Software Defined Smart Cities - Institution of Engineering ......2 Software Defined Smart Cities...

Software Defined Smart Cities August 2019 www.theiet.in/IoTPanel

V Srinivasa Rao, Chair of Smart Cities Working Group, IET IoT Panel; Chairman, Managing Director & Chief Digital Consultant, BT & BT Management Consultancy

Software Defined Smart Cities

Driving Cities with the Fusion of Technology

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Contents

URBANISATION CHALLENGES .......................................................................................... 1

CITY IS A COMPLEX SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS .................................................................... 2

SOFTWARE DEFINED CITY ................................................................................................ 6

SUSTAINABLE CITIES POWERED BY SOFTWARE ......................................................... 11

IoT AND BIG DATA FOR SUSTAINABLE CITIES .............................................................. 15

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS FROM IoT AND BIG DATA APPLICATIONS BUILT FOR

SMART SUSTAINABLE CITIES ......................................................................................... 16

SOFTWARE DEFINED CITIES ARE SOCIAL STATUS ENHANCEMENT CENTERS ........ 18

SOFTWARE DEFINED CITIES ARE ECONOMY GROWTH CENTERS ............................ 19

SOFTWARE DEFINED CITES ARE CULTURAL GROWTH CENTRES ............................. 20

SOFTWARE DEFINED CITIES ARE INNOVATION GROWTH CENTERS ......................... 23

DIGITALIZING CITY PLANNING ........................................................................................ 24

GOVERNANCE IN THE SOFTWARE DEFINED CITY ....................................................... 27

STRATEGY MAP FOR A SOFTWARE DEFINED CITY ...................................................... 31

TRANSITIONING TO SOFTWARE DEFINED CITIES – PROPOSED STEPS .................... 34

CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 35

1


Insufficient physical

infrastructure Insufficient houses &

slums

Rise in

unemployment

Environmental

impact

Raise in health issues Poor transportation

network Water scarcity Power scarcity

High sanitation

issues Increase in crime rate Traffic congestion

Extinction of species

(plants & animals)

and decline in

biodiversity

URBANISATION CHALLENGES

Urbanisation trend in India is growing. Urban population in India today is standing at

approximately 33.6% (44.3 Cr) and it may reach around 40% in the future. Urbanisation

creates so many challenges as mentioned below:

With the above-mentioned problems, citizens face a lot of issues and that leads to sadness,

anger and unhappiness. Hence very important element of a city is to bring flexibility and

agility in delivering public services to citizens so that the urbanisation problems can be

addressed in a faster, better and steadier manner.

The city is a very complex system of systems. Without re-engineering and transforming each

system, it would be impossible to build a people friendly livable city. Interdependencies and

integrations of various systems within the city are essential to provide unforgettable

moments of experience to citizens.

2


CITY IS A COMPLEX SYSTEM OF

SYSTEMS India has embarked on a journey to prepare for rapid urbanisation and has started the 100

Smart Cities initiative. Hundreds of stakeholders from different disciplines like physical

infrastructure, technology, governance, education, health, water, energy, law & order,

transportation, and others are required to work cohesively within a smart city. Most

importantly, citizens’ involvement is very essential to develop “People friendly Cities” which

enhances the happiness, generosity, religious harmony and wealth creation opportunities.

Building a smart city is like playing a symphony that requires an orchestration of many

instruments; it means an integrated framework is a pre requisite for smart cities.

Smart City - The System of Systems

Smart city is nothing but the fusion of many FUNCTIONAL Systems – System of Systems.

An illustrative representation of these systems is shown below. Each functional system must

perform on its own and integrate with other functional systems to provide faster, better,

steadier and cost-effective services to all stakeholders. City must move away from siloed

department thinking to an integrated System of Systems thinking.

In today’s digital era, technology has been playing a critical role in shaping each system in

the city. Without leveraging technology, it would be challenging to address urbanisation

challenges. City administration must identify and implement various technology initiatives.

Infrastructure system Transportation system Sanitation system Bio diversity system

Culture sustainance

system Governance system Services system

Environment

safeguarding system

Illustrative

3


1. Infrastructure System

In the digital era, all cities, enterprises and houses must have internet, computing power

and relevant software apps to effectively perform their work.

Government must establish IoT and technology driven gas grids, fiber grids, energy grids,

road grids, water grids, sewage network within the city to make sure that citizen services

are provided effectively and efficiently at an affordable price.

There is a need to construct hospitals, schools, resorts, theme parks, commercial complex

buildings, residential houses leveraging latest construction technologies and 3D printing at

an affordable price within shorter time.

Cities should not become concrete jungles and hence a strategic master plan must be

created alongside a system safeguards air, water and earth in the city

2. Transportation System

Cities must establish a system to reduce pollution from different type of vehicles.

Intelligent roads allowing auto power charging of vehicles while driving need to be

constructed.

Integrated multi modal transportation system needs to be established to have a seamless

transition from one mode of transport to another. Intelligent traffic management system

must be established to minimize traffic congestions with real time information sharing and

best route recommendations.

3. Sanitation System

Due to urbanisation people are getting impure drinking water and lack of toilets is creating

high open defecation. Industrialization is leading to pollution of water through discharge of

chemicals and toxic elements and overflowing drainage water with bacteria, causing health

issues.

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Intelligent toilets must be established to

detect disease outbreaks. Afforestation

and conversion of organic waste into

fertilizers, biogas or fuels should be an

option that requires serious consideration.

IoT solutions could be implemented to

identify the exact spots where there is mix of drainage water and drinking water.

Mobile toilets allowing faster maintenance must be established with Wi-Fi and sensors to

know the occupancy of toilets in real time which is helpful for women as well.

4. Biodiversity System

Humans coexist with other species of beings. Due to heavy construction and expansion of

cities, natural environment gets destructed and impacts the biodiversity. Biodiversity

decline due to high urbanisation imbalances the nature and creates lot of issues. Hence

urban planners, biologists and engineers need to work together to safeguard the

biodiversity in smart cities.

5. Culture Sustenance System

Indian culture is one of the greatest and oldest in the world. While there is a greater need

to refine the Indian traditions, customs to suite the digital age, needs and aspirations, the

foundation values are strong. It is imperative for India to sustain the Indian culture in each

smart city without diluting the same with the new behaviors and attitudes emerging from

hyper connected smart cities. Processes, policies, procedures, tools, techniques and

technologies must be leveraged to uphold the good part of Indian culture.

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6. Governance System

City administration must establish a system to continuously refine the governance that

includes policies, processes, procedures, leadership, technologies and tools as per the

changing city master plan. They must utilize mobile, social, cloud, analytics, artificial

intelligence, machine learning, augmented reality, virtual reality, block chain, internet of

things and technologies to bring AGILITY and near autonomous governance. This in turn

would allow human interventions to be minimized and also offer services with

1. High speed response

2. Transparency (real time information & communication)

3. Quick decision making

7. Services System

Anywhere, Any Time, Any Device based citizen services are expected from

government in the smart city. This means city administration must be ready to offer

various citizen services to people using mobile phone, tablet, wearable devices, IPTV

and others. Service delivery must be citizen centric rather than department centric. A

simple and fast processing to offer citizen services backed by highest intergroup

collaboration with required polices can help build a good services system.

8. Environment Safeguarding System

Unfortunately, today due to various reasons like industrialization, too many vehicles,

deforestation, too many concrete buildings in the city are causing impurity in the air, water,

earth, causing health hazards and are creating a serious impact on nature in general.

Hence, a system must be established to ensure that all stakeholders implement environment

friendly practices and green initiatives powered by technologies.

6


SOFTWARE DEFINED CITY In the era of 4th Industrial revolution, technology has become so powerful that, it is giving life

to “Things” in the city. In every city or village, there are things like air conditioners,

washing machines, refrigerators, lights, fans, roads, cars, poles, dustbins, power grid, gas

grid, energy grid, water pipeline, drainage pipeline, schools, hospitals, movie theatres, car

parking places, and others.

Giving life to things means, they can:

1. Sense (sensors collate the data like temperature, pressure, flow, CO2, motion,

speed, etc.)

2. Process (microprocessor with embedded software process the sensor data and

trigger commands )

3. Communicate (communication networks like ZigBee, 6LowPan, LoRAWAN, 3G, 4G,

5G, Fiber Grid transport the data or relevant commands)

4. Autonomously execute (based on commands, Things perform the tasks without

human intervention)

5. Predict (collate the data from various Things and apply various algorithms using AI,

ML, Analytics and predict the City future in different areas)

Imagine a situation if all the Things in the city get life and become intelligent to work together

with people and Things become autonomous or semi-autonomous that optimize the human

interventions, then the city becomes SMART.

In smart cities ‘People to People’, ‘People to Things’ and ‘Things to Things’ get connected in

real time and work together by leveraging digital technologies and make the cities Smart.

The “SMARTNESS” in the smart cities has nine dimensions as mentioned below, while

technology plays a very vital role in bringing the smartness, it is imperative to build the

underlying physical infrastructure and culture to live in the city happily.

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• Smart cities are digitally empowered cities, which are built with the fusion of engineering,

digital technologies, and people friendly policies.

• Smart cities must enhance the living conditions, happiness of people, and improve the

transparency, effectiveness & efficiency of government agencies.

In each smart city, there are so many functional systems as mentioned above. Each

functional system in the smart city must manage the following elements very effectively to

meet the planned expectations and objectives:

Processes-Are the policies, processes, procedures mature and capable enough to

deliver the required outputs and outcomes

People- Do we have required talent and leadership to manage the system. Do we

understand the needs and wants of citizens to effectively serve them?

Things-Are we leveraging the technologies to make THINGS Intelligent, that

improves the operational excellence and citizen service quality (Things = cars,

machines, equipment, roads etc)

Data-Are we leveraging the data generated from different sources to take right

decisions at right time or real time.

Leveraging various digital technologies like Mobile, Social, Analytics, Cloud, IoT, Block

chain, Artificial Intelligence, Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality technologies, each

Electricity, internet and

computing power at every

household in the city

Providing urban amenities

at rural areas

Safeguarding

panchabhutas (air, water,

fire, earth, sky) in the city

Solving unsolved city

problems effectively

Meeting the needs &

wants of the citizens

(health, education,

employment,

entertainment, safety etc.)

Safeguarding the traditions

& culture in the city

Improving social status of

people in the city

Improving economic

status of people in the city

Increasing gross national

happiness of city

8


FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM in the city will be driven by four Technology Systems (SOR, SOE,

SOT, SOI) also called Digital System. Hence each city today is a SOFTWARE DEFINED

CITY. Without software no city can exist in future.

Software Defined City has four “software defined systems” covering processes, people,

things and data.

1. System of Records (SOR): Hyper

automation of processes in the city that

optimizes human interventions and

improves the productivity and

outcomes of processes. This

technology system generates data.

2. System of Engagement (SOE):

Developed to emotionally engage and

connect the people by effectively

meeting their emotional and human

needs while performing their tasks.

This technology system generates

data.

3. System of Things (SOT): Things in

the city like roads, bins, vehicles,

ATMs, buildings, Infrastructure become

highly intelligent collaboratively work

with people and reduce human

interventions while executing tasks

(e.g. maintenance, monitoring etc.).

This technology system generates

data.

System of Insight: (SOI) Collate the data from System of Records, System of Engagement,

System of Things and mine the data to get hindsight, insight and foresight to effectively

manage the city

9


Software Defined City Is an Integrated System Of Systems; an efficient, inter-operable,

and integrated system of systems

10


Harnessing Data Driven Intelligence in the City

Different technology systems like Systems of Records (SoR), System of Engagement (SoE),

System of Things (SoT) generates high variety, high velocity and high volume of data from

“Things” and “Citizens” in real-time. City Administrators must leverage this data to get the

required hindsight, insight, and foresight on the city in multiple dimensions to make the right

decisions at the right time

If city administrators do not leverage data, generating humongous data is of no use. Data

Mining, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Deep Learning technologies play a vital role

in answering the following questions in the city in different areas (health, education, jobs,

public places, services, natural calamities etc.):

· What happened?

· Why did it happen?

· What will happen?

· If it happens, what we should do?

That helps city administrators to take decisions objectively based on data.

For example:

What happened (Descriptive Analytics)? Based on past data, city administrator knows

the usually in November, there are storms in the city and causing many deaths and loss of

money

Why Did It Happen (Diagnostic Analytics): Data analysis reveals that at the time of the

storm, many people were still living in their vulnerable homes and did not move to shelters.

Also, so many shelters were not ready with all the required facilities. City administrators were

not proactive and failed to plan for disaster recovery after the storm.

What Will Happen (Predictive Analytics)?: Applying Artificial Intelligence, Machine

Learning, and Deep Learning algorithms on humongous data generated from various city

systems help City Administrators to know the following in advance:

1. The current level of city preparedness

2. How many people may die? and

3. How much money will get wasted due to the expected storm in the next five days

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If it happens, what we should do (Prescriptive Analytics)? : Based on Artificial

Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning algorithms, System provides a lot of

recommendations to city administrators to take corrective and preventive actions well in

advance before the storm.

Based on the data and related technologies, city administrators can be more proactive and

put preventive steps to improve liveability in the city.

For Example: New York City Police Department (NYPD) has been using Data and analytics

solution to counter the terror attacks in the city. The police department collects data from

Around 9000 CCTVs

500 License plate readers with over 2 Billion plate reads

600 radiation and chemical sensors

network of ShotSpotter audio gunshot detectors covering 24 square miles

Millions of 911 call records from citizens

Millions of criminal records in the police station

With data and analytics algorithms, NYPD can take some preventive and predictive actions

to minimize the terror attacks and to expedite investigation after a crime.

SUSTAINABLE CITIES POWERED BY

SOFTWARE FOUR PILLARS OF SUSTAINABLE SMART CITIES

While meeting the needs of current generations we should not impact the ability of future

generations to meet their needs and aspirations. SUSTAINABILITY means creating a

Better Today & Better Tomorrow (BT&BT) for people, organizations and society at large.

Sustainability is not only for the environment. For any city to become sustainable, we must

focus on four important pillars as mentioned below.

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Economic Sustainability

Increase per capita income (Wealth creation)

Cost optimization

Responsible spending

Less freebies / less short-term benefits

More tax payers with less tax amount

Future investments in R&D and infrastructure

Preparing for 4th industrial revolution & digital economy

Industry corridors, growth clusters

Foreign Direct Investments (FDI)

Social Sustainability

Education for all

Health for all

Citizen services at door step

Generosity in the society

Social support from relatives, friends when required

High control on corruption

Emotionally connected communities

Equal justice

Economic Sustainability

Cultural Sustainabiliy

Social Sustainability

Environment Sustianabiliy

4 PILLARS OF

SUSTAINABILITY

Economic

Social

Environment

Culture

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Equal growth opportunities

Inclusive governance with citizens

Effective utilization and distribution of natural and digital resources

Cultural Sustainability

Safeguard native language

Uphold native traditions

Uphold native culture

Uphold native customs

Refine native traditions, customs as appropriate

Introduce new traditions, culture and social controls in tune with 4th Industrial revolution

that improves quality of citizen life

Environment Sustainability

Responsible usage of natural resources

Low waste & responsible waste management

Good air quality

Good water quality

Responsible usage of available land

Deforestation

Less carbon emissions

Maintain bio diversity

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We could categorize each city into three categories as mentioned below

Sustainable cities become citizen happiness centres when equal importance is given to

economic, social, environmental and cultural sustainability. This article mostly emphasis on

environmental sustainability.

NON-SUSTAINABLE CITIES

Better Today

FUTURE CITIES

Better Tomorrow

SUSTAINABLE CITIES

Better Today & Better Tomorrow

DEVELOPMENT is done to

meet the needs of current

generation, which creates

negative impact on the

ability of future generations

to meet their needs.


enhance the ability of

future generations to meet

their needs, without

meeting the needs of

current generation.


enhance the ability of

current and future

generations to meet their

needs and aspirations.

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IoT AND BIG DATA FOR SUSTAINABLE

CITIES Most of the IoT and related big data software applications have been built mainly in

connection with economic growth and the quality of life in the realm of smart cities, and

largely ignore their role in improving environmental sustainability. Hence a lot of focus to be

brought to leverage IoT and Big Data based software applications to build an

environmentally sustainable city. In a city, there will be so many THINGS which become

intelligent with IoT. These intelligent Things generate large volumes of data. Data is the new

oil and using data technologies, and algorithms a lot of insight can be obtained on

environmental sustainability to take right preventive and corrective actions at right time.

Hence IoT and big data software applications are essential to regularly improve

environmental sustainability.

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ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS FROM IoT

AND BIG DATA APPLICATIONS BUILT

FOR SMART SUSTAINABLE CITIES Environmental sustainability is very critical for healthy and quality life. Following are the

benefits which can be obtained from IoT and big data applications built for smart sustainable

city.

• High green space to population ratio

• Green public parks

• Low carbon emissions

• Very low net energy consumption

• Good air quality

• Good water quality

• Less deforestation

• Less plastic usage in a day per person

• High non-recycled plastic

• Low waste to Land fills

• High biodiversity index

Following are a few examples of benefits and features of IoT and Big Data Applications for

Environmental sustainability

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Internet of Things and Big Data Technologies play a very significant role for attaining

environmental sustainability. A few examples are given below

Reduce gas consumption and emission of carbon Dioxide:

One of the districts in USA had a serious parking problem. In a year

40,000 gallons of gas got consumed by vehicles while driving on the road to find the

parking place

700+ tons of carbon dioxide got emitted

30% of road traffic was occupied by the vehicles which were trying to find the parking

place

IoT and analytics solution with digital parking meters at private and public parking places with

sensors and a mobile app which provides the parking occupancy details solved this problem.

Drivers can block the parking place from anywhere using a mobile App and hence they could

directly go and park their car at the pre-booked location

Responsible Energy Consumption

Smart Buildings which are embedded with IoT enabled devices like electric bulbs, fans,

air conditioners, washing machines which are intelligent enough to switch on and off as

per the pre-configuration for optimal consumption of energy.

Avoid or reduce water contamination

Water pipelines with embedded sensors (IoT) can easily identify if any chemicals exist in

the drinking water or if drainage water is mixed up with drinker water and exactly at what

location? This helps in preventing many health issues in the city

Real Time Air Quality Monitoring

At London, an initiative was taken up to identify toxic air hotspots. An air quality

monitoring network at London captures the air quality information using sensors for

thousands of locations around capital. On the google maps, the pollution hotspots

can be seen by citizens and government to take necessary preventive steps

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SOFTWARE DEFINED CITIES ARE SOCIAL

STATUS ENHANCEMENT CENTERS Social Status can be in the two forms:

1. Ascribed due to caste, religion, gender, patriarchal, matriarchal

2. Achieved due to capacity, profession, education, wealth

In India there is a substantial social divide, even today in most of the places, based on

ascribed status, people get respect. People at lower social status need helping hand to

move up. Smart cities can change this by creating an ecosystem of achieving the social

status by enhancing the capacity, capabilities, education and wealth of citizens.

Each Smart City can establish following centres, which become catalysts to enhance

the social status of the citizens in the city:

1. Employability Enhancement Centres

2. Entrepreneurship Development Centres

3. Innovation & Incubation Centres

4. Industry-friendly Policies

Digital Technologies play a very vital role in establishing and managing the centres as

mentioned above. Digital learning tools accessible through mobile devices, TV, desktop with

personalized guided learning paths help the citizens to learn the new skills at their own pace

and as per their career opportunities.

Acquisition of new skills helps the citizens to get good jobs or starting their companies, which

allows them improving social status. For example, MANA TV channel in Andhra Pradesh

and Telangana has been helping the students to learn new skills

Government policies implementation using block chain smart contracts helps the Industry to

get hassle-free permissions in a few hours and days. That helps in providing a lot of

employment opportunities, which helps in improving the social status of citizens.

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SOFTWARE DEFINED CITIES ARE

ECONOMY GROWTH CENTERS Research by World Bank found that for every ten-percentage-point increase in the number of

high-speed internet connections in countries like India, there was an increase of 1.3

percentage points in economic growth.

Backbone for the smart cities is internet connectivity. Initiatives like Bharat Broadband

Network Limited (BBNL), AP Fiber Grid (Andhra Pradesh), T-Fiber (Telangana) provide high-

speed internet to each household. For example, in Andhra Pradesh, the government has

been planning to connect 1.25 Cr household in the immediate future and provide Triple Play

services at Rs.149/- (Telephone, IPTV, Internet). That helps in improving the income of each

household.

A few examples are, a well-educated homemaker can offer tutor services from home through

IPTV. Students at their home can get tutor services with two-way communication.

Homemade products (pickles, snacks) can be sold & purchased using digital commerce

platforms available over IPTV.

Also, in the cities enterprises and government organizations with high-speed internet can

create new revenue opportunities (examples: Bookmyshow, Uber, Ola, Flipkart, virtual

healthcare, virtual education, etc.) that also increase employment opportunities.

Government agencies with smart education, smart healthcare, smart transportation, smart

surveillance, smart drainage system, smart waste management, smart agriculture, digital

citizen services, help in improving the income, safety, productivity, and happiness of citizens.

This allows increased productivity for individuals and hence contributes to the growth of the

economy.

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SOFTWARE DEFINED CITES ARE

CULTURAL GROWTH CENTRES Indian culture is compelling and has sustained for 1000s of years and has acted as catalyst

to unlock the inner power & energy of human beings. Following are a few attributes of Indian

culture

1. Vasudaika Kutumbam

2. Athidhi Devobhava

3. Traditions, Customs & Rituals

4. Science & Spirituality

5. Worship the Nature

6. Celebrate regional Festivals

7. Indian Dances

There is a concern that smart cities may dilute our Indian culture and may establish un-

warranted practices. With proper planning and well thought out frameworks, Smart Cities

can uphold Indian culture effectively. Following are a few examples:

Vasudaika Kutumbam means “the world is one family.” In a smart city, “the city is one

family.” As mentioned earlier, smart cities are “Connected Cities,” and people can

communicate, collaborate, and coordinate using many collaborative platforms. For example,

senior citizens in the city can form a virtual community using WhatsApp, communicate over

CISCO telepresence (cloud based), have conversations using Yammer social media

platform. These senior citizens can share their health problems, empathize each other and

always get connected. They can have discussions on movies, politics and other exciting

areas. All senior citizens in the city can become a family and virtually get connected in real

time.

Government agencies could bring millions of citizens on to one platform and encourage

virtual discussions, debates to contribute for effective governance using innovative policies.

That is called Inclusive governance. In this scenario, the Citizens in the city are one family

and consider the city as their home.

Athidhi Devobhava means “guest is equivalent to god” which is like code of conduct for

Indian society and gives a lot of importance to the guest.

Cities are the most significant tourist spots. Tourist is the guest of that city. Within smart

cities, by leveraging digital technologies, exceptional experience can be provided to Tourists.

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For example, when a tourist visits the city (bus, train, flight, car) in the mobile App, he gets a

welcoming message and personalized recommendations to best leverage the time in city.

At the hotels in the city, he can directly go to the hotel room without waiting at reception and

open the door lock with NFC enabled mobile phone. Within the hotel room, the tourist can

configure the room temperature, lights, music of his/ her preferences using mobile phone. In

the hotel room TV, tourist can directly connect with Chef and ask for advice on the best food.

Using virtual reality, a traveller can experience the tourist locations in the city before

purchasing the tickets, so that he/ she get unforgettable moments of experience

Tourist gets recommendations on like-minded tourists nearby and based on mutual consent;

they can form a group, connect over mobile devices and spend time together in the city.

Indian Traditions, Customs: India has great traditions & culture which have helped in

nurturing a peaceful, healthy lifestyle. While a few of the traditions and customs must be

removed or tailored as per today's situations, most of them are quite relevant and useful.

Smart cities have a great potential to uphold Indian Culture.

Namaste or Namaskaram means “I bow to you.” That signifies the reduction of one’s

ego in the presence of others

Joint Families: Parents, wife, children, siblings live together with one kitchen.

Elders act like specialists, advisors, counsellors, and mentor the youngsters to

shape-up their future. Nowadays due to various reasons, nuclear families have

become prominent. However, a new trend is emerging, called hybrid family that

means all live together in one house with different kitchens or live in one campus &

separate houses and meet regularly at one place.

Visiting Temples: Indian temples are architected to be energy centres by

implementing the principles of science and mathematics. People are expected to sit

at temples in silence and absorb the positive energy before starting the day. Hence

ancestors have designed rituals to be followed at temples for self-realization and

absorption of positive energy

Traditional Marriages: Now a day’s marriages have become like big entertainment

events. However, there is great meaning behind Indian weddings. For example, in

Telugu Marriages there are around 36 rituals to be followed. These rituals are like a

knowledge bank, and if the priest explains the essence of each ritual, bride, bride-

groom and parents are expected to live with harmony and cohesion.

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Indian Dances and Music: Indian Natya Shashtra is the most powerful and consists

of 8 classical dances like Kuchipudi, Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Manipuri and others.

There are many other folk dances. These dances are the greatest storytelling tools,

which emotionally engage the audience and make the easily understand the complex

concepts. Indian music is so powerful that relieves stress and even cures a few of

health issues. However, some customizations may need to be done for Natya

Shashtra and music rules to align with the current generation.

While Creating Master Plan of a Smart City, Indian culture, traditions, rituals as mentioned

above must be factored in, which becomes the part of day to day life of citizens. India has

around 65% of youth, to prepare them for a better future; cities must provide a better living

environment.

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SOFTWARE DEFINED CITIES ARE

INNOVATION GROWTH CENTERS Government Authorities and Enterprises in the city have been facing many problems in their

day to day work. In the era of 4th Industrial revolution, rapid technological innovations have

been changing the needs & wants of customers continuously. Hence constant newness is

expected by citizens/customers.

Unfortunately, it is becoming too difficult for organizations to continuously innovate new

products & services being demanded by customers within a shorter period. That is due to

lack of skills and core competencies in the areas of new technologies.

Within the city, there are academic institutions, research institutions, freelancers, start-ups

with excellent skills and capabilities are the potential solution providers and are not

accessible. The abundant talent is available but not best leveraged.

As smart cities are connected, crowd innovation software platforms bring all these specialists

together onto a common platform. The solution seekers publish their problems in this

platform, and 10s of solution providers give a variety of solutions for one problem. All

academic institutions in the city can establish innovation Community Groups in social media

to learn various innovation techniques/methods (design thinking, computational thinking,

etc.)

In this way, smart cities become Innovation Growth Centres. For example, "CoInnovator" is

a digital software platform developed by BT&BT and OSI, enable smart cities to become

Innovation Growth Centres.

Hence smart cities must be architected and a master plan needs to be created in such

a way that they become the social, economic, cultural and innovation growth centres

and citizens live happily by experiencing superior city governance.

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DIGITALIZING CITY PLANNING Due to urbanisation, many people have been moving from villages to cities. This people

migration is causing high public density in the cities. Hence there is not enough capacity of

public utilities (water, electricity, etc.), housing, transportation, sanitation, and employment.

Thus, the quality of city services goes down significantly and leads to citizen unhappiness.

Due to poverty, many people migrating from villages have been living in slums, hence

leading the way to lower social security and higher incidence of crimes. Encroachment of

more agriculture fertile land for a living has been causing food inflation affecting the

economy

Hence an effective and efficient city planning must be done by the city administration

considering 75 - 100 years of future requirements.

City Planning

City planning is the most complex task and requires a 360-degree view of the requirements

of people, topographical conditions, biodiversity, political, economic, social, technological,

legal implications on the city.

Poor city planning in India has been causing severe issues. Following are a few examples

• Increasing pollution in Delhi

• Regular floods in Chennai and Mumbai due to heavy rains

• Traffic congestion in Hyderabad during the rainy season

We must drive the city planning initiative like a time-bound project with the active

participation of

Many interdependent government departments

Citizens

Industry and business communities

Social reformers

Economists

Psychologists / anthropologists

Spiritual gurus

Native art & culture promoters

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Pillars of City Planning

Amaravati is the new capital of Andhra Pradesh State in India. Erstwhile Chief Minister Mr.

Chandra Babu along with his team, had conceived the capital city with nine focus areas that

helps in improving social, economic status and happiness of citizens. Capital city is designed

to become one of the best cities in the world with sophisticated city planning. Following are

the Nine Cities planned within the Capital City of Amaravati.

1. Sports City 6. Knowledge City

2. Government City 7. Justice City

3. Finance City 8. Media City

4. Tourism City 9. Electronics City

5. Health City

Digitalizing the City Plan

City planners are very good at creating the traditional planning of cities; they do not have

much experience or exposure on the impact of digital technologies. Hence digital specialists

from technology companies like CISCO, HITACHI, IBM work with city planners and

superimpose digital layer on the top of the traditional city plan, that means

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What insight city administrators must get so that they can make the right decisions

at the right time?

Where and what type of sensors to be installed within the city?

Which “Things” (Bins, Cars, Cameras, Street Lights, etc.) in city must be made

intelligent and connect to the Internet?

What type of data points to be collected from which Things in the city?

When add digital layer to the urban plan, that becomes a smart city plan. Today software is

available to create 3D modelling of the city plan and simulate the different scenarios that

happen in the city so that necessary corrective and preventive actions can be taken.

French company Dassault Systems has employed a 3DEXPERIENCE Platform to create

DIGITAL TWIN for Singapore City. Digital Twin is a virtual model of the city that visualizes

the pulse of the city, physical infrastructure, utilities, businesses, and the movement of

vehicles and people. DIGITAL TWIN becomes a vital city planning tool in the future.

Digital city plan must tightly integrate cyber security features to avoid unexpected surprises

and issues in future.

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GOVERNANCE IN THE SOFTWARE

DEFINED CITY City Governance is not a new subject. There are so many cities that exist for 100s of years.

But the critical point of discussion is how the city governance is getting impacted due to the

emergence of various technologies like mobile, social, analytics, cloud, AI, ML, DL, MR,

Block chain, IoT, and others. There is a greater need to digitalize the City Governance to

meet the needs and wants of digital age citizens and business entities

Main Components of City Governance

• New and unique policies due to technological innovations

• Digitalized city process map

• City organization structure & command control centre for the city

• Electricity, internet, computing power and lean digital thinking for better city

governance

New and Unique Policies due to technological innovations

Existing policies used in cities may not work effectively for Software-Defined Cities (Smart

Cities). New policies must be designed and implemented to have better city governance in

the Software-Defined Cities.

Following are a few examples:

a. Policy for Any Time Medicines: Like ATMs are used to withdraw money, allow

citizens to use Vending Machines to get the medicines as per the prescription.

The patient can access the doctor's prescription through a vending machine

based on the patient identification number

b. Policy for 3D Printing of Items: Develop a policy to avoid 3D Printing of the

guns using the designs available in the internet

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c. Drones Policy: Develop a new policy to effectively control the drones traffic in

the air and avoid drones encroaching into private areas

d. Multimode Transportation Policy: Introduce one smart pass to travel through

the bus, metro train, train, cabs, cycles, etc. in the city.

Digitalized City Process Map

City administrators must focus on improving the maturity and capability of various processes

that help in improving governance i.e. operational excellence and citizen service quality.

Conventional processes without technology leverage are cumbersome, ineffective, and

inefficient. Mobile, social, analytics and other digital technologies have the potential to:

digitalize the workflow that simplifies the processes with no/less overhead (IoT,

Mobile, Analytics)

automate the business rules/ policies through smart contracts (Block chain) that

optimizes human interventions

enable real-time communication and collaboration among stakeholders while

executives the process tasks (Mobile, Social)

provide real-time insight to make the right decisions while executing the process

tasks (Analytics, AI, ML, DL)

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City administrators must have a sophisticated technology strategy to digitalize the

processes. Each city must appoint CIO who makes sure that operations are digitalized using

software applications like System of Records, System of Engagement, System of Things,

and System of Insight. CIO must be an integral part of City strategy team.

City Organization Structure & Command Control Centre

There is good structure for urban local bodies in India. But the siloed departmental

approach, often creates a lot of overhead and delays in offering services to citizens and

businesses in the city. There are a few services which need inter-department coordination.

Departments collaboration in the city today is easy with the integrated technology systems

like System Records (SoR), System of Engagement (SoE), System of Things (SoT), and

System of Insight. Hence, there will not be any siloed departmental approach. Cross-

functional services can be offered with high flexibility and agility in real-time through mobile

devices, tablets, web and wearable devices.

Integration of Chatbots and Virtual Assistants with Citizen Services Apps provide excellent

services in real-time. Fiber Optic Networks connected to each household in Smart City

enable citizen services through IPTV at home without the citizens to go to Government

offices.

Establishing Command Control Centre in the city is essential to best leverage the power of

technologies. Within in Command Control Centre, mining of data generated from cross-

functional/departmental various technology systems using Big Data Technologies, Artificial

Intelligence, and Machine Learning helps in getting real-time hindsight, insight, and foresight.

Command Control Centre will have real-time visual dashboards that show trends, alerts,

risks, and helps in bringing good governance in the city. Command Control Centre enables

departments to respond to various citizen problems & issues in real-time with personalized

services.

Cities must refine and define new policies to remove the bureaucratic departmental

approach. That is possible only when the City Administration considers CITIZEN as the focal

point for their work

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Electricity, Internet, Computing power and Lean Digital Thinking for Better City

Governance

Good governance in cities requires ELECTRICITY, INTERNET, and COMPUTING POWER

to manage the operations effectively and to deliver high-quality citizen services in real-time.

That means city administration must include in their master plan, and two more utility

services called the Internet and Computer Power. Smart Energy Grids, Smart Water Grids,

Smart Gas Grids built on IoT platforms have been contributing for optimal usage of power,

water, gas at homes, industries, and other places.

The city must establish Fiber Grid and Cloud Grid like other grids to make sure that Internet

Broadband and Computing Power are available to citizens like other utilities. These grids

help in improving city governance manifold.

Software-Defined Fiber Grid and Smart Cloud Grid solutions help in optimal utilization of

internet broad-brand and computing power in the city

Most of the software-defined city solutions require a lot of sensors, equipment, devices,

software. City administrators must acquire new thinking called LEAN DIGITAL THINKINGTM

to utilize the technologies best.

LEAN: eliminating non-value adding activities (Waste)

DIGITAL: introducing real-time communication, collaboration, omnipresence,

predictability, autonomous features

Hence technologies play a vital role to

have effective and efficient governance in the city

create new and improved policies and processes

digitalize city processes that optimize human intervention

establish an “intelligence & insight centre” (Command Control Centre) that enables

city administrators to take right decisions at the right time.

Finally, there is a need to institutionalize Lean and digital philosophies in the city

administration for effective and efficient governance.

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STRATEGY MAP FOR A SOFTWARE

DEFINED CITY Building a software-defined city requires a well-oiled STRATEGY MAP. Strategy map

captures Improvement actions (Strategic Objectives) in four layers using balanced

scorecard. The four layers of software defined city strategy map brings a cascading effect as

mentioned below:

1. City learning & growth improvement actions help in creating required talent, culture,

policies, infrastructure and technology

2. City process excellence improvement actions leverage already built talent, culture,

policies, infrastructure, and technology to create best in class governance, practices,

processes, etc.,

3. City citizen focused improvement actions leverage already built governance,

practices, processes to design best in class services, value, and experience to

customers

4. City social & economic improvement actions focus on improving the social &

economic status of the city by leveraging the benefits offered to city customers

The following diagram shows the software-defined STRATEGY MAP with IMPROVEMENT

ACTIONS (Strategic Objectives) in each layer of a balanced scorecard.

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Identify Strategic Initiatives to build a Software Defined City

City administrators must quantify each Improvement action / strategic objective in the

strategy map with Key performance indicators. They define targets against each

improvement action for each year.

Improvement in key performance indicators means, improving the digital quotient of a city.

City administrators must identify many TECHNOLOGY initiatives to realize these annual

targets and manage them like time-bound projects.

Ad-hoc identification and execution of TECHNOLOGY initiatives do not yield expected

results while the stakeholders may get a few quick benefits. City administrators can use the

following template to identify the strategic technology initiatives required to build a software-

defined city which is effective and efficient.

Each rupee spent on city growth and transformation activities must align with the strategic

initiatives identified.

PERSPECTIVE IMPROVEMENT ACTIONS (Strategic Objectives)

KEY PERFORMANCE

INDICATORS (KPIs)

YEAR 1

Target

Year 2 Target

Year 3 Target

CITY Strategic Technology Initiatives

LEARNING & GROWTH

PERSPECTIVE

Improve digital literacy of city administrators and citizens

Develop new roles & digital skills of city administrators

Establish virtual citizen communities

Establish a new culture and policies

Develop digital technology system

OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE PERSPECTIVE

Digitalize public health process

Digitalize water management process

Digitalize gas distribution process

Digitalize energy distribution process

Digitalize city service management process

Digitalize transportation process

Digitalize building approval process

Digitalize education process

Improve investments management process

Manage city brand

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CITIZENS PERSPECTIVE

Introduce citizen services using many channels (Omnipresent)

Enable single window services to business entities

Establish national/international alliances

Establish inclusive governance (Citizens participation)

Enhance citizen happiness through effective grievance handling

SOCIAL& ECONOMIC

PERSPECTIVE

Improve quality of life

Improve employment & job security

Improve city culture & environment

Improve GDP

Improve per-capita income of citizens

Optimize city expenditure

Improve investments in city

Improve revenue

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TRANSITIONING TO SOFTWARE DEFINED

CITIES – PROPOSED STEPS We could classify Cities into two categories

1. Green Field Cities

2. Brown Field Cities

Green Field Cities: These cities are brand new. City administrators can use a systematic

approach for the planning of the physical and digital infrastructure of the city. It is easy to

conceptualize and build a Software Defined Smart City. There is a lot of flexibility to integrate

new best practices and new technological innovations in city planning. These are PURE

Software Defined Smart Cities.

Brown Field Cities: These are already existing cities, and few of them could be more than

100 years old, and others could be 30-40 years old. Unfortunately, planning of these cities

did not include the SMART aspects of the city as the technology maturity at that time was

not high. Hence a lot of re-engineering of the city planning to be done and retrofit solutions to

be built to make the Brown Field City a Software-Defined City. That implies an improvement

in the existing physical infrastructure and adding a digital layer on the top of physical

infrastructure.

Four Step Process for Building Software Defined Green Field Cities

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Five Step Process for Building Software Defined Brown Field Cities

CONCLUSION There are so many urbanisation challenges today. The city is nothing but a complex system

of systems that requires sophisticated planning. Software-Defined Cities are different from

conventional cities in many aspects. City administrators must acquire new skills and

behaviour to manage these technology-driven cities.

Mobile, social, analytics, cloud, IoT, AI, and other technologies change the city landscape

and improve the social and economic status of citizens in the city. At the same time, the

negative impact of using these technologies is also high in terms of new cybercrimes,

technology addiction, and behavioural issues, etc.

City administrators, in collaboration with Technology specialists, could build a healthy,

wealthy, peaceful, secure, and green software-defined smart cities.

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About the Author

V. Srinivasa Rao, known as VSR, is the Chairman of Smart Cities Working Group of

IET, IoT Panel. He has been advocating digital practices, lean digital thinking

philosophy for more than seven years to prepare organizations and people for the 4th

Industrial revolution and the digital economy. VSR is the Chairman & Managing

Director of BT&BT (btbt.co.in). He has worked with TCS, Infosys, iGATE, Satyam

Computers, and Tech Mahindra.

VSR was the Senior Vice President and Global Head of Digital Enterprise Solutions at Tech Mahindra. He has

played the role of Chief Digital Officer (CDO) to transform 20 Practice Units and 19 Business Units to digital at

Tech Mahindra. VSR is also the mentor, advisor and consultant to Chairman and CXO level executives in the

areas of digital business transformation, digital talent building, design thinking, block chain strategy, digital

project/program management, organization structure and helps them to achieve their business goals in the digital

era.

Business Achievements

One Of The 300 Outstanding Leaders In Infosys Out Of 19,000 Employees (2003)

One Of The 150 Game Changers At Tech Mahindra out of 50,000 Employees (2009 to 2014)

Featured in Fortune 500 (India), 2012 as One of the Rubber Souls for Satyam Computers Turnaround

story

Community Roles Played

Chairman, PMI Team India (7 Chapters, 6000+ members)

Charter Member & Mentor, TiE Hyderabad

Evangelist of Leadership Development for Students (trained 2000+ students)

IT Advisor Federation of Telangana and AP Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FATAPCI)

Member of Bureau of Indian Standards (Working on Block chain Smart Contracts ISO Standard)

Management Committee Member of Hyderabad Management Association (HMA)

Charter member and Mentor, TiE, Hyderabad

Chief Architect of International Institute of Digital Technologies (IIDT), Government of Andhra Pradesh

Introduced Student Leadership Competency Building (SLCB) & International Student Leadership Day

(ISLD)

Got the honour of meeting with the former president of India, Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam at Rashtrapati

Bhavan and got suggestions from him on Student Leadership Competency Building (SLCB)

Authored the book Ignite the minds to build a new India

PMI, USA Global Award for Community Contribution

Speeches, Keynotes, Articles

Published articles/ news items in various national & international magazines and newspapers

Speaker and chaired panel discussions at the events held by IET, CII, NASSCOM, PMI, Business

World, Frost & Sullivan, Intel, ET, FICCI, QAI, TiE, and various academic institutions.

37


NOTES

38


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https://twitter.com/IETIndia

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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu21pZYLQjlgAE1SA1QfEVw

https://www.linkedin.com/company/ietindia/

The IET is one of the world’s largest engineering

institutions with over 168,000 members in 150 countries.

It is also the most multidisciplinary – to reflect the

increasingly diverse nature of engineering in the 21st

century.

The IET is working to engineer a better world by

inspiring, informing and influencing our members,

engineers and technicians. The Institution of Engineering

and Technology – India, the IET office started operations

in India in 2006, in Bangalore. Today, we have over

12,000 members and have the largest membership base

for the IET outside of the UK. Given the increasing global

importance of India as an engineering hub our aim is to

make an impact that has relevance both locally and

internationally. Our strategy is to make a meaningful

impact on the overall competency and skill levels within

the Indian engineering community and play an

influencing role with the industry in relation to technology

innovation and solving problems of public importance.

We want to do this through working in partnership with

industry, academia and government, focusing on the

application of practical skills within both learning & career

lifecycles, driving innovation and thought leadership

through high impact sectors. Our volunteer led panels

are means through which we deliver our strategy. The

IET India IoT Panel was born out of this focus.

IET India launched its IoT panel on February 20, 2015 with

Dr Rishi Bhatnagar (President – Aeris Communication) as

the Chairperson. The panel, being a first of its kind in India,

focuses not only on technology but the application aspect of

IoT in various segments.

The focus of the panel is to facilitate discussions that will

help in making the inevitable connected world more efficient,

smart, innovative and safe. It will lay emphasis on

technology, security and regulatory concerns and the need

for nurturing capabilities and talent for quicker adoption of

IoT in all spheres.

The IET India IoT Panel aims at providing a platform for

stakeholders to become an authoritative, but neutral voice

for the evolving movement of IoT in India. It aims to enable

all the IoT practitioners (including people from the hardware

– devices, portables, sensors, software, business) and IoT

enablers (including people from regulatory area, training

area, investors in IoT, end users) to work together on

relevant areas to make this industry efficient as well as

robust. The panel envisions laying a solid foundation by

supporting policy makers, industry in the next step of

adoption of IoT.

The panel works through 12 Working Groups - Healthcare,

Social Impact, Digital Communications, Smart Cities, Skill

Development, Standards, Regulatory and Legal, Cyber

Security, Utilities, Manufacturing, Ganga Rejuvenation, BFSI

and Agriculture.

If you are interested in volunteering for the IET or joining one

of our panels, please write to us at [email protected]

https://www.linkedin.com/company/ietindia

https://twitter.com/IETIndia

http://www.facebook.com/IETIndia

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu21pZYLQjlgAE1SA1QfEVw

https://www.linkedin.com/company/ietindia/

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Software Defined Smart Cities - Institution of Engineering ......2 Software Defined Smart Cities...

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