SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE - hudphed.punjab.gov.pk Policy Brief .pdf · province during last three...
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1 SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE Punjab with a population of 101.4 million is the most populous province of Pakistan, with approximately 55.6% of the country's total population. The population growth rate in 1998 was 2.64%, which decreased to 1.9% in 2011. It is estimated that the population of province will be 130 million in 2030, and around 181 million in 2050. Rapid urbanisation and a growing population will continue to increase demand for water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services, as the current share of urban population is 32%. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Under 5 Mortality Rate (U5MR) remain high in Punjab. The MICS 2014 found an IMR of 76 per 1000 live births and U5MR of 96 per 1000 live births. Evidence suggests that pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria cause about 50% of all deaths in children in Pakistan. Around 53,000 children die every year from diarrhoea in Pakistan, of which 27,000 in the Punjab only. In addition about one third of children under 5 years in Punjab are underweight (33.7%) and stunted (33.5%) GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK The Government of Punjab has approved drinking water policy 2011, and a draft sanitation policy 2013 that is pending for approval with cabinet of Government of Punjab. Both policies provided the overarching vision and framework for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in the province. The Planning and Development Board, Government of Punjab has developed a growth strategy for the province entitled “Punjab Growth Strategy 2018 - Accelerating Economic Growth and Social Outcomes”. The document endorses Punjab’s health sector’s vision and strategy, which emphasises improvement of water, sanitation and hygiene services to prevent communicable diseases. The government of Punjab developed a ten years WASH Sector Development Plan for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2014-2024 that was formally launched in February 2016. This serves as the implementation framework for drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in the province with short, medium and long-term strategic actions. The Housing, Urban Development, Public Health Engineering Development (HUD-PHED) in collaboration with UNICEF conducted WASH Capacity Assessment and developed Strategic Roadmap for WASH Human Resource Development, for service providers in Punjab. Further, the capacity development for Pakistan Approach to Total Sanitation (PATS) is being institutionalized through Local Government Academy and formation of district WASH Coordination Committees. Moreover, WASH has been added in the curriculum and training modules of Lady Health Workers and School Health & Nutrition Supervisors. Very recently, Punjab School WASH strategy has been developed, and this is being integrated in the school education road map. The Punjab Local Government Act 2013 envisages the responsibilities of provision, access, operation and maintenance of drinking water and improved sanitation services to respective councils within their jurisdictions including urban and rural areas. However, overall legal framework for drinking water, sanitation and hygiene is fragmented especially around operation and maintenance (O&M), community participation, and resource allocations criterion. ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER As per the Punjab Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2014, about 94% of the population uses an improved source of drinking water – 89% in urban areas and 97% in rural. Around 72.3% population of the province uses ground water as drinking water source extracted by hand-pumps or motorised pumps. Overall, 19.2% population has access to tap water; with 39.2% in urban areas, and 9.6% in rural areas. Overall, 80.8% of the population has access to improved water sources located at their premises that is higher in rural areas (84.3%) compared to urban areas (73.7%). FIGURE 1: IMPROVED WATER-INCOME GROUPS A review of access to improved water in different income quintiles reveals that the coverage goes down 97.6 98.0 96.3 91.6 88.5 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0 100.0 Percent Urban Rural Overall
Transcript of SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE - hudphed.punjab.gov.pk Policy Brief .pdf · province during last three...
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SOCIOECONOMICPROFILEPunjabwithapopulationof101.4millionisthemostpopulousprovinceofPakistan,withapproximately55.6%ofthecountry'stotalpopulation.Thepopulationgrowthratein1998was2.64%,whichdecreasedto1.9%in2011.Itisestimatedthatthepopulationofprovincewillbe130millionin2030,andaround181millionin2050.Rapidurbanisationandagrowingpopulationwillcontinuetoincreasedemandforwater,sanitationandhygiene(WASH)services,asthecurrentshareofurbanpopulationis32%.
InfantMortalityRate(IMR)andUnder5MortalityRate(U5MR)remainhighinPunjab.TheMICS2014foundanIMRof76per1000livebirthsandU5MRof96per1000livebirths.Evidencesuggeststhatpneumonia,diarrhoeaandmalariacauseabout50%ofalldeathsinchildreninPakistan.
Around53,000childrendieeveryyearfromdiarrhoeainPakistan,ofwhich27,000inthePunjabonly.Inadditionaboutonethirdofchildrenunder5yearsinPunjabareunderweight(33.7%)andstunted(33.5%)
GOVERNANCEFRAMEWORKTheGovernmentofPunjabhasapproveddrinkingwaterpolicy2011,andadraftsanitationpolicy2013thatispendingforapprovalwithcabinetofGovernmentofPunjab.BothpoliciesprovidedtheoverarchingvisionandframeworkforWater,SanitationandHygiene(WASH)intheprovince.ThePlanningandDevelopmentBoard,GovernmentofPunjabhasdevelopedagrowthstrategyfortheprovinceentitled“PunjabGrowthStrategy2018-AcceleratingEconomicGrowthandSocialOutcomes”.ThedocumentendorsesPunjab’shealthsector’svisionandstrategy,whichemphasisesimprovementofwater,sanitationandhygieneservicestopreventcommunicablediseases.ThegovernmentofPunjabdevelopedatenyearsWASHSectorDevelopmentPlanforWater,SanitationandHygiene2014-2024thatwasformallylaunchedinFebruary2016.Thisservesastheimplementationframeworkfordrinkingwater,sanitationandhygieneintheprovincewithshort,mediumandlong-termstrategicactions.
TheHousing,UrbanDevelopment,PublicHealthEngineeringDevelopment(HUD-PHED)incollaboration
withUNICEFconductedWASHCapacityAssessmentanddevelopedStrategicRoadmapforWASHHumanResourceDevelopment,forserviceprovidersinPunjab.Further,thecapacitydevelopmentforPakistanApproachtoTotalSanitation(PATS)isbeinginstitutionalizedthroughLocalGovernmentAcademyandformationofdistrictWASHCoordinationCommittees.Moreover,WASHhasbeenaddedinthecurriculumandtrainingmodulesofLadyHealthWorkersandSchoolHealth&NutritionSupervisors.Veryrecently,PunjabSchoolWASHstrategyhasbeendeveloped,andthisisbeingintegratedintheschooleducationroadmap.
ThePunjabLocalGovernmentAct2013envisagestheresponsibilitiesofprovision,access,operationandmaintenanceofdrinkingwaterandimprovedsanitationservicestorespectivecouncilswithintheirjurisdictionsincludingurbanandruralareas.However,overalllegalframeworkfordrinkingwater,sanitationandhygieneisfragmentedespeciallyaroundoperationandmaintenance(O&M),communityparticipation,andresourceallocationscriterion.
ACCESSTODRINKINGWATERAsperthePunjabMultipleIndicatorClusterSurvey(MICS)2014,about94%ofthepopulationusesanimprovedsourceofdrinkingwater–89%inurbanareasand97%inrural.Around72.3%populationoftheprovinceusesgroundwaterasdrinkingwatersourceextractedbyhand-pumpsormotorisedpumps.Overall,19.2%populationhasaccesstotapwater;with39.2%inurbanareas,and9.6%inruralareas.Overall,80.8%ofthepopulationhasaccesstoimprovedwatersourceslocatedattheirpremisesthatishigherinruralareas(84.3%)comparedtourbanareas(73.7%).
FIGURE1:IMPROVEDWATER-INCOMEGROUPS
Areviewofaccesstoimprovedwaterindifferentincomequintilesrevealsthatthecoveragegoesdown
97.6 98.0 96.3
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fromthepooresttotherichest,anditismorevisibleinurbanareascomparedtoruralareas,andthisismainlybecausetherichestareusinglocalvendorsorbottledwaterthatisconsideredunimprovedunderdefinitiondefinedbyJointMonitoringProgramme(JMP)ReportthatrecordsandtracksprogressofWASHintheworld.
ACCESSTOWATERQUALITYAsperVision2025documentofGovernmentofPakistan,watercontaminationandpoorwaterqualityhavedirectandverysignificantimpactonthenation’shealthwithwaterbornediseasesaccountingfor70%ofallcommondiseasesthatimpactthenationalhealth.ThishasbeenfurtherrecognizedinthenewlylaunchedSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)asoneofthekeyparametersforthenewlydefinedtargetofsafelymanagedwatersources.Thetechnicalassessmentofwatersupplyschemesin21districtsinnorthandcentralPunjab,conductedbythePakistanCouncilofResearchinWaterResourcesin2011revealedthatmorethan80%ofthepopulationusesgroundwaterand43%offunctionalschemessuppliedwaterforlessthan5hoursperday,while31%suppliedbetween5-10hoursperday.In80%oftheschemes,thereisnowatertreatmentfacility,whileonly12%providesometreatment.AsperdraftNationalWaterQualityMonitoringReport2014-2015,around35%watersourcesinPunjabaresafefordrinkingpurposes-freefrommicrobiologicalandchemicalcontamination(iron,fluoride,nitrates)andphysicalcharacteristics(turbidity,hardness,totaldissolvedsolids)comparedto31%intherestofthecountry.EffortstoaddresswaterqualityissuesarebeingtakenintoaccountpartlythroughinstallationofwaterfiltrationplantsthatdoesnotfallundernewdefinitionofsafelymanagedwaterasgiveninSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).TheGovernmentofPunjabiscommittedtoestablishfourcentersofexcellenceand32waterqualitylaboratoriesatthedistrictlevelsinnextfewyearstostrengthenwaterqualityasintegralcomponentofsafelymanagedwaterservices.
ACCESSTOIMPROVEDSANITATIONAsperPunjabMICS2014,around3/4thofthepopulation(75%)isusingimprovedsanitationfacilitiesi.e.,urban(92%)andruralareas(67%).TheGovernmentofPunjabrecognizedtheframeworkofPakistanApproachtoTotalSanitation(PATS)withakeyfocustoendopendefecationby2018.Presently,PATSisbeingimplementedinall36districtsofPunjabwithfinancingfromGovernmentofPunjabaswellascollaborationwithlocalandinternationalpartners.In2014/2015,nearly18%populationwaspractisingopendefecationcomparedto23%in2011,anditisexpectedthatPunjabshallbeopendefecationfreeby2020.PATSfocusesonimprovingbehaviourandcreatingdemandsforsafelymanagedsanitationsystemsthatincludeappropriatesewerageandfaecalsludgemanagement.
FIGURE2:IMPROVEDSANITATION-INCOMEGROUPS
Thedataofimprovedsanitationdemonstratedthatonly24.7%ofthepoorestpopulation(lowestquintile)isusingimprovedsanitationascomparedto97%oftherichestpopulation(highestquintiles).Further,only33.8%ofHHsinurbanareasand49.1%inruralareasindicatedtheirflushconnectionwithseptictanks.Theaccesstoseweragesystemsis56.3%inurbanareasand4.1%inruralareasthatshowsnotonlyhugedisparitybutalsoindicatesanurgentcallforaction.Punjabcurrentlydoesnothaveanyfacilityforsewage/wastewatertreatmentexceptforoneinFaisalabad,resultinginmajordamagetopublichealth,environmentandproductivityofourcitiesanddownstreamagricultureareas.Investmentinthesefacilitiesisrequiredonaprioritybasis.
WASHSECTORFINANCINGDespitemanyotherdevelopmentprioritiesandemergencyresponsesinlastfewyears,theGovernmentofPunjabhassteadilybeenincreasingitsinvestmentsonwatersupplyandsanitation.Theinvestmenttrendsshowathree-foldincreasefromPKR9billionin2009-10toPKR26billionin2015-16excludingPKRs10billionspentonSaafPaniduring2015-2016.
FIGURE3:INVESTMENTTRENDSFROM2010TO2016
Inlastfewyears,GovernmentofPunjabrealizedthesignificanceofstrategicinvestmentonsanitation.During2015-2016,66%oftotalWASHbudgetwithoutSaafPaniCompanywasspentonsanitationwhilethisratiowaslessthan30%in2013-2014.HoweverevenwithadditionofSaafPaniCompany,theshareofsanitationis48%indicatinggreaterownershipbypoliticalleadership.Similarly,theshareofspendinginruralareasincreasedi.e.,around48%oftotalWASHbudgetisbeingspentinruralareas
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TABLE1:WASHSPENDING2015-2016Expenses Urban-PKR
BillionRural-PKRBillion
Total
Water Sanitation Water Sanitation
ActualWithoutSaafPani
5.93 13.03 2.95 4.03 25.95
23% 50% 11% 16% 100%
ActualwithSaafPani
5.93 13.03 13.1 4.03 36.03
16% 36% 36% 11% 100%
Thereisgrowingemphasisonwaterquality,evidentfromspendingofPKRs10billiononwaterfiltrationplantsduring2015-2016inruralareasofPunjab.ThisspendingwillbeincreasingincomingyearsbutstillshareofWASHinprovincialbudgetissignificantlylowcomparedtoothersocialsectors.
Areviewof2015-2016budgetofPunjabindicatesthatexpendituresonwatersupplyandsanitationare1.75%comparedto8.3%onhealth,6.8%oneducationand3.7%onsocialprotection.
FIGURE4:PERCAPITAWASHSPENDING-DISTRICTS
ThoughthereissignificantprogressintermsofreducinginequitiesbetweenruralandurbanaswellaswaterandsanitationssectorattheprovinciallevelbuttherearesignificantdisparitiesbetweendistrictsintermsofWASHspendingforlastthreeyears.
TheaveragepercapitaspendingonWASHintheprovinceduringlastthreeyearsisPKRs264.
ThedistrictswithaveragespendinglessthanRs200percapitaareJhang,Muzaffargarh,Layyah,VehariandPakpattan.
SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTGOALSInSeptember2015,theworldadoptedtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)ascontinuityofMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs).TheSDGswereformallylaunchedinPakistaninOctober2015bytheMinistryofPlanning,DevelopmentandReforms.On19thFebruary2016,PakistanbecamethefirstcountryintheworldwhoseNationalAssemblypassedaunanimous
ResolutionadoptingSDGsAgendaasPakistan’sDevelopmentAgendai.e.,PakistanDevelopmentGoals(PDGs).TheSDGshaveseventeengoalswith169indicators.
TheGoal6ofSDGsis:ensureavailabilityandsustainablemanagementofwaterandsanitationforall.TheGoal6goesbeyondaccesstodrinkingwater,sanitationandhygieneandalsoaddressesthequalityandsustainabilityofwaterresources.AchievingthisGoal,whichiscriticalforthesurvivalofpeople,anditmeansexpandingcooperationamongstakeholdersandgarneringthesupportoflocalcommunitiesinimprovingwaterandsanitationmanagement.
SAFELYMANAGEDWATERSDG6.1:Achieveuniversalandequitableaccesstosafeandaffordabledrinkingwaterforall.Thisisdefinedaspopulationusingimproveddrinkingwatersource,whichis:i)Locatedonpremises;ii)Availablewhenneeded;iii)Andfreeoffaecaandprioritychemicalcontamination.
FIGURE5:SAFELYMANAGEDWATERPUNJAB
AsperJMP,ofthreeindicatorsofthesafelymanagedwater,thelowestindicatorswillbebaselineofthedefinedarea.Though90%populationhasaccesstoimprovedwater,around81%havewaterwithinpremisesanditisavailablewhenneeded.
ThePCRWR2015andPHEDwaterqualitymonitoringdataindicatedthataround35%populationhasaccesstosafedrinkingwater,whichisfreefromcontamination.Basedonthis,thecurrentbaseline/statusofsafelymanagedwaterinPunjabis35%.
SAFELYMANAGEDSANITATIONSDG6.2:Achieveaccesstoadequateandequitablesanitationandhygieneforallandendopendefecation,payingspecialattentiontotheneedsofwomenandgirlsandthoseinvulnerablesituations.Thisisdefinedaspopulationusinganimprovedsanitationfacility(includingahandwashingfacilitywithwaterandsoap)thatisnotsharedwithotherhouseholdsandwheretheexcretaaresafelydisposedin-situ/on-siteortransportedandtreatedoff-site.
0.00200.00400.00600.00800.001000.001200.001400.001600.00
Jhang
Muzaffargarh
Layyah
Vehari
Khanewal
Pakpattan
RahimYarKhan
Sialkot
Bhakkar
Sahiwal
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Hamizabad
DeraGhaziKhan
Bahawalpur
Rajanpur
Mianw
ali
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90%81%
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FIGURE6:SAFELYMANAGEDSANITATIONINPUNJAB
Around75%populationinPunjabhasimprovedsanitation,whichisnotsharedwithothers,andaround78%populationindicatedhandwashingwithsoap&water.Apparently,around51.5%HHsinPunjabareconnectedeitherwithseptictanksorsewerlines.Consideringthison-sitetreatment,Punjabprovincehasaround51.5%coverageofsafelymanagedsanitationathouseholdslevels.However,thereisnoreliabledatainformationabouteffectivefaecalsludgemanagementeitheron-siteoroff-site.AsperJMP,ofthreeindicatorsofthesafelymanagedsanitationservices,thelowestindicatorwillbebaselineofthedefinedarea.Socurrentbaseline/statusofsafelymanagedsanitationinPunjabcannotbesetatthisstage.
SDGINVESTMENTNEEDSTheinvestmentneedstoachieveSDGsofwaterandsanitationarebeingdefinedfortheprovince.TheWASHSectorDevelopmentPlan2014-2024identifiedthatannualPKR40billionwillberequiredfornext10yearstoreach85%populationforsafelymanageddrinkingwaterand65%populationforsafelymanagedsanitation.
FIGURE7:INVESTMENTNEEDSFORWATERAND
SANITATIONINPUNJAB
Theabovegraphdepictsannualamountoffundsincluding8%inflationthatisrequiredfornext10years.TheGovernmentofPunjabspentPKR36billionduringfinancialyear2015-2016.BasedontheSDGcostingtooldevelopedbyWorldBankandUNICEF,itisestimatedthatPakistanwillneedPKRs200billionannuallytomeetSDGtargetofwaterandsanitation,andthecalculationsforPunjabhavenotyetbeenmade.
RECOMMENDATION/WAYFORWARD1. TransformingthenewSDGdevelopment
frameworkintoanactionframeworkrequiresrevisioninexistingpolicies,resourcingtheSDG,redefiningmonitoringframeworkandrealigningthegovernancestructure.RevisionofdrinkingwaterpolicyandsanitationpolicyforalignmentwithSDGsisrecommended.
2. Reviewandrefinetheexistinglegislativeandoperationalframeworksrelatedtosafelymanagedwaterandsanitationservicesespeciallyaroundavailability,operationandmaintenance,tariffrationalizationincludingwatermetering,sludgemanagementandcommunityparticipation.
3. DeviseaformulafordistributionofWASHfundsatthedistrictandregional(divisional)levels.Thisformulashouldincludeweightageofpoverty,WASHaccessandgeographicalsizeofthedistrictsandshouldbebasedonnewlyagreedSDGsbaselinewiththreeyearsrollinginvestmentplans.
4. Institutionalizewaterqualityandwastewater/sewagetreatmentinallstagesofprojectplanning,developmentandexecutionforensuringaccessandavailabilityofsafewaterandsanitationservicesintheprovinces.
5. Communityawarenessandmobilizationshouldbeinitiatedforsafelymanagedwaterandsanitationserviceswithakeyemphasisondevelopingandimplementingcosteffectivetechniques/approachespreferablythroughpublicprivatepartnershipsandcommunityinvestmentmodels.
6. TheperiodicJointSectorReviewforWASHshouldbeinstitutionalized,bybringingdifferentstakeholderstogetherespeciallyseniorpoliticalleadership,withacommonperformancereviewframeworkandM&EforWASHaspertheSDGscriterion.TheGovernmentofPunjabshallcalculatetheSDGcostsforsafelymanagedwaterandsanitationservicesbyJuly2017.
REFERENCES1. PunjabWASSectorDevelopmentPlan2014-2024,P&D,
GovernmentofPunjab-20162. MultipleIndicatorsClusterSurvey2014,PunjabBureau
ofStatistics,GovernmentofPunjab3. PakistanDemographicHealthSurvey2012-2013,NIPS,
Islamabad4. SecondaryMICS2014AnalysisforWASH,HUD-PHED,
GovernmentofPunjab-20165. PunjabWASHBudgetAnalysis,2015-2016,HUD-PHED,
GovernmentofPunjab-20166. NationalWaterQualityMonitoringReport2014-2015,
PCRWR,GovernmentofPakistan7. PunjabWASHSectorStatusReport2016,HUD-PHED,
GovernmentofPunjab-2016
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