Socio 101 - Group 2 - Socialization.ppt

SOCIALIZATION

What is Socialization?

Socialization is the term sociologists use to describe the ways in which people learn to conform to their society’s norms, values, and roles.

How people learn to behave according to cultural norms—the way they learn their culture, makes possible the transmission of culture from one generation to the next.

When does Socialization Occur?

Socialization occurs throughout the lifetime as individuals learn new norms and new groups and situations.

NATURE VS. NURTURE

NATURE vs. NURTURE

NATURE

The nature position holds that

human behavior is the product of a person’s

heredity, which is determined at birth

and is thus beyond human control.

NURTURE

The nurture position argues that human beings are flexible and adoptable and that human behavior is determined by the learning and social contact that people experience as they mature.

CONCLUSION

Both nature and nurture play an important role in shaping an individual’s behavior.

The Significance of Socialization

necessary because of the lack of instincts

Impairing Development

Feral children- wild children or wolf children- Raised mostly by animals

Severely neglected children

Couldn’t talk Couldn’t interact with others No social skills Physically, mentally, emotionally,

and socially impaired

Creating Geniuses

Through specialized socialization Subjected to a very stimulating

environment Born with potential to be a genius

Realized through extraordinary socialization

Processes of Socialization

Jean Piaget A Swiss psychologist famous for

his studies of the intellectual growth of children and his influential theories of cognitive development.

Greatly emphasized the child’s active capability to make sense of the world.

Described several distinct stages of cognitive development during which children learn to think about themselves and their environment.

Stages of Cognitive Development

1. Sensorimotor2. Preoperational3. Concrete Operational4. Formal Operational5. Adult*

Sensorimotor

From birth up to about age two Using senses and bodily movements

to interact with the environment A child touches or feels an object using

the hands or the mouth Objects are not differentiated from

persons An infant is unaware that anything exists

outside his/her range of vision.

Pre-Operational Stage From age 2 to 7 Children are not yet able to use their

developing mental capabilities systematically.

Egocentric See things from their own perspective

Animistic Attribute human qualities to inanimate

objects

Concrete Operational Stage

From age 7 to 11 Children master abstract, logical

notions Able to perform simple intellectual

tasks Involving only visible, concrete objects

Less Egocentric

Formal Operational Stage

From age 11 to 15 Able to think and reason with highly

abstract concepts and hypothetical ideas

Depends in part on processes of schooling

Sigmund Freud

was an Austrian psychiatrist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for curing psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst

(6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939)

Personality Development

Sigmund Freud held that socialization is a process

characterized by the internal struggle between the biological components and the socio-cultural environment

held that personality consisted of three major systems namely: Id, ego, superego

ID is the biological component which

is the source of a number of drives and urges. It centers around the satisfaction of basic needs like food and sex and operates on the pleasure principle.

irrational

EGO is the mediator between the needs

of the individual and the world of reality and strives to delay tension until the suitable environment exist

controls the cognitive and intellectual processes

rational limits the id

SUPEREGO

the moral arm of personality representing the traditional rules, values, and ideals of society

is in continuous conflict between the id

moral conscience

Personality development undergoes different stages which show the unfolding of the sex instinct

5 Stages of Personality Development

Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Period Genital Stage

Oral Stage

birth to 1 year eating is the major source of

satisfaction frustration or overindulgence can lead

to overeating or alcoholism in adulthood

id is dominant

Anal Stage age 1 to 3 influencing factor is the toilet

training the result of fixation at this stage

are personalities who are grasping and stingy

learning self-control and self-dependence

Phallic Stage 3-6 years greatest source of pleasure comes

from the sex organs time when the child desires parents of

the opposite sex (Oedipus Complex and Electra Complex)

eventually, the child represents erotic desire toward the parent of the opposite sex and hostility for the parent of the same sex

Latency Period

6 years-Adolescence children turn their attention to

people outside their families like teachers and friends, and the erotic impulses are dormant

Genital Stage adolescence and beyond sexual impulses become active

again and the individual focuses on the opposite sex, looks around for a potential marriage partner and prepares for marriage and adult responsibilities

Criticisms to Freud’s Theory

focuses on inborn and unconscious behavior

too much stress on sex instincts does not have empirical

evidences

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective:

Developing Self-Image from Interactions

Development of the “SELF” the human infant is born helpless

and without a concept of “self” self emerges in the process of

socialization that is mediated by language

Development of the “SELF”

in learning to communicate symbolically, children begin to think about themselves and their behavior by reacting to how others respond to them

The concept of the "looking glass self" is undoubtedly his most famous, and is known and accepted by most psychologists and sociologists today. It expanded William James’ idea of self to include the capacity of reflection on its own behavior. Other people's views build, change and maintain our self-image; thus, there is an interaction between how we see ourselves and how others see us.

born in Ann Arbor, Michigan in September 7, 1864

LOOKING GLASS SELF

the ability of children to visualize themselves through the eyes of others, to imagine how they appear to others is the social self

others are a mirror reflecting our personal qualities

self-image we develop from the way others treat us

LOOKING GLASS SELF has three elements:

The imagination of how we appear to others

The imagination of the judgment of that appearance

Some sort of feeling, such as pride and mortification

George Herbert Mead An American philosopher

and social psychologist who offered a naturalistic account of the origin of the self and explained language, conception, perception, and thinking in terms of social behavior.

Gave attention mainly to how children learn to use the concepts of “I” and “me.”

Symbolic Interactionism

Emphasizes that interaction between human beings takes place through symbols and the interpretation of meanings.

Mead provided an account of the main phases of child development, giving particular attention to the emergence of a sense of self.


Preparatory Imitation

The child don’t understand the meaning of the interaction


Play Take on roles of significant

others People who have close ties to a

child Exerts a great influence on the

child


Game Stage Generalized others

People who do not have close ties to a child but who do influence the child’s internalization of the values of society

Complex


Parts of Personality Me

Internalized social values End result of socialization

I Spontaneous, Creative, and Impulsive

Both are complementary

Sociological Perspective on Socialization

Functionalist Perspective

Social Function socialization ensures the social order

(instillation of norms and values) Psychological Function

Psychological benefits parents get from taking care of their children

Economic Function Children learns to work for the economy

Conflict Perspective

Exploitation and Abuse of Children Adults have power over children Children become possession Parents decide what’s best for their

children

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective Developing Self-Image from Interactions

How children develop “self” Cooley

Looking Glass Self Mead

Taking roles of others Self-Concept Development

Preparatory Play Game

Parts of Personality Me I

Global Comparison of Socialization West

Play Strangers take care of children for

money when parents can’t Develops individualism

Socialized to be self-reliant at an early age

Global Comparison of Socialization

Non-West Work Extended family when parents can’t

leads to trust in others Pampered at an early age

develops a strong sense of security

Agents of Socialization

Agents of Socialization

Family School Peers Media

Family

Universality of “Family” Nuclear Family – father + mother +

offspring Three main propositions for the

universality of family Fact that everywhere, there’s a family Family as an expression of basic and

universal biological needs Nuclear family performs basic social

functions

Everywhere, there’s a family

Nuclear Family is a universal human grouping (Murdock)

However, some sociologists argue that the grouping is not universal, but it is the “family-like” qualities that are universal.

Family - an expression of needs

Sexual drives – manifestation of human need to reproduce

Nutrition and Protection from Natural and Social Dangers

Human Infants’ Dependence

Family has basic social functions According to Murdock, there are 4

Basic Functions of the Family Sexual Economic Reproduction (biologically, culturally) Educational

Family in the Industrialized Society A more isolated unit – conjugal or

nuclear unit Has lost or gained specialization on

some of its functions. Family, however, really lost its production role in the economy.

Egalitarian relationship between husband and wife and between parents and their children.

(1) A more isolated unit – conjugal or nuclear unit

Mainly happens after marriages Selection of kinship, depending on

several factors

(2) Has lost or gained specialization on some of its functions.

Econ. Function From producers and consumers to

consumption unit Sexual Function Talcott Parsons

Socialization of immature children (primary) Stabilization of adults

Large part of these are unplanned and non-deliberate

(3) Egalitarian relationship between husband and wife and between

parents and their children. She

An equal partner in decision making Enjoyment in sex Control of domestic resources

He Participates more in the public sphere of

domestic work The Children

Parents and children learn and socialize from each other

The Perspectives on Family

Functionalist Conjugally based and relatively

autonomous nuclear family is best suited to the needs of a mature industrial society.

Marxian Nuclear family is the main unit through

which the capitalist system reproduces itself.

Functionalist

Free mobility of labor Provides maximum opportunities for

advancement based upon personal strivings and skills

Provides an emotional counterpart to tensions generated by econ. Systems, large factories and impersonal offices

Provides the perpetuation of the values of individualism and independence

Marxian

Physical reproduction – providing new members for labor

Sexual Division of Labor Womens’ main sphere – household and housework

are the cheapest and most effective means of sustaining the male worker on a day-to-day basis

New members are socialized to accepting hierarchy and obedience, maintaining capitalism

Class maintenance thru inheritance of private property

School

Treated more impersonally than by family Fosters conformity Hidden curriculum

Patriotism Obey authority Values of teachers Gender roles

School

children learn the skills of interpersonal interaction

uniform indoctrination of youth in the culturally prescribed ways.

enhances skills and abilities

PEER GROUP

same age and similar interests not marginalized as with

parents teaches independence teaches social skills teaches value of friendship

Peer Group different tasks with peers and

family transmission of information with the decline of parental

authority, peer group becomes the role model and source of values and attitudes for the young

MASS MEDIA gives false expectations broadens experience portrayal of value system

Mass Media

Does watching violence lead to violent behavior? Some evidence supports it in children Not much known about adults Exposure linked to change in attitudes Not necessarily behavior

Creates consumers

Adult Socialization

Adult Socialization

Socialization is a lifelong process. Adult socialization often includes

learning new norms and values that are very different from those associated with the culture in which the person was raised.

Types of Socialization

Primary and Secondary Socialization Developmental Socialization Anticipatory Socialization Resocialization

Primary and Secondary Socialization

Primary socialization Takes place early in life occurs when a child learns the attitudes,

values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture


Secondary Socialization takes place throughout one's life, both as

a child and as one encounters new groups that require additional socialization.

refers to the process of learning what is appropriate behaviour as a member of a smaller group within the larger society

involves smaller changes


most social scientists tend to combine the two: basic or core identity of the individual

develops during primary socialization more specific changes occurring later -

secondary socialization - in response to the acquisition of new group memberships and roles and differently structured social situations.

Developmental Socialization

the process of learning behavior in a social institution or developing your social skills

provided by new experiences and relationships

learning to be more competent in playing their current role

Anticipatory Socialization

"rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships

Adoption of attitudes and values of a group to which one does not belong facilitating a move into that group easing the process of adjustment after

becoming a member of it

Resocialization

a sociological concept dealing with the process of mentally and emotionally "re-training" a person so that he or she can operate in an environment other than that which he or she is accustomed to Example: joining the military and its

reverse process

Resocialization

Resocialization institutions or Total institutions Goal: resocialization which radically

alters residents' personalities through deliberate manipulation of their environment

Mental institution as a total institution

Resocialization

Two-part process: Eroding the individual’s identity and

independence systematic attempt to build a different

personality or self Rewards and punishments

Resocialization

Institutionalization this negative outcome of total institution

prevents an individual from ever functioning effectively in the outside world again.

Resocialization

Resocialization is also evident in individuals who have never been "socialized" in the first place, or who have not been required to behave socially for an extended period of time. Feral children, inmates who have been in

solitary confinement

Resocialization

Voluntary Resocialization E.g. voluntarily joining the military

Socio 101 - Group 2 - Socialization.ppt

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