SOKOL MOVEMENT IN VOJVODINA FROM 1869 TO 1945
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Physical education and sport through the centuries 2014, 1(2), 4-18 ISSN 2335-0660 www.fiep-serbia.net 4 | Original research article SOKOL MOVEMENT IN VOJVODINA FROM 1869 TO 1945 Velimir Sesum 1 and Zoran Milosevic 1 1 Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad UDK 796.03(497.113)“1869‐1945“ SUMMARY In the introductory part of the paper discusses the basic concepts in Sokol, in order to more adequately researched presentation of concepts and events, in order to avoid certain ambiguities and imprecision that characterized the Sokol movement in Vojvodina, from 1869 to 1945. Then, studied the historical problems of Sokol movement in Vojvodina and then introduced, first as part of the Austro‐ Hungarian Empire from 1869 to 1918, then as a part of Serbia, Kingdom of Serbs from 1918 to 1929 and at the end of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 1929 to 1945th... Subject research In this paper a study of organizational forms of the Sokol movement in parishes and societies in Vojvodina in the period from 1869 to 1945. years, with all its characteristics (concept, work organization falconry companies and parishes, the system of physical exercises and methodology of physical training, competitions, public performances, events and match), as an integral part of the history of physical education in Serbia. Циљ истраживања би, дакле, био да се овако сублимира историјска грађа представи широј стручној јавности као део историје физичке културе у Србији, област Војводине. У раду је коришћен Историјски метод. The results of the work are presented in the form of final considerations or conclusion, all the results compiled by components of the applied theoretical models, and these are the beginnings and duration Sokolism on the territory of Vojvodina from 1869 to 1945. The discussion gives criticism explored and interpretation of historical facts in explaining Sokolism as a movement in Vojvodina. Key words: Sokol, Sokol society, district Correspondence author Velimir Sesum [email protected]
Transcript of SOKOL MOVEMENT IN VOJVODINA FROM 1869 TO 1945
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Originalresearcharticle
SOKOLMOVEMENTINVOJVODINAFROM1869TO1945
VelimirSesum1andZoranMilosevic1
1FacultyofSportandPhysicalEducation,UniversityofNoviSad
VelimirSesum,ZoranMilosevic
UDK796.03(497.113)“1869‐1945“
SUMMARY
In the introductorypart of thepaperdiscusses thebasic concepts in Sokol, inordertomoreadequatelyresearchedpresentationofconceptsandevents,inorderto avoid certain ambiguities and imprecision that characterized the SokolmovementinVojvodina,from1869to1945.Then,studiedthehistoricalproblemsof Sokolmovement inVojvodina and then introduced, first as part of theAustro‐HungarianEmpire from1869 to1918, thenasapartof Serbia,KingdomofSerbsfrom 1918 to 1929 and at the end of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 1929 to1945th...
Subject research In this paper a study of organizational forms of the Sokolmovement in parishes and societies in Vojvodina in the period from 1869 to 1945.years,withall itscharacteristics(concept,workorganizationfalconrycompaniesandparishes, the system of physical exercises and methodology of physical training,competitions,publicperformances,eventsandmatch),asanintegralpartofthehistoryof physical education in Serbia. Циљ истраживања би, дакле, био да се овакосублимира историјска грађа представи широј стручној јавности као деоисторије физичке културе у Србији, област Војводине. У раду је коришћенИсторијскиметод.
The results of thework are presented in the form of final considerations orconclusion, all the results compiled by components of the applied theoreticalmodels, and these are the beginnings and duration Sokolism on the territory ofVojvodinafrom1869to1945.
The discussion gives criticism explored and interpretation of historical facts inexplainingSokolismasamovementinVojvodina.
Keywords:Sokol,Sokolsociety,district
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INTRODUCTION
After the abolition of Bach’s absolutism, when the great upheaval in thepolitical, economic and social field affected all the countries of the Habsburgmonarchy,asocial‐liberatingmovementandanorganisationforphysicalpracticeappeared in the Czech Republic in 1862. As an economically the strongest,politically the best organized and nationally the most conscious republic, theCzech Republicwas an example of national liberation to other Slavic countries.Slavicnationswerenotabletoorganizemilitary formationsandthey, therefore,usedtheonlypermissibleformsofpressure:theformationofnationalgymnasticsocieties.1
The Sokol movement was a folk‐educational organization which wasdedicatedtohispeoplebythe founderMiroslavTirs,PhD.ThatwastheoriginalsystemofgymnasticsthatappearedintheCzechRepublichalfacenturyaftertheappearanceofthemainbourgeoissystemsofgymnasticsinEurope.FoundedfortheSlavicnationstofightagainst“Germanisation”andforliberationandnationalunification, the Sokol movement spread across all the Slavic countriesimmediately after its establishment in 1862, except imperial Russia.2 Given thepopulation and the vastness of Russia, it can be concluded that the SokolmovementinRussiawasneverasstronglyintroducedasexpected3.AccordingtoTirs,theSokolmovementwasdesignedforalltheclassesinsociety,itmeantthephysical and moral education of the whole nation, “... its upbringing towardsstrength, bravery, nobility andhigher resistance, and, therefore,must aspire forallthepeopletoeventuallyentertheSokolcircle.”4
ThefoundersoftheSokol,thefirstCzechGymnasticsCommunityinPrague,wereMiroslavTirš,PhD,aprofessorofaestheticsattheCzechPolytechnicCollegeandJindrichFigner,awealthyandrespectedmerchant.Tirsgavetheideatothecommunity,organizedthatcommunityandmadefitforlife,whereasFignergaveallofhiswealthbybuildingabeautifulSokolBuilding.
ProfessorEmanuelTonersuggestedthecommunity’sname“Soko”(falcon)duringoneof the firstParliament sessions of theCzech gymnastics community,
1 B. Protic Gava, "The origins and development of the sport of gymnastics in the territory of Vojvodina until 1991" (PhD thesis, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, 2005), 33
2 Encyclopedia of Physical Education (Zagreb: Yugoslav lexsicographic Institute, 1977), 2 P-Z, 278
3 Jevdja A. Jevdjevic, Commemorative Kragujevac sokol 1907-2007, (Kragujevac: Sokol society Kragujevac, 2008); 16
4 Engelbert Gangl, "Slovenian country-home Sokol". All-Slavic Sokol movement. Belgrade: Union of the Falcon of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia), (1930): 6
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which was accepted. During the 1860’s, at the height of establishing theGymnastics Society in Prague, Serbian folk songs, collected by Vuk StefanovicKaradzic, were still popular. It is awell‐known fact that the Serbian folk songsweretranslatedintoalmostalllanguagesatthattimeandthatthewholeliteraryEuropewasamazedbythem.TheaforementionedProfessorTonerwasoneoftheloversofourfolkpoetry,wasfondofreadingitandinterpretingitintotheCzechlanguage.Henoticedthatthebirdfalconfromthefolksongswastheepitomeofheroism,rapidity,beautyandcouragefortheSerbianpeople.Whentheminstrelsings about the lovely voice of heroes’, he compares it with the “clicking of afalcon”; the Jugovicmotherhas “nine sons,nine falcons”;Bosko Jugovic “dispelstheTurks, just likeabird falcondoes topigeons” inKosovo;andwhenBanovicStrahinjadressesup,“oneSerbianfalconbecomesdecorated.”5
“... Following an unusual insight of Dr Tirs and his associates, the Czechphilologists,averygoodgymnasticsterminologywasformed,whichcanbeusedtodescribeandcreateeverygymnasticexercisecorrectly.AprofessionalwritingofDrTirs“Zakladytělocvik”(thebasicsofgymnastics)representedthebaselineofanindependentsystemofgymnastics–theSokolsystem...”6
TheSlavicexercisingmovement,whichwasintheprocessofdevelopmentsince 1862 in all Slavic countries, except in imperial Russia (where only somecommunitieswereformedandwheretheAlliancewasnotformeduntiltheWorldWar I), represented, in fact, a defense of the Slavic peoples against thedenationalization and a fight for political, cultural and economic rights in theAustro‐Hungarian Empire. Thus, the Sokol movement and Vojvodina had anoticeablenationalisticallydefensivemeaninganda characterof the awakeningnationalawarenessandafightforhumanrightsintheperiodupto1918.
Themost importantelementsofTirs’ssystemwereaunifiedterminologyfor the exercises, exercises themselves and the exerciseswith the equipment inthegym.Thissystemreceiveditsfinalname“theSokolsystem”.
Until 1871, the new organisation forced its way through. Some newcommunitieswereformedinotherplacesandthebodyexerciseswerealsomeantfor women. That same year, Miroslav Tirs published a nwspaper called “Soko”along with the first introductory editorial article “Our mission, direction andpurpose”,aswellashismasterwork“Temeljitelovezbe”(FoundationsoftheBodyExercises).
5 Ante Brozovic, history Sokoli (Belgrade: Union of the Sokol of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 1930); 10 th
6 Ibid., front page and page 9
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The firstcompetition for the54sokolathleteswasorganisedbyMiroslavTirsin1873.TheFirstall‐sokolrallyorganizedandledbyMiroslavTirsinPraguein 1882. The rally was a manifestation of the power and value of the Sokolmovement, which was attended by 1600 members from 76 Czech sokolcommunities.ThisrallyhadanoutstandingimportanceinthehistoryoftheSokolmovementsinceitrepresentedthefirstpracticalvalidationofthenewlycreatedsystem’s value. The Sokol communities from Slovenia and Croatia, which hadalreadybeenformed,attendedtherally.Tirs’ssystemspreadontoothercountriesaswell.
TheSokol systemof thebodyexercisesbyDrMiroslavTirs containedalltheexercisesdividedintofourgroups.Thefirstgroupwereexerciseswithouttheequipment nor the help of the assistants. Those were some simple exerciseswhich, according to Tirs, included walking and running. The second groupincludedtheexercisesthatwereperformedbythegymequipment,whetherthoseexerciseswereperformedwiththeequipmentorontheequipment.Thetrainingprocesseswereperformedsothatthedeviceswerethrownorpulledup(shotput,javelin,discus,hammer,etc.).Theequipment‐includingexerciseswere:theloom,the shaft, circles, thehorse, the goat, ladders, beams, the long rope, a varietyofclimbingdevices,thenthebike,sleds,skates,skis,thepaddleboatandboardsforjumpingintothewaterandalltheotherequipmentforbodyexercising.Thethirdgroupincludedtheexerciseswithoutorontotheequipmentordevices.Thefourthgroup included martial exercises with or without the equipment. Wrestling,boxingandalike includednodevices. Shelf fighting, sword fighting, foil fighting,knife or gun fighting and dagger fighting were the exercises with the devices.Dancesandgames,andallthegameswithnoexceptions,werealsoincludedinallofthesegroupsorinsomeofthem.
TheSokolsystemcontained,therefore,all thebodyexercisesandall theirspheres and branches and gave the broadest choice and allowed the completebalance.However,theemergenceofsportwithinthemovementwasvieweduponconservatively. Also, the exercisesweremainly performed using the equipmentindoors, which was left as a result of the past policy of the Sokol members’persecution. Authorities banned all public gatherings and exercising so theypractised indoors. They stepped further away from the basic idea and from theversatileanddiverseperformanceintheopenair.
The“SouthSokol”wasfoundedin1863inSlovenia,butthen in1867, the“Polish Sokol” was founded in Galicia. In Croatia, the first Sokol organizationappearedin1874andinthelastdecadeofthetwentiethcentury,itsorganizationin Belgrade started as well, i.e. in Serbia. The first Sokol organisations inVojvodina, the “Serbian Sokol”, was founded on 19 January 1904 in SremskiKarlovci, Vojvodina, from which Sremska Sokol parish was formed in 1906.However,thefirstSokolstepsandinitiativesforinitiatingtheSokolmovementin
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Vojvodina were made way back in 1869 at the Fourth Assembly Session inKikinda, Vojvodina, when the envoy of the Czech Sokols, Hibshman Valerius,attendeditasaguest,whopersonallyadvocatedforthesimilarcommunitiestobeformedinSerbiancountries.
After the World War I, during the Parliament session in Novi Sad,Vojvodina, the “Yugoslav Sokol Association” was formed in 1919 which wasentered by the Serbian, Slovenian and Croatian associations. In 1929, the “LawabouttheEstablishmentoftheSokolsoftheKingdomofYugoslavia”waspassed,whichunitedalltheSokolorganisationsinYugoslavia.
The Czech‐Slovakian, Polish, Russian and Yugoslav Sokol movementsunitedasthe“UnionoftheSlavicSokolMovement”whichwasfoundedinWarsawin1925.
TheSokolmovementand thebodyexercisingweresupposed topreservetheSlavicpeoples’strengthandhealth,alivespiritandnoblepatriotism,thentocreatethebackboneofthewholearmyofnationalfightersinall fieldsofhumanactivity, in all circles of society and to prepare the fighters for the future ofindependentandfreelifeoftheSlavicpeopleinfreeSlaviccountries.
The Sokol movement was not meant to only physically educate themembers. It was a broader concept of physical exercising and of physicaldevelopment.Itwantedaversatileandcompletedevelopmentofindividualsand,thus,oftheentirenation.Themovementinvolvedthephysical,moralandmental“breeding”thatwasconsistentandbroughttothehighestlevel.
THEMETHOD
TheHistoricalmethodwas used in the process as the primarymethod insearchforthehistoricalsourcesinthesecondhalfofXIXcenturyandthefirsthalfofXXcentury.
Thetopicoftheresearchpresentedinthispaper,inthebroadestsense,aretheorigins,creationanddevelopmentoftheSokolmovementontheterritoryofVojvodinaintheperiodof76years,i.e.from1869to1945–or,bettertosay,theoccurrenceanddevelopment, organization, systemandmethodologyofphysicalexercisingwithin thismovement. Given the nature of the research, the primaryandsecondarysourceswereused, i.e. theavailablearchivalmaterials,aswellastheavailabledocumentationfromsomesportsassociationsandorganizationsandSokolcommunitiesinwhichtheSokolideologywascherished.
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Theaimoftheresearchis:
To determine the beginning of the establishment of the Sokolmovement in Vojvodina aswell as the circumstances inwhich itoriginatedandevolveduntil1945usingtherelevantandprimaryhistoricalsources;
To determine the development of the established communitiesand their impact on the overall development of the SokolmovementinVojvodinaintheperiodfrom1869to1945;
To determine the development of the Sokol communities in theplaces where they were founded within different Slavic ethnicgroups (Serbian Sokol, Croatian Sokol, Slovak Sokol and RussianSokol).
ThisworkinthiswayhasacertainwayofcontributiontothestudyofthehistoryofphysicaleducationinthisregionofSerbia,thatis–Vojvodina.
Theresearchhypothesesare:
The Sokol movement in Vojvodina appeared as a result of thedevelopmentof the Sokolmovementwithin the Slavic peoples. ItwasPan‐Slavicallyorientedanditexcludedanynational,religiousor class distinction, which basically characterised the SokolmovementoftheSlavicpeoples;
The Sokolmovement in Vojvodina, from 1869 to 1945, followedthepathofdevelopmentoftheYugoslavSokolmovementwithitsliberalcharacter;
The Sokol movement in Vojvodina, from 1869 to 1945, with itsvariable consistency was (not) supportedmaterially nor morallyby the competent government andeducational authorities,whichcontributed to aweaker status at first, yet a better status of theSokolmovementinthisregionlateron;
The Sokol movement in Vojvodina left a lasting impact on thedevelopmentofthephysicaleducationingeneral,andparticularlyon the emergence and development of certain sports disciplines;TheSokolmovementhadasignificantimpactonthedevelopmentofschoolphysicaleducationinVojvodina,especially intheperiodfrom1918to1941.
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RESULTS
Based on the results obtained during this research, the followingconclusionscanbereached:
TheresearchoftheonsetanddevelopmentoftheSokolmovementontheterritoryofVojvodina from1869 to1945, in thebroadest sense, consistsof thebeginnings,creationanddevelopmentoftheSokolmovementontheterritoryofmodern Vojvodina from 1869 to 1945, that to say – the occurrence anddevelopment,organisation,systemandmethodologyofphysicalexercisingwithinthismovement.Itwasfoundthatthebasicorientationofthestudywasthesearchof the origins of the Sokol movement or, better to say, its emergence andestablishment.Basedonan extensive reviewofpreviousoverall researchandaconstructed theoretical model of the research, the following basic researchobjectiveswere reached: the onset of the founding of the Sokolmovementwasdetermined on the territory of Vojvodina from 1869 to 1945 as well as thecircumstances in which it appeared and developed; also, the conclusion of thedevelopment of the Sokol movement was reached within independent Sokolorganisationsfrom1869to1945.
Basedonthesetofbasicobjectives,somespecificobjectivesevolvedbasedonwhich itwas concluded as follows: historical, social‐political and cultural, aswell as thematerial conditionswere determined inwhich the Sokolmovementwascreatedandalsodeveloped;thedevelopmentofthebasicSokolcommunitiesinVojvodinaintheperiodfrom1869to1945wasdetermined;thedevelopmentof theSokol communities in theplaceswhere theywereestablishedandwithinvarious Slavic groups (Serbian Sokol, Croatian Sokol, Russian Sokol and SlovakSokol)wasdetermined.7
Following the studied and systematised data about the origins anddevelopmentof theSokolmovementon the territoryofmodernVojvodina from1869 to 1945 and after a critical review of the sources of the research, thepresentationoftheestablishedresultsfollowed.Onthebasisofthetopicandtheresearchobjectives,theresultsobtainedweresummarisedinaccordancewiththeestablished hypotheses and the following was noted: the Sokol movement inVojvodinawascreatedasaresultof thedevelopmentof theSokolmovementofthe Slavic peoples; it was Pan‐Slavically oriented and it excluded any national,religious and class distinctions, which, basically, characterised the Sokolmovement of the Slavic peoles, i.e. the hypothesis (H1) is accepted; the Sokol
7 V. Sesum, "Sokol movement of Vojvodina from 1869 to 1945" (PhD thesis, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, 2014), 246
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movement in Vojvodina from 1869 to 1945 partly followed the path of thedevelopment of the Yugoslav Sokol movement with its liberal character. Theoriginal Sokol communities, as well as the Sokol movement itself, initiallydevelopedfollowingthedevelopmentofthenationalidentityfromtheappearancein1869until 1919. Since1919, the Sokolmovement started to lose itsnationalidentity and started to receive the idea of the Yugoslav movement, i.e. thehypothesis (H2) is partially accepted; the Sokol movement in Vojvodina from1869 to 1945, with variable consistency was (not) supported on material andmoral terms by relevant government and educational authorities, which firstcontributedtoaweakerstatusandlatertoabetterstatusoftheSokolmovementin this region, i.e. the hypothesis (H3) is accepted; the Sokol movement inVojvodina left a lasting influence on the development of physical education ingeneral and particularly on the emergence and development of certain sportsdisciplines, i.e. the hypothesis (H4) is accepted; the Sokol movement had asignificant impactonthedevelopmentofschoolphysicaleducation inVojvodinaespeciallyintheperiodfrom1918to1941,i.e.thehypothesis(H5)isaccepted.
Thegeneral conclusionof the research is reflected in the identificationofthe origins and emergence of the Sokol movement on the territory of modernVojvodina as well as in the identification of the most important centres ofdevelopment of the Sokol movement as a first step towards determining thechronology of major events related to the Sokol movement in Vojvodina from1869 to 1945. Thus, for the first time in our country, the phenomenon ofemergence and development of the Sokol movement in Vojvodina is explainedmore thoroughly. The basic theoretical value of this work lies between thediscoveryofthe“timid”requestsfortheestablishmentofthe“Sokolcommunities”underothernamesandtheestablishmentoftheSokolorganisations.
The majority of previous studies of the origins and development of theSokol movement, usually through various monographic studies of the Sokolcommunities,weremostly focusedon individualSokolcommunitieswhichwereratherlimitedinatimelymanner.
Thepracticalsignificanceoftheworkandtheresearchingeneralisthatitrepresentsatypeofroadmapforthefutureresearchersinthefieldofhistoryofphysicaleducation.
It is the conclusionand the fact that theSokolmovement inVojvodina inoneperiodofitsdevelopmentkeptupwiththeSokolmovementworldwide,andwiththeadoptedideasandorganisation,itwasaheadofallformerrepublicsandprovinces in theSocialistFederalRepublicofYugoslavia,which tellsus that theimportance of the Sokol movement in Vojvodinamore than a century ago wasprimarilyunderstoodasaphenomenonofhealthand thenasaphenomenonofpreservationofcultureandthecivilisationleveloftheSlavicpeoples.
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ThefirstSokolcommunitiesinVojvodinabeganinSrem.ThereasonfortheestablishmentofthefirstonewastheYouthAssemblywhichwasheldinSremskiKarlovci in 1903.9 године. After theAssembly sessionwhat remainedwere thewords of Dr Laza Popovic talking about the needs of young people for theestablishment of any fencing, football or similar community. This idea wasespecially supported and helped by a Czech named Joseph Kraus, who was inSremskiKarlovciatthattimeforatreatmentbyDrLazaPopovic.10
PhotographNumber2:AlettertotheMagistracyinKarlovci,p.2,fromJanuary15,
1904byDrLazaPopovicwithwhichheinformedthemabouttheMeetingforestablishingthe
communityofthe“Sokols”inSremskiKarlovci.11
9 Zarko Dimic, Commemorative Karlovac sokol 1904-2014. (Novi Sad: Little Historical Society Novi Sad, 2014), 27
10 Z. Savic, "Sokol movement in Serbia from 1903 to 1945" (PhD thesis, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Physical Education, 2004), 35
11 Ibid., 1904-1905/201 I.
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At the request ofDr LazaPopovic, JosephKraus received the Sokol rulesfromtheCzechRepublicfromhisbrotherandsentthemtoDrLazaPopovic.AttheinitiativeofDrLazaPopovic, the SerbianSokowas founded in1904 in SremskiKarlovci,whichwas the centre of the Patriarchy andpatriotic,wealthy artisansandtraders.
Backa“Sokol”ParishwasformedinNoviSadandcoveredentireBacka.TheParishwasnamed“SokolparishNoviSad”accordingtotheLawoftheSokolsoftheMonarchyofYugoslavia(December5,1929).Thisnameremaineduntil1941.ZivkoBajazetwasthefirstElderoverashortperiodoftimeuntil1921whenDrIgnatPavlasbecametheElderuntil1941.JovanTotovicwaschosentobethefirstchief of the Parish and that position belonged to Milan Todorovic from 1920.During the formationof theParish, therewere12Sokol communities.By1941,thenumberofcommunitiesreached59.PhysicalactivitieswithintheParishwerevery important. The rally in Suboticawas held in 1922,whereas the provincialrally,alsoheldinSubotica,tookplacein1936.TheselectedmembersoftheParishtookpartinallprovincialandother“Sokol”ralliesinBelgrade,Ljubljana,PragueandSofia.
The Parish of Novi Sad was very large. Data show that there were 58communities and 29 rural troops within the Parish. Until 1914, the followingcommunitieswereactive:SremskiKarlovci(1904)with780members;NoviSad(1905)with1577members;Ada(1913)with203members;Mol(1913)with203members;Petrovaradin(1913)with638members;StariBecej(1913)with1386members,StariFutog(1907)with216membersandSrbobran(1910)with613members.
After 1919, all the other communities were formed: Titel, Tovarisevo,Subotica,Sombor,Zabalj,Vrbas,BackaPalanka.In1920,theSokolorganisationinCurug,Senta,BackoGradisteandBackiPetrovacwereformed.AlltheotherSokolcommunities were formed in the period from 1920 to 1935. The oldest ruraltroops in Backa, which were formed after 1925, were the following: Deronje(1926),SvetozarMiletic(1931),Sonta(1930)andStepanovicevo(1930).
Back then, the Sokol communities could not associate and cooperatepublicallybecause theauthoritieswouldabolish them.Therefore, theywere leftontheirown.Withoutmoralandmaterialsupport,theywerenotabletodevelopnoractasastrongorganisationandtheFirstWorldWarwasapproaching.Atthattime, the Serbian Soko from Kikinda decided to hold a rally of all SokolcommunitiesinBanatonVidovdanin1914.Theresultofthisrallywasthearrestofthecommunities’EldersandthedissolutionoftheSokolcommunities.
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DuringtheVidovdanSokolAssemblySessionin1919inNoviSad,theSokolmovementwasrevivedasevenstronger.12Afterthewar,theSokolmovementinBanat became numerically stronger. The Banat Sokol Parishwas established inVelikiBeckerekin1920uniting25communitiesinorderfortheirnumbertodropto17in1927.ThislargenumberoftheSokolcommunitiesdidnotmeanthatallofthemwereequallystrongandsuccessful.Duetothelackoftechnicalconditions,homesand,primarily,theSokolworkers,mostcommunitieswerenotactive.
TheBanatParishwasdivided into threedistricts:VelikiBeckerek,VelikaKikinda andVrsac. Only one community had its Sokol home during this period,while the rest of them performed their activities in schools, reading rooms,restaurants and private homes. Many communities had theatre departments,orchestras,choirsorthe“tambura”sessions.
In itsgreatactivitythat includedphysical,moralandsocialeducation, theSokolmovemententeredallthelayersoflife.Itpaidspecialattentiontochildrenandyoungpeople,startingfromthepointthatonlyahealthyorganismacquiredthevalue in life’s struggleandgaveaguarantee forabetterdevelopmentof thenation. The Sokol movement together with its programmes included thedevelopmentofchildrenand theyoung inall spheresof life, trying to instill theelementsoftheSokolideologyintheirmindsevenattheyoungage,thatis–thesenseofallthatwasbeautiful,goodandnoble.Specialattentionwaspaidtotheirupbringingregardingbeingwell‐informedandregardingtheistillmentoftherealtruthaboutlife,homeland,society,thenotionofbeingofSlavicoriginandabouthumanity.TheSokolmovement,therefore,shapedfutureconsciouscitizens.
TheSokolmovementexpected,andalsoreceived,thegreatestsupportandassistancefromschools.Usingtheirauthority,teachersandprofessorsgainedtheyoung’strustaboutenteringtheorganisationswherespecialattentionwaspaidtoharmonic education of body and soul. The Sokol organisation had the greatsignificanceintermsofappearanceandthebeginningsofcompetitionsinsportsgymnastics. It also played a very important role in the upbringing of thecompetitivespiritamongtheyoungwhodemonstratedallthebeautyofthespiritof physical health and abilities during the rallies or public classes and atacademies.
ThegymnasticsSokolsfromformerYugoslaviamadetheirfirstsignificantresults during international competitions in sports gymnastics and brought ahandfulofmedalsbackhome.TheSokolsofVojvodinacontributedsignificantlyto
12 Dusan Cvetkovic, Sokol and Sokol meeting 1862-1941. (Belgrade: Knjigoprom, 1999), 44
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thoseevents.WithintheSokolAssociationofYugoslavia,theSokolsofVojvodinawereoneofthefirstsportsorganisationsinYugoslaviathatwerethemembersofaninternationalalliancebutalsooneofthefirstmembersoftheFIGsince1907.
In the period from 1929 to 1941, The “January 6” Dictatorship of KingAlexander (1929) marked a new phase of development of the Yugoslav and,therefore, the Sokol movement of Vojvodina, which, on the whole, lasted until1941.Inthisperiod,physicalexercisingweakenedconsiderablynomattertherisein the number of all categories due to lack of quality and setbacks of the bodyexercising which, according to the previously proven Sokol principles, was theonlyonethathadtoconnectthemembershipwithsociety,andtherelationshipsinsidetheorganisationweakenedincreasinglyaswell.
Therefore,theSokolorganisationhadadualmajorrole:theimportanceofthephenomenonandthebeginningsofthecompetitionsinsportsgymnastics.WemayconcludethattheroleofthisorganisationwasoftheparamountimportancetothebeginningsofthegymnasticscompetitionsontheterritoryofVojvodina.
After the Second World War, the activities of the Sokol communitiesweakened since it was banned. Since 1946, the DFVR “Partizan” was formed,whichincludedgymnasticsclubsbuttheactivitiesoftheSokolcommunitiesinatrueandgenuinemeaningofexistenceandoperationnolongerexisted.
REFERENCESANDSOURCES
1. ArchivesoftheSerbianAcademyofSciencesandArtsprojectfundedby1904‐1905.201I.LetterfromDrLazaPopovićMagistrateofKarlovac15.01.1904.years.
2. Brozović,Ante,historySokolism.Belgrade:UnionoftheFalconoftheKingdomofYugoslaviain1930.
3. Engelbert,Gangl,Sloveniancountry‐homeSokolstvo.Belgrade:UnionoftheFalconoftheKingdomofYugoslavia(1930):5th
4. Dimic,Zarko,"CommemorativeKarlovacsokol1904‐2014.".LittleHistoricalSocietyNoviSad,2014.
5. Zvezdan,Savic,"SokolmovementinSerbiafrom1903to1945".PhDthesis,UniversityofBelgrade,FacultyofPhysicalEducation,2004).
6. EncyclopediaofPhysicalEducation,Zagreb:YugoslavleksigografskiInstitute,1977,Volume2P‐F,278
7. Jevđević,JevdjoA.,CommemorativeKragujevačkihfalconfrom1907to2007,Kragujevac:SokolskoduštvoKragujevac,2008.
8. Protic‐Gava,Branka,"TheoriginsanddevelopmentofthesportofgymnasticsintheterritoryofVojvodinauntil1991".PhDthesis,UniversityofBelgrade,FacultyofSportandPhysicalEducation,2005.
9. Cvetković,Dusan,"SokolandSokolmeeting1862‐1941".Belgrade:Knjigoprom,1999
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10. Sesum,Velimir,"SokolmovementofVojvodinafrom1869to1945".PhDthesis,UniversityofNoviSad,FacultyofSportandPhysicalEducation,2014.
СОКОЛСКИПОКРЕТУВОЈВОДИНИОД1869ДО1945.
ГОДИНЕ
САЖЕТАК
У уводном делу рада износе се Основни појмови у соколству, радиадекватнијег презентирања истраживаних појмова и догађаја, како би сеизбеглеодређененејасноћеинепрецизностикојесукарактерисалисоколскипокретуВојводини,од1869.до1945. године.Потом,проучена јеисторијскапроблематика соколског покрета у Војводини а затим је и представљена,најпре као делу Аустроугарске од 1869 до 1918., потом као делу Србије,КраљевинеСХСод1918.до1929.инакрајуКраљевине Југославијеод1929.до1945.
Предмет истраживања у овом раду је истраживање организационихформиСоколскогпокретапожупамаидруштвимауВојводиниупериодуод1869‐1945. година, са свим својим карактеристикама (концепцијом рада,организацијасоколскихдруштаваижупа,системтелеснихвежбииметодикателесногвежбања,такмичења,јавнинаступи,манифестацијеиутакмице),каосаставног дела историје физичке културе у Србији. Циљ истраживања би,дакле,биодасеовакосублимираисторијскаграђапредставиширојстручнојјавностикаодеоисторијефизичкекултуреуСрбији,областВојводине.УрадујекоришћенИсторијскиметод.
Урезултатимарадасупредстављениуформизавршнихразматрањаиликонстатација, сви добијени резултати обједињени према компонентамапримењеног теоријског модела, а то су почеци и трајање соколства натериторијиданашњеВојводинеод1869.до1945.године.
У дискусији се даје критика истраженог и интерпретација историјскихчињеницауобјашњењусоколствакаопокретауВојводини.
Кључнеречи:соколи,соколскодруштво,жупа
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СОКОЛЬСКОЕДВИЖЕНИЕВВОЕВОДИНЕс1869по
1945год
РЕЗЮМЕ
Впредисловииосвещеныосновныепонятияосокольстведляадекватнойпрезентацииисследуемыхпонятийисобытий,чтобыизбежатьопределённыхнеясностей и событий, которые характеризовали сокольское движение вВоеводине с 1869 по 1945 год. Позже, была изучена историческаяпроблематика сокольского движения в Воеводине, а затем и представленасначала,какзаслугаАвстро‐Венгриис1869по1918год,затем,какСербии,КняжестваСХСс1918по1929ивконцеконцов ‐КоролевстваЮгославии с1929по1945г.
Предметом исследования в этой работе, послужило изучениеорганизационных форм сокольского движения по районным обществам вВоеводиневпериодес1869по1945год,совсемисвоимихарактеристиками(концепция работы, организация сокольских обществ в районах, системафизических упражнений и их методика , соревнования, публичныевыступления, мероприятия и матчи), как составной частью физическойкультуры в Сербии. Целью исследования является предоставлениеисторического материала широкой публике и специалистам, какнеотъемлимой части истории физической культуры Сербии, в краеВоеводина.Вработеислледованияиспользованаисторическаялитературапофизическойкультуре(документация,факты).
В результатах работы представлены формы заключительныхисследованийиликонстатаций.Всеполученныерезультатыобъединеныпокомпонентам применяемой теоретической модели , а это начало ипродолжение сокольства на территории сегодняшней Воеводины с 1869 по1945год.
Вдискуссиидаетсякритикаисследуемогоиинтерпретацияисторическихданныхвобъяснениисокольства,какдвижениявВоеводине.
Ключевыеслова:сокол,сокольскоеобщество,район(жупания)
