Solar Power

Photovoltech NVGrijpenlaan 18, 3300 Tienen, Belgium 1

Photovoltaic Solar Energy : present and future

Johan Nijs

2

ContentsGeneralFrom sand to solar cellFrom solar cell to PV systemApplicationsMarketSubsidiesGrid parity and prospectsPhotovoltech

3

Enormous potential of solar energy

Annual total light energy received on earth equals

5.000 to 10.000 TIMES

the annual worldwide primary energy needs !

4

Renewable energy sources -

Energy ReservesAnnual world energy consumption

Gas reservesPetroleum reserves

Uranium reserves

Coal reserves

Exploitable hydroelectric power

Photosynthesis

Wind energyAnn

ual s

olar

en

ergy

Ener

gy r

eser

ves

Source: World Energy Council

5

Solar Energy Supply –

Global Irradiation

Source: Plug in the Sun, Energy for the 21st Century, The Association for Science Education, Herts, UK, 2000

6

Types of solar energyPassive Solar Energy

Thermal Solar Energy

Photovoltaic

Solar Energy

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8

Working principle of a cell Direct conversion of light into electricity

Efficiency = electrical power out / light power in

Front Contact (“fingers”)

n-type silicon

p-type silicon

Back contact

incident lightincident light

p-n-junction

Incident light creates extra charge carriersInternal p-n-junction separates charge carriers of opposite signUseable voltage/current by external connection of metal front and back contacts

9

Solar Cell technologiesCrystalline silicon (90-95% of the market)

Monocrystallinehighest yield, black-blue

Polycrystalline/multicrystalline lower yield, blue veined

Amorphous siliconlower yield (half i.c.w. mono Si)cheaper production

Other thin film cellsCIS (CuInSe2)CdTeMicrocrystalline thin film Si“plastic”

solar cells

Space applicationsGaAs on Ge,....(Cells 100 times more expensive)

10

From sand to silicon

11

Schematic presentation of a silicon fabrication process from the earth’s crust (sand) to hyper-pure polycrystalline silicon

Si =2nd

most abundantelement on earth

Quartzrock (SiO2)

MG Si (98-99%)

approx 20%

EG/SG Si (99.9999...%)

11

From Silicon feedstock to a wafer

Ceramic crucible loaded with silicon feedstock Schematic of Cz -Si growth

PV crystalline silicon wafers are monocrystalline Si grown by the Czochralski process or multicrystalline fabricated by a casting process.

Schematic of a multi-Si ingot growth process

12

Solar Cell Material

Multicrystalline Si wafer/substrate

13

Technology for the production of silicon wafers

Meervoudige-draad-zaagMultiple wire saw

14

From Wafer to Cell

Isotextured Si wafer

SiNx anti-reflection coating

Silver electrode

Aluminium coating + silver electrode

15

Types of Solar Cells –

(Bulk) crystalline silicon

Conversion efficiency typically: 13-17 %Crystalline silicon approx. 90-95% of the PV market

monocrystalline -

Si multicrystalline -

Si

16

Types of Solar Cells Amorphous silicon tandem cells

i-1 (a-Si:H or a-SiGe:H)

i-2 (a-Si:H or a-SiGe:H)

i-3 (a-SiC:H or a-Si:H)p-3

no-3p-2

no-2p-1

no-1

ITO

Barrier coating

Reflective coating

substrate

contacts

Blue cell

Green cell

Red cell

Absorption of light

light

17

Types of Solar Cells - Other thin film solar cell

-CdTe-CuInSe2

-Thin

film crystalline

silicon

18

Types of Solar Cells -

Organic solar cells

Source: Imec; J.K.J. van Duren,

Organic-based composite solar cells, EUROPV 2003, Granada, Sept.2003

C60

Prototype cell (IMEC)

Cross-section

19

Concentration

source: Fraunhofer ISE

principle

cell

module

20

Efficiency

Definition of energy conversion efficiency and unitsEfficiency = electrical power out / light power in

measured under 1000 W/m2 standard artificial sun, at 25º

cell temperature (“Standard Test Conditions”

full sun) Wp (Watt peak)

1 cell = approx. 0.5 Volt, 30-35 mA/cm2 at full sun and approx. 15 mWp/cm2 capacity at full sun

1 module of 100 Wp = 100 Watt at full sun

21

EfficiencyYield of solar cell

depending on technology and producer:varies from 6% (amorphous Si) to 42.8% (new record July 07, multi-

layer laboratory cell under concentration)±

15%

for commercial poly/multi-crystalline silicon cells

Yield of PV moduleLower because of surface losses

22

Present PV technologies (terrestrial application)

Cell Technology Type of junction Lab efficiency[%]

Industrial efficiency[%]

Market share[%]

Bulk crystalline Si solar cells p-n homojunction 24.7 13 -

17 90-95

a-Si:H

(a-Si:H; a-SiGe:H, mc-Si:H))

p-i-n homojunctionmultijunction

13 6-7 single junction9-10 multijunction

5

CuIn(Ga)Se2

(S2

)=CIS

= CISp-nheterojunction with CdS

18.8 9 -

13

CdTe p-nheterojunction with CdS

17 9 -

12

3

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24

From Solar Cell to PV ModuleSolar cells are encapsulated in “PV modules”

to obtain specific voltage and powerfor mechanical strength, weather resistance, humidity insulation of contacts

(25-year guarantee!)front plate: transparent (tempered glass, synthetic)back plate: opaque (synthetic, metal) or transparent (glass)

Types of PV modules (with crystalline silicon solar cells)

Standard modules

= up to more than 200 Wp

with opaque back plate Semi-transparent modules: cells in widened grid between 2 glass platesWith or without aluminium frame

25

From Solar Cell to PV Module

Glass

EVA

Solar cells (connected in series)

EVA (encapsulation material)

Tedlar (protective foil)

26

Amorphous Silicon Modules

“Shingle”

PV module (BESS/Unisolar)

Amorphous Si-film on synthetic roof roll

Technical information materials: EVA + PVC +

amorphous Si length: 24 mwidth: 1.05 of 1.55 m

power: max 40 Wp/m2

27

PV Modules

28

PV Module TypesTransparent PV modules:

front: glassrear: glass (also double)

Opaque PV modules:front: glassrear: opaque plastic

29

Semi-transparent ModulesAmorphous siliconfilm on glass,Semi-transparent

Commercial building RWE Schott Solar

30

From PV Module to PV System

Photovoltaic system (PV system)

PV module+ Structure

+ Cables

+ Peripherals

Two typesAutonomous PV system = PV module(s) + charge controller + batteryGrid-connected PV system = PV module(s) + inverter (230 V, 50 Hz.)

31

Autonomous PV System Block Diagram

PV modulesDC/DC

transformerstorage

unit

Load

AC generator

DC ACcontrol

unit

generator

AC Load

(local) network on AC voltage

32

Grid connected PV Systems

AC modules String inverters Central inverter

33

Inverters (converters)

module inverter100 WAC

string inverter850 WAC

central inverter1800 WAC

34

Good practice –

Electrical Connections

standard waterproof connections -

work can be done by a roofer

35

PV System on private home

mains network

PV module

connection box

inverter

meter box

1 kWp = 1 kiloWatt peaksurface area: 8 m2average yield (Belgium):

±

850 kWh/kWp per yearor: >100 kWh/m2 (multicr. Si)

average consumptionper family = 4000 kWh100% = 5 kWp = 40 m2

36

PV Efficiency and YieldYield of PV system

system efficiency is lower than module efficiencygeographically determined by light intensitycharacteristic values for Belgium (for a PV system facing south)

per year850 kWh/kWp –

approx. independent of technology

(angle of gradient 30-60 °) = > 100 kWh per m2 per year (with multicrystalline Si)

PV system on vertical wall: ±500 -

600 kWh/kWp

Southern Europe per year: 1700-1800-2000 kWh/kWp

1 kWp = 7 -

10 m2(depending on cell efficiency and PV module type)

37

Energy Payback TimeWorking life of modules (guarantee) = 25 years

38

PV SystemsSustainable energy creation

the sun = free and inexhaustible energy source

Net positive energy yieldlife of PV modules = >30 years, 25 year-guarantee by manufacturerenergy consumption for production rapidly paid back

extensive raw material reserves:

>silicon production from sand

>future: less expensive silicon, thin film cells,

other materials

39


40

PV System –

Parts and TypesPV system

PV module(s) + supporting structure + peripheral equipment

Autonomous PV system PV module(s) + charge controller + battery

Grid-connected PV system PV module(s) + transformer (230 V, 50 Hz.)

41

Autonomous PV SystemIndependent of electricity gridWith battery storageGreat potential in developing countriesAlso economically cost-effective

42

Autonomous PV System

Modules + batteries + controller + cabling and structure

43

Autonomous PV Systems

Remote Areaslighting“solar home systems”remote villagesremote homescooling of vaccines

Industrial Systemstelecommunicationssignalisationcathodic protectionsafety systemsenvironmental monitoring

Consumer Applicationsportable lampsbattery chargers

etc.

44

Solar Home Systems

Basic electricity supply, less expensive than grid extension

45

Autonomous PV SystemsPV streetlight (Ecolux)

Timetable with waiting times (MIVB, Brussels)

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Grid-connected PV Systems

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Grid-connected PV Systems

PV plantlarge surface areaerected in rowspossibly with sun-

following system

Home / Office / Industryfrom 1 to >10 000 kWpdecentral arrangementfaçades, roofs, sunshadesbest building integration

Roofing and structuresplatform roof (Morges, CH)swimming pool (Atlanta, US)car park roof

not integrated (surface-mounted)

building-integrated surface-mounted

48

PV PlantPV plant Electrawinds Solar,

Middelkerke1 308 kWp, 7 695 PV panels (170 Wp) surf. 6 ha, 400 families

49

Building Integrated PV -

Potential

residential area with PV in Japan

Big potentialno use of open spaceroofs, façades, sunshadestechnical potential: 30% of total electricity consumption

Architectural added valuedouble function: energy + building componentspecial PV modules: slates, glazing, sunshadesmaterial cost savings

50

PV Potential –

IEA Estimate

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Spain Italy

Austria

Switzerl

and

Netherl

ands

Denmark UK

German

ySwed

enFinl

and US

Austra

liaCan

ada

Japa

n

[% o

f ele

ctric

ity c

onsu

mpt

ion

1998

]

Ground surface 1 m2

Roof surface 1,2 m2

Percentage suitable buildings 60%

Percentage sufficient irradiation 55%

NET PV-SURFACE 0,40 m2

Roof surface/inh. Surf. PV-surf.Type of building [m2] [m2]Residential 23 9,1

Agriculture 7 2,8

Industry 6 2,4

Tertiary sector 6 2,4

Other 3 1,2

TOTAL 45 17,8Available surface area/resident West/central Europe: 18 m2 on roofs, 6.5 m2 on façadesPV potential Belgium: 27%

Source: M. Gutschner, Potential for building integrated photovoltaics, Report IEA-T7-04: 2002

51

BIPV PossibilitiesIntegration on various types of buildings

homes and officestertiary sector (e.g. hospitals)

Industry

Integration in various partssloping roofflat roofskylight, atriumfaçade Sunshade

Integration on other structures

52

BIPV Global ConceptPV = no technical additions

determining part of architectural designinfluence on plan, façades, wall construction, modular sizes

Production/consumption balance decoupled because mains-connectedthe lower the electrical consumption, the higher the annual PV share

53

BIPV –

Prevention of shadowingOwn volumesBuilding parts (chimneys, technical construction)Plants, adjacent buildings

54

BIPV Surface Mounted –

Tiled RoofTiled roof: surface-mounted

roof hooks metal structure

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BIPV Surface Mounted –

Slate Roof

56

BIPV -

PV on farms

Hoogstraten, MARPA bvba 119 kWp, 890 m2 source: SolarAccess

57

BIPV –

Built-in tiled roof

Tiled roof: prefab elements

58

BIPV –

Built-in slate roof

Home, Merchtem (Asse)

Slate roof: built-inSpecial panels To the size of the slates

59

BIPV –

Built-in metal roof

Home Zoerle-Parwijs (Zonnige Kempen)

Amorphous Si metal roof strips with standing seam (Unisolar cells)

60

BIPV –

Fully sloping roof

SolarsiedlungFreiburg (D) Arch. R. Disch

61

BIPV –

Car park roof

“Zonneschans”Glas Ceyssens, Heusden-Zolder, 350 kWp

Surface area: 2 760 m2Power: 350 kWpYield: 300 000 kWh/y.Pitch:15º

62

PV on metal profiled sheets

Limburg fruit/vegetable auction hall (Herk-de-Stad), 50 kWp

63

PV on flat roof -

flat roof systems

Ecofys, Utrecht, NL

Various systemsprefab supportsheavy baseseparate ballast

64

PV on flat roof -

metal structure

Boss Paints, Waregem, 52 kWp

65

PV on flat roof -

Thin film

Type PV module: UnisolarWidth PV panel:

108 cmLength PV panel: 583 cmWeight: 8.4 kgPanel power:

272 WpNet per m2: 43 WpGross per m2: 34 Wp

Colruyt, Halle330 kWp

66

PV on flat roof –

roof roll with PV

Sarnafil roof rollUni-Solar solar cells

Alwitra Evalon SolarUni-Solar solar cells

source: Ikaros Solar

Amorphous Si on roof roll Ninove, DIY business

67

PV on flat roof –

horizontal modules

PV roof Basle (CH)“PowerGuard”

modules with insulation

68

BIPV –

PV façade (opaque)School in Venendaal, NL

Bayerische Landesbank, Munich

69

BIPV –

Façade renovation

Renovation office tower Freiburg station (D) -

36 kWp

70

PV Façade –

Industrial constructionPV façade in amorphous Sion profiled steel platingcompany Thyssen Krupp (D)

71

BIPV –

PV Shunshade (movable)

Erlangen University (D), biology research lab

72

BIPV –

Semi transparent

Fire station, Houten, NL 23,9 kWp architects: Samyn & partners

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BIPV -

PV Façade semi transparent“De Basis”

Kamp C Westerlo (B) semi-transparent PV modules power:

20 kWp

source: Soltech

74

BIPV -

PV Façade semi transparent“De Basis”

Kamp C Westerlo (B) semi-transparent PV modules power:

20 kWp

source: Soltech

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76

Solar Cell Production 1999 -

2008

42% 40% 39%45%

40%

69%

68%

34%30%

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

MW

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Solar Cell Production

Yearly Growth Rate

Solar Cell Production 202 287 401 560 750 1256 1815 2536 4279Yearly Growth Rate 30% 42% 40% 39% 34% 68% 45% 40% 69%

Source: Photon International

Very

recent number

2008 : 7900 MWp

= + 85 % ?!

77

MARKET WORLWIDE

81

Top-10

82

Top-10 cumulative

83

Market

preview

84

Market

preview

85

Market

per region

86

Productiecapaciteit vs. Markt

87

Market

preview in Belgium

88

What

is specific

for

Belgium

?

89


90

Subsidies PV

See separate pdf doc on EU support schemes

91


92100

Market growth and trends. TREND: FALLING COSTS

Scenario for falling PV pricesSource: Sinke (ECN)/A Vision for Photovoltaic Technology

93

Grid parity

P h o to vo lta ics

U tility p eak p ow er

B u lk p ow er

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1990 20 00 2010 20 20 2030 204 0

€/kW h

9 00 h/a: 0 ,60 €/k W h

1 80 0 h /a: 0 ,30 €/k W h

m arke t su p p o rt p ro g ram s n ecessary:

P h o to vo lta ics


B u lk p ow er

P h o to vo lta ics


B u lk p ow er

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1990 20 00 2010 20 20 2030 204 0

€/kW h

9 00 h/a: 0 ,60 €/k W h

1 80 0 h /a: 0 ,30 €/k W h

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1990 20 00 2010 20 20 2030 204 0

€/kW h

9 00 h/a: 0 ,60 €/k W h

1 80 0 h /a: 0 ,30 €/k W h

m arke t su p p o rt p ro g ram s n ecessary:

Source: EPIA

94

Grid parity in Europe -

2010

irradiation PV generation(kWh/m2·yr) cost (€/kWh)

600 0.50

1000 0.30

1400 0.21

1800 0.17

95


2015


600 0.42

1000 0.25

1400 0.18

1800 0.14

96


2020


600 0.33

1000 0.20

1400 0.14

1800 0.11

101

RES -

Static or dynamic potential

PSP = power storage plant SMART GRIDS !!

102

Global overview -

Long-term scenario

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060

surprisegeothermalsolarnew biomasswindnuclearhydrogasoil & NGLcoaltradit., biomass

Source: Shell Window, 1995 Comparison: current energy consumption EU = 160 GJ/cap

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