrol parameters includethe initial ratios of carbonand nitrogen rich materials,
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the amount of bulking agent added to assure air porosity, the pilesize, moisture content, and turning frequency.

Index01 What is solid waste?

02 Types of solid waste.

03 Effects of solid waste onenvironment & health.

04 List of solid wastetreatment technologies.

05 Conclusion

06 Bibliography


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solid waste project

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