Sodium Chloride Process

Brian Meeuwsen & Katie Neta

Isolation & Purification

Solution Mining (54%) Solution:

26% salt 73.5% water 0.5% impurities

Evaporation = 99.8% purity Removes calcium, magnesium, and sometimes sulfate

US food-grade salt = vacuum pan evaporation Rock Salt Mining (32%)

98.5-99.4% purity

https://www.google.com/search?q=rock+salt+mining&client=firefox-a&hs=dan&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=A_WCUvaUGent2wWJ9oCYBQ&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&biw=997&bih=604#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=3mz7HsH4fpObGM%3A%3Bp3XCDXCuujyu6M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.himalayan-natural-salt-lamps.com%252Fmine-salt-photo-gallary%252Frock-salt-mine-pakistan-01.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.himalayan-natural-salt-lamps.com%252Fnatural-crystal-salt-mine-pakistan.php%3B600%3B450

Isolation and Purification

Solar Salt Production (14%) 99.98% purity 6 times the cost of rock salt mining 20 times the cost of solution mining

US Usage

50%38%

2%3%4%2%2%

Chlorine & Caustic Sodahighway ice controlindustrialFoodAgriculture

Electrolysis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FDzt5VP50c Concentration is highly important

Differ in products formed Dilute NaCl = 2H2 : O2

Concentrate NaCl = H2 : 2NaOH : Cl2 Cathode (reduction): Na+ + e- = Na Anode (oxidation): 2 Cl- = Cl2 + 2 e-

Electrolytic process: 2Na+ + 2Cl- + 2H2O → 2Na+ + 2OH- + Cl2 + H2

https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/electrochemistry/electrolysis/electrolysis-of-molten-sodium-chloride /

Caustic Soda Production

Reaction Pathway2 NaCl + CaCO3 → Na2CO3 + CaCl2

NaCl + CO2 + NH3 + H2O → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl (I)

CaCO3 → CO2 + CaO (II) 2 NH4Cl + CaO → 2 NH3 + CaCl2 + H2O (III) 2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 (IV)Why Important?

Uses: Medical

Invented by Hartog Jakob Hamburger 1896 In vitro study of RBC lysis

Frequently used in hospitals Normal Saline; IV medications Fluid & electrolyte replenisher

Regulation within body maintains: Osmotic pressure Acid-base balance Volume of circulating body fluids

$36 million/year

http://www.austincc.edu/rxsucces/beginiv4.html

Catalytic Properties Thermolysin Activation

Increases the activity of Thermolysin by 13-15 times when in the presence of 4M NaCl at pH 7.0 at 25 degrees Celsius.

Used as a Green Catalyst in aqueous reactions spirooxindole derivative synthesis

Efficiency of tellurium zeolite in the dehydrogenation reactions of ethylbenzene to styrene and n-hexane or cyclohexane to benzene.

Economics

Type of Salt Price Per Ton

Vacuum Pan $170

Solar Salt $70Rock Salt $35

Salt in Brine $8

44%

38%

10%

8%

Salt Sold By Type

Rock Salt Salt in BrineVacuum Pan Solar Salt

Economics (2010) Major Producers

China = 60 Million Tons (21%) United States = 45 Million Tons (16%) Germany = 16.5 Million Tons (6%)

Major Exporters to the US Canada (41%), Chile (31%), Mexico (9%), The Bahamas (6%), Other (13%)

US has 27 Companies operating 60 plants in 16 different states for NaCl Production

US Industry valued at over $1.8 Billion Recent News (2010)

Major rock salt company in Detroit, MI National Salt Reduction Initiative

Reference List

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00397911.2010.515365 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167299109600537 http://www.healthline.com/health/sodium-chloride\ http://scorecard.goodguide.com/chemical-profiles/uses.tcl?

edf_substance_id=7647-14-5 http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/sodium-chloride-

natural-occurrence-commercial-preparation.html http://faculty.rcc.edu/freitas/1ALabActivities/1A

%20Exp2%20NaClSynth/1A%20Exp2Proc%20NaClSynthV6.pdf Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 5th Ed. 2.

Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. 870-873. Print.