Sociological Theories and Perspectives in

Understanding Health

Supriyati

Department of Health Behavior, Environment, and Social Medicine

Faculty of Medicine, UGM

What is sociology ?

Ilmu yang mempelajari tentangmasyarakat

Ilmu yang mempelajari hubungan antarindividu (perilaku sosial)

Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang fakta sosial

Paradigma

Fakta sosial

Definisi sosial

Perilaku sosial

Paradigma Fakta Sosial

Teori fungsionalisme struktural

Teori konflik

Teori sistem

Teori sosiologi makro

Paradigma Definisi SosialAction theory

Simbolic interactionism

Phenomenology

Manusia adalah aktor kreatif dan kehidupan tidak statis

Paradigma Perilaku Sosial

Behavioral sociology

Exchange theory

Paradigma fakta sosial

• Teori fungsionalisme structural

• Teori konflik

• Teori sistem

• Teori sosiologi makro

#1.Teori Fungsionalisme struktural (Konsensus)

• Focuses on how society is organized and how social institutions meet the needs of people living within a collectivity

• Like an organism

• As understanding human body ---- human social system (has many parts/institution such as education, religion, economy, politic) These institutions secure the evolution and growth of society

• The consensus focus upon the good of the overall society; sub-groups of society must be willing to sacrifice for the good of the whole

Teori fungsionalisme struktural - Teori konflik - Teori sistem -Teori sosiologi makro

The characteristics of society

• Well planned uniformity

• Stability and equilibrium between different parts

• Consensus of the main values

• Every institution has a function which helps society to remain stable

• What is, is good – “natural selection” of good institutions/functions

4 key functions of social system

• production and distribution of goods and services: The economyAdaptation

• writing and enforcing of the rules: The policyGoal attainment

• procreation and socialization of children; integration of social activities: Family and educationIntegration

• a system of values and beliefs: ReligionLatency

- Unprepared to address changes that occur due to misuse of power- highly useful in understanding ongoing adjustments to social institutions in response to changes in the other institutions

Social action taken places as a dynamic

equilibrium

Dinamicequilibrium means society is always

changing

Social institution must adjust to changes in other

institution

Research question : Mapping, describing, and analysing

Positive function

Institution

The dysfunctions

Example :

Could you please explain the health seeking behavior pattern after the national health insurance ?

#2. Teori Konflik• the fundamental processes of society are competition and conflict,

rather than cooperation for the good of the whole

• All social systems have a small minority of powerful elites

• Social action takes place within an arena of conflict and exploitation between dominant and secondary segments of society must be anticipated

• Focus on the material condition such as clothing, education, access to health care

Teori fungsionalisme struktural - Teori konflik - Teori sistem -Teori sosiologi makro

#2. Teori Konflik

Wewenang dan posisi

Distribusi kekuasaan tidak merata

Penyalahgunaan kekuasaan

Konflik secara sistematis

Teori fungsionalisme struktural - Teori konflik - Teori sistem -Teori sosiologi makro

konflik

Integritas

4 fungsi konflik

Memelihara solidaritas

Membentuk aliansi

Mengaktifkan peran individu

Fungsi komunikasi

Conflict in modern sociology

Not only focusing on class struggle as Marx did, but on the overall power structure in society, such as conflicts between different groups of interests

Producers and consumers, employers and employed, among religions, teachers and students, parents and kids, personality and culture

Conflict cause social change

In every society there are conflicts; conflict is the driving force of social change

Conflict does not necessary mean violence, rather tension, competition or disagreement about objectives and values, conflict of interests

Conflict cause social change

conflictSocial

change

Conflict does not necessary mean violence, rather tension, competition or disagreement about objectives and values, conflict of interests

Deklarasi Keparakan : a community deal

Kesepakatan bersama :

1.Tidak merokok di dalam pertemuan

2.Tidak merokok di dalam rumah

Kantor kelurahan yang bebas asap rokok

Perubahan sosial yang terjadi karena “konflik”

Research question

Mapping of power-relations

Someone is making benefit of the situation at the expense of someone else

How can we dissolve the conflict? Can there be a win-win solution?

Paradigma Definisi sosial

• Action theory

• Symbolic interactionism

• Phenomenology

Definisi sosial

Fokus pada tindakan sosial

Tindakan mengandung arti

Perlu penafsiran dan pemahamanuntuk merespon

Action theoryTindakan dilakukan untuk mencapai tujuan (subjek dan objek)

Bertindak menggunakan cara yang dianggap cocok mencapaitujuan

Kelangsungan tindakan dibatasi eksternal yang tak dapatdikendalikan

Manusia memilih, menilai dan mengevaluasi tindakannya

Action theory – Simbolic interasctionism - phenomenology

Action theory

• Keyakinan kelompok tertentu terhadap proses kehamilandan persalinan mengantarkan mereka pada perilaku pencaripertolongan persalinan

• Social capital yang tinggi mendorong persalinan di dukunbayi

• Masyarakat yang menganggap batuk berdarah (TB) terjadikarena santet dan guna guna, akan mencari orang pintaruntuk menyembuhkan

Action theory

Interactionism symbolic

• Focuses on how individuals influence and are influenced by society. It guides investigations into how the rules of society are re-created everyday through our interactions with one another

• the symbolic meanings we attach to things and events

Action theory – Simbolic interasctionism - phenomenology

Some concepts…

Reality is socially constructed through our interactions with one another. Morality, ethics, and values, are not given; we create them through our interactions with one another

Social action is influenced by person's beliefs, attitudes, perceptions, and negotiations of meanings

The rules are open for grabs. If you do not like your society: work hard to change it!

Conflict Vs Fuctionalist

• The conflict paradigm highlights parts of society where functionalists usually do not focus on

• The weakness of the conflict paradigm is that they miss the consensus- and balance in society

Paradigma perilaku sosial

•Behavioral Sociology

• Exchange theory

•Rationale choice theory

Paradigma perilaku sosial

Ketika perilaku menjadi terpola / tetap, makamenjadi perilaku sosial

Perilaku individu dipengaruhi oleh keyakinan, motivasi, dan tujuan

Apa yang menjadikeyakinan dan

motivasi ?

Exchange theory

• explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties

• posits that all human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives

• norm of reciprocity

Behavioral Sociology – Exchange theory – rational choice theory

Post Modernism / postStructuralism

• Deconstruction

• Discourse/discourse analysis

• Plurality of knowledge and method

• Power and knowledge; Relativism

The Network Episode Model (Pescosolido, 2006)

Medical sociology

•Also known as health sociology

•The study of cause and consequences of health and illness (Cockerham, 2011)

Major area of investigation are

Social aspects of health and disease

Social behavior of patient and health provider

Social function of health organization and institution

Social pattern of the utilization of health services

Relationship of health care delivery systems to other social institution and social policies toward health

Why medical sociology is important?

Recognizes the critical role social factors play in determining or influencing the health of individuals, groups, or larger population

Why people have to do sexual intercourse just after their traditional circumcision in Timor Island?

• Sifon : Atoni Tribe in Timor island

• Sifon : a man is supposed to be engage in sexual relationship with at least 3 women

• Sifon : a social tool to form a man’s masculinity and the way to avoid disharmony in the family (Ungu, 2012)

• the sexual intercourse must be done before the wound from the circumcision has healed to discard “the heat of body”

• the community belief has influence their behavior related to health STD’s?

The development of Medical Sociology: Talcot Parsons

Publishes the social system in 1951

First major social theorist to deal with issues of health, illness, and the role of medicine

Structural-functionalist perspective

Introduced concept of the sick role

What is “Health”?

• A state of complete physical, mental,

and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or injury (WHO)

• health as the capacity to carry out their daily activities ability to function

Contrasting idea about health and social behavior • Some people tended to rely on magic as the fundamental explanation

of disease and illness

What do you think ?

References

• Engman A & Cranford C., 2016. Habit and the Body: Lesson for social Theories of Habit from the Experiences of People with Physical Disabilities. Sociological Theory. 34(1):27-44

• Jovanovic M., 2014. Creating the “Dis-ease” of high cholesterol: A Sociology of diagnosis reception analysis. Social Science & Medicine: 101: 120-128

• Ritzer G. 2012. Sociological Theory. 8th ed. USA: McgrowHill