SOCIALLY EXCLUDED COMMUNTIES IN TAMILNADU & …
Transcript of SOCIALLY EXCLUDED COMMUNTIES IN TAMILNADU & …
InstItute of Human RIgHts advocacy and ReseaRcH
SOCIALLY EXCLUDED COMMUNTIES IN TAMILNADU
& PUDUCHERRY2019
MANUALSCAVENGERS
DOMESTICWORKERS
PEOPLE WITHDISABILITIES
RELIGIOUSMINORITIES
SEXUAL MINORITIES
TEXTILEWORKERS
FISHERS
URBAN POOR
IRULAR
REFUGEES
[email protected] www.hrf.net.in +918668091451
STATUS REPORTS ON
GenesisThe Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), globally launched in 2015 by the UN, has given space for civil society and socially excluded communities and vulnerable groups (SECs) to voice their concerns. This is made possible by making the SDG monitoring at national level implemented through partnerships and coordination between government, civil society, and other stakeholders. To make effective use of this unique opportunity, and to ensure that the ‘no one left behind’ mantra of SDGs are really addressed by the policy makers and donors, SDG Watch Tamil Nadu was launched on 25 September 2017 while India was still deciding the SDG national targets and indicators apart from global targets and indicators. Over 250 civil society organisations took part in the initial orientation rounds and in the more specific thematic discussions to deepen understanding of the purpose of SDGs and the global framework developed for monitoring national SDG progress. Most CSOs who participated were from SECs or were working closely with them.The SDG watch approach was conceived based on centre-staging the SECs - forming thematic groups for specific SECs - and not take SDG goal-wise approach. This allowed the process to ensure each of the thematic groups focused on all the relevant SDGs. At the second state level convention in September 2018, each of the working groups - fishers, children, women, people with disabilities, sexual minorities, urban poor, and labour, fleshed out the SDG framework from their perspective, and filled the secondary data available.MethodoloGyIt was decided to prepare status reports for a few themes to make effective multi-stakeholder engagement possible. The specific studies identified by each thematic group would collect primary data from a small sample. Field teams drawn from the community were trained in both quantitative and qualitative tools, data analysis, and preparation of the report. CEOs of the organisations were oriented in Chennai, covering the SDG framework, its use, and the purpose of preparing the status report which can help them voice their concern through identifying data gaps and presenting evidence based recommendations to the policymakers and other stakeholders.Two researchers from each of the 10 communities were trained. The training covered an understanding of their critical issues. These issues were mapped onto the SDG framework, and a questionnaire was developed. The data was captured using a mobile app. The questionnaires had a set of questions that were common to all communities, and some specific questions to each thematic group. The community researchers piloted the app with 10 households. The methodology used by the surveyors was to directly conduct the survey as they had built an equation with the community by working for their rights in the past. The surveyors explained the SDG perspective behind the questionnaire and conducted the survey. At the second training, based on the feedback, the app was further customised for each community. They went back for the field data collection from the rest of the 100 households. In some cases, the community researchers trained others in their organisation or community, and this larger team did the survey. Data was cross-verified by the HRF team, and clarified for consolidation.The third training was on focus group discussions (FGD) and report writing. The end product would be a status report of these 100 households, with a few recommendations. The third field visit by the community researchers for the FGDs, was also to verify queries on the data collected previously. During the field survey there was constant interaction between the community researchers and the HRF team. Once the data was collected, it was consolidated community/theme wise. Verification was an iterative process. This data was then mapped on to the SDG framework, and given back to the communities for drafting recommendations. These were then consolidated into this report.
story of the study
The study was a five month process, from the CEO meeting in July 2019 to the draft report release in November 2019. The report cards will be released at the annual SDG Watch Tamil Nadu state convention, and also nationally and internationally through appropriate civil society forums. These will be used by the communities for evidence based dialogue with the state.scope and challenGesThe primary purpose of the micro-studies is to identify those left behind, the processes that push them behind, and recommendations for inclusion to ensure that no one is left behind (TNVision 2023 and SDG2030). The government data is aggregated at much higher levels, therefore comparisons are difficult. The key methodology is household survey, but for the sexual minorities. It means that the findings are for the household status (for instance land ownership) and not individual (child, woman, etc) status.The sample size is not sufficient for comparison of some data - chief among them being maternal, infant, and child mortality. Here we only give the number in our survey. 4 on 100 cannot be compared to IMR as 4000% since IMR is calculated on incidence per 100,000 population. This data is representative of these 942 households in the 10 SECs. Some of the challenges faced were the use of the mobile app, especially on ease of use. Some were oninfrastructure, for instance access to PWD friendly rest-rooms and transportation in villages. Building trust in the short time, especially for the more ‘personal’ questions took time. Questions related to ownership title deeds were sensitive, particularly in urban poor and tribal settings. Not surprisingly, there was hesitation to talk about the exploitation/sexual harassment in their work place, especially for those in precarious employment such as domestic work, as it is their only source of income. acknowledGeMentsRESEARCHERS: The organisations and community researchers are the vanguard of this study. Women in textile work Rights Education And Development Centre (READ) Erode (R.Karuppusamy, P.Kavitha, S.Janaki), Domestic workers by National Domestic Workers Movement (ndwM) Chennai (Virgil D Samy, S.Valarmathi, S.Pushpa, Revathy, Manjula) Kanchipuram, Manual scavengers by Safai Karmachari Andolan (ska) (Deepthi Sukumar) and Nilam Trust (S. Arumugam) Madurai, Arunthathiyar Human Rights Forum (ahrf) (M.A.Dhar-mar, A.Sanmugam), Tuticorin and Virudhunagar, Urban poor by thozhamai Semmencheri (Kanchipuram) (A.Devaneyan, R.Ramya, K.Saranya), Irular Loyola Relief and Rehabilitation Services (lrrs) (Thiruvallur) (R.Jayakumar, D.Sunitha), pazhangudiyinar pathukappu sangam (Villupuram) (R.Murugappan, N.Kan-niyappan, S.Prakash) Persons with disabilities by Society for the Rights of all women with disability (sfrawd) Thiruvallur & Kanchipuram (V.Ganesan, P. Nataraj, S.S.Smitha, D.Gnanabharathi) Sexual minorities by sagotharan (Puducherry)(B.Hemavathy) & nirangal charitable trust (Delfina KS, Sivakumar TD) (Chennai), and the hrf team did the studies on Fishers (Kanchipuram), Refugees (Villupuram), and Muslims (Thiruvallur).KNOWLEDGE PARTNERS: Training and guidance was provided by Dr S Venkataraman(Sr. Advisor, SDGWatch TN), Prof Bernard D’Samy (LISTAR), and Siju Mathew (CCFC). Technical support for mobile data collection given by Citizen Consumer and Civic Action Group (CAG) (Vishnu Rao, Bharath). HRF TEAM: P Tamilarasi anchored the process from HRF, including developing the questionnaire and the mobile app, assisted by R.Roshan Sundhar, who helped clean cut the data. They and the entire team R.Anusha, M.Bhimraj, N. Chithra, Leah Moses, MS. Porkodi, R. Revathy, and C. Sakthivadivel, went for the field visits for data collection and FGDs. Leah Moses also designed the report.EDWiN
Trustee & Director (Programmes), HRF
HigHligHtsEach community is left behind - excluded - in its own way. Inclusion will need to specifically address these push out factors and processes, and engage to reverse these processes if we are to ensure inclusion. Some of the broad brush pushout processes are known - patriarchy, class, and caste - as also their impact on the well being of broad sections of the population. These micro-studies threw up some interesting insights at a more granular level - disaggregating government categories into the specific communities (Irular, rather than just scheduled tribe, Arundathiyar/manual scavengers rather than scheduled caste), and then identifying the pushout pattern.
Scheduled castes contribute 93% of the manual scavengers, 70% Textile workers, 64% Person with Disabilities, 55% Sexual minorities, 43% urban poor, 39% domestic workers) indicating that caste plays a major role to push the community backward and keep them behind. Of the 937 households (HH) from 9 communities SC - 39%, ST-21% , MBC- 20% (includes religious minorities and fishing community), BC - 8% and FC/OC -0.8% covered in this study.
• 80% (750/937) HH earning below 12000/month. (Average family size 4)
• Only 34% (253/756) (except fisher & urban poor) of households are having a job card under MGNREGA.
• 66% (157/253) of households paid Rs.100 to 150 wages/day though the government notified wage (2018-2019) is Rs.224.
• 8% (7 from PWDs & 1 from Muslim) (19/253) HH paid above Rs.200.
• 24% (35/142) of elderly people (Male 34%, Female 20%) benefited under old-age pension scheme.
• 14% (9/62) benefited under Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddy Widow Pension Scheme. 22.5% (14/62) have a widow certificate.
• 57% (77/134) of PWDs receive government pension for their disability.• 49% (49/100) of Transgender receive pension from the government.
• Mothers from 211 households applied for Maternity Benefit Scheme, of whom 74% (156/211) got the full amount. They spent 57% for medical expenses, 31% for other household expenses, 22.7% for food & nutrition, and 3.7% for repayment of loan from moneylenders.
• Child mortality: 57 (NMR-54%) Highest in Muslim community -15 (26%)
• 88% (751/855) household spend upto Rs.3000 per month for their medical expenses.
PoPulation coverage:
SDG 1 No Poverty:
SDG 2 Zero HuNGer:
SDG 3 : GooD HealtH & Well beiNG SDG 4 : Quality eDucatioN
39.0
21.0
20.0
11.0
8.0
SC
ST
MBC
Muslim
BC
FC/OC
Caste
2225
21
30
20
10
20
30
100 Days 75 - 100 Days 50 - 75 Days Below 50 0 days
% of working days in MNREGA
11.2
15
2420
9
16
PG
Degree
HSC
SSLC
Middle school
Elementary
Primary
Diploma
None
Highest educational attainment %
• The curriculum still portrays Fishers, Dalits, and Adivasis as less civilised. Women and sexual minorities are conspicuous by their absence in sciences and as pioneers (the exception being Avayar). Textbooks do not adequately promote inclusion or global citizenship. The present compulsory schooling up to grade 8 under right to education is insufficient for decent work. The TNVision 2023 target of graduation is better.
• 45.3% have passed middle school (grade 8) or less, and 16% haven’t attended any formal schooling.
• 66% not a member Self-Help Groups.• 1.2% (12/940) women participate in the
local government • 0.7% (6/855) of the household has
women entrepreneurs.• Women from 24% (209/855) households
are not allowed to take decisions pertaining to finance and marriage.
• Demonetisation and the blotched introduction of the goods and services tax (GST) has seen job destruction with over half a million jobs lost in 2017-18, and an unknown number in the auto recession of 2019. Tamil Nadu has the highest number of sewer deaths in the country, despite having no manual scavengers ‘officially’.
• 8.7% (75/855) of the children below 18 years are earning.
• 81% (690/855) of women have bank accounts, but only 9% (61/690) of them get subsidies or debit from the bank.
• In Women Textile Workers, 73% of women are recruited by the management without giving any contract, appointment letter, nor MoU.
• In Women Textile Workers, 7% of women faced harassment in the company.
• 31% of women workers are not aware of minimum wages, PF, ESI, overtime and list of holidays.
• 59% of women are working beyond 8 hours (above 12 hours - 3%, 10 to 12 hours - 31%, and 8 - 10 hours - 25%)
• 81% of women workers don’t know their PF number and do not get salary slips.
• Only 16% of women workers knew about internal committees, and only 13% (2/16) took part in these committees.
• Only 66% (564/855) of them have toilet in their household (except fishers & refugees)
• 64% (548/855) of the household do not have a proper sewage disposal facility.
• 83% (776/937) of the household use clean cooking fuel (LPG) (Except refugees)
• 86% (809/937) of the household from all communities (except Refugees) have access to electricity.
SDG 5 : GeNDer eQuality SDG 6 & 7: cleaN Water, SaNitatioN & eNerGy
SDG 8: DeceNt Work & ecoNomic GroWtH
SDG 9: iNNovatioN, iNDuStry & iNfraStructure
100
71
94
66
100
44
73
82
10095
100
86
0
25
50
75
100
Target 2030 India status TN status SECs
Toilet Fuel Electricity
100
83
112
57
100
33
47
3.2
0
25
50
75
100
125
Target value for 2030 India Status Tamil Nadu Status SECs
Mobile connection Internet subscriber
SDG 10: Reduced InequalIty SDG 11: SuStaInable cItIeS & communIteS
• Only 66% (564/855) of them have toilet in their household (except fishers & refugees)
• 64% (548/855) of the household do not have a proper sewage disposal facility.
• 83% (776/937) of the household use clean cooking fuel (LPG) (Except refugees)
• 86% (809/937) of the household from all communities (except Refugees) have access to electricity.
• 100% of the households previously stayed in central parts of Chennai city like T. Nagar, Anna Nagar, Besant Nagar, Tambaram, Avadi, Adyar, Mylapore, Mandaveli, etc.
• Only 2% of the urban poor have Patta to their houses. Others are living in ‘allotment houses’. The denial of clear title deeds to the urban poor by the government is detrimental to the health of the cities and communities.
• Slum clearance board has allotted houses to 92% of the urban poor. The remaining 8% are living on rent.
SDG 13 climate actioN: Despite several extreme weather events of increasing frequency and intensity, there does not seem to be a mitigation plan in place. Response is still ad hoc. In 2019 a state minister literally had to be rescued from the wrath of the community.SDG 14 life beloW Water: A ministry of fisheries was started only in 2019. The issues of the fishing communities are thus not addressed adequately. The fisherwomen are not covered by the welfare board since they are not recognised as workers.
SDG 16 Peace, JuStice, aND StroNG iNStitutioNS: Institutions are weak or non-existent in Tamil Nadu. It has no state commission for scheduled castes or scheduled tribes. The State Vigilance and Monitoring Committee (SVMC) under the SCs and STs (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, hasn’t met since 2013. The SVMC under the Prevention of Manual Scavenging Act has not met ever. The Transgender Welfare Board has not met since 2011. The Com-plaints Committees under the Prevention of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Act had to be consti-tuted only after a PIL by a CSO. Local government elections due in September 2016 are still not held. Tamil Nadu is highly intolerant of dissent, with even routine criticism of government being charged as sedition. Even the Supreme Court of India had to comment on it.
32.7
35.6
7
3.6
15.5
4.5Local Government
Community Leaders
Police
Court
Politicians
Ignore the situation
Others
0
25
50
75
100
Target value for 2030
India Status Tamil Nadu Status
SECs(except Fishers & Refugees)
SDG 17 PartNerSHiPS aND meaNS of verificatioN: Disaggregated community level data is hard to come by. The government does put out data at the aggregate level annually in the policy notes. How-ever, that is insufficient to identify those left behind. There is little partnership between the government and civil society to systematically reach the left behind and ensure that the targets are met and the goals attained.
SEXUALMINORITIESDespite positive traditions, sexual minorities have
been discriminated against and suffer some of the worst forms of violence. Violence against them has been normalised, making them vulnerable and prone to sexual harassment and violence even from partners. In India, discrimination is particularly severe towards trans-women who are members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes who often face the intersection of transphobia and casteism.
Pondicherrysc 55%st 9%bc 4%mbc 14%
20 Gram Panchayats
100households
80 town Panchayats
1437 Persons
Goal 1: end Poverty
• 94HHfamilyincomeisbelowRs.12000• Only3HHarehavingMNREGAjobcard• Only41%getthegovernmenttransgenderpension
scheme.
Goal 2: Zero hunGer
• 95%ofHHnotcoveredunderpublicdistributionsystem• Only1%oftheHHhasbenefitedfromPMAYbenefit
scheme(AffordableHousingSupport)• 6%oftheHouseholdavailedthegovernmentschemeof
freedistributionofmilchcows,goat&sheep,etc.,
29
37
7
27
0
10
20
30
40
Below 1000 1000-3000 3000-5000 Above 5000
Out of Pocket Expenditure on Health
Goal 3: Good health & Well BeinG
• 42%and41%oftheHHaresufferingfromDiarrhoeaandMalaria/Typhoidrespectively.
• 3%oftheHHhavePLHIV,and2%aresufferingfromheartrelateddiseases.
• 94%oftheHHhaveattendedtrainingon
sexualandreproductivehealthrights.• 92%oftheHH
donothavegoodresponseorexperienceinthehospitals.
• 92%oftheHHareawareofwomenself-helpgroup,butonly43%haveemembership.Amongthe43members,only1%isabletoattainleadershippositionfortheirgroup.• 2%HHispartofthelocal• governmentdecision-makingbody.(aspanchayatpresident)• 1%-Entrepreneurs• 74%arehavingbankaccountandnobody
hasreceivedsubsidyfromthegovernmentnorloanfromthebank.
• 33%oftheHHarenotpartofacademics,media,and/orcorporate.
9
21
14
103
6
37
Degree
HSC
SSLC
Middle School
Primary School
Diploma/Poly/ITI
None
Highest Educational Attainment in the Household
Goal 4: Quality education
Goal 5: Gender eQuality
Goal 6: clean Water and SanitationGoal 7: affordaBle and clean enerGy
100
71.8
93.889
100
44
73
96100
94.5100
95
0
25
50
75
100
Target 2030 India status TN status Transgender
Toilet
Fuel
Electricity
toilet, fuel and electricity facilities100
71.8
93.889
100
44
73
96100
94.5100
95
0
25
50
75
100
Target 2030 India status TN status Transgender
Toilet
Fuel
Electricity
SEXUALMINORITIES
Goal 8: decent Work & economic GroWth
Goal 9: induStry, innovation and infraStructure
Goal 10: reduced ineQualitieS
recommendationS
Goal 16: Peace, JuStice & StronG inStitutionS
71.0%
18.0%
5.0%
Begging
Sex Work
NGO/CGO
Private
Own Business
Type of occupation
100
82.97
111.73
44
100
33.4747.34
20
25
50
75
100
125
Target value for 2030 India Status Tamil Nadu Status Transgender
Mobile connection
Internet subscriber
mobile and internet subscriber density
11.0%
88.0%
Own Rent Orphanage
Type of House
54
36
1 05 4
0
20
40
60
Local Govt Community Politicians Court Ignoring Problem Police
Grievance redressal mechanism
• 64%oftheHHfacedsexualviolencewhentheywereachild.
• 41%facedviolenceduetotheirgenderidentity(Trans-women).• 66%ofthemcouldnotaccesspoliceagainstthisviolence.• 3%facedcasesreported/registeredintothepolicestation.
(1physicalassault,1theftand1forotheroffences)• 41%ofthemfacedpoliceharassment.• 36%oftheHHseekaidfromcommunityleaders,when
thereisnon-receptivebehaviorfromthelocalgovernment.
• Thegovernmentmustensureequalemploymentopportunitiesfor
trans-womenthatincludedecentworkplacewithequalwagesandzerotoleranceforharassmentanddiscrimination.• Trans-womenshouldgetaquota
inalleducationalinstitutionsandinemployment.
• Thegovernmentmusttakestringentactionagainstoldagehomeswhodenyentrytoordiscriminateagainsttrans-women(above60years)whoneedsupport.
• Reconstituteandmakeeffectivethetransgenderwelfareboardasthesexualminoritieswelfareboard.
RESEARCHPARTNERS
PEOPLE WITHDISABILITIES
In India there are around 26.8 million persons with disabilities (PWD), constituting 2.21% of India’s total population (census of India, 2011). Disability rights activists and academicians working on disability issues, suggest that it is between 40 and 80 million, making it one of the countries with the highest num-ber of PWD, globally. The number of persons with disabilities is highest in the age group 10-19 years (4.62 million).
• 66%(14/25)ofchildrennotabletoaccessclassrooms,toiletsandotherfacilitiesintheirschools.
• 72%(18/25)HHreportedthattherearenobooks/audionotesavailableintheirchildren’sschoollibrary.
• 84%(21/25)childrennotabletogetscribestowritetheirexamseasily.
• 8%(2/25)childrenhavebeenrejectedbyamainstreamschoolcitingdisability.• 37%ofmotherinHHneverreceivededucation• 0%childrenadmittedinprivateschoolsunder
RTEAct(25%reservation)• 12%(3/25)oftheparentsexperiencedinschool
managementcommittees(SMCs)• 3childrenavailedpostmatricscholarship.• 82%HHnotawareoftheincentivegiventogirl
childfromruralarea.
Thiruvallursc 64%st 2%bc 19%mbc 15%
Kanchipuram
87 Gram Panchayats
100households
13 town Panchayats
363 Persons
Goal 1: End povErTy
Goal 2: ZEro hunGEr Goal 3: Good hEalTh and WEll BEinG
Goal 4: QualiTy EducaTion
• 92HHfamilyincomeisbelowRs.12000• 58HH(63%)hasMNREGAjobcard• 37%personswithdisabilityaredeprivedofthegovernmentdisabilitypensionscheme
• Only90%oftheapplicantsgotfullamountunderDr.MuthulakshmiMaternityBenefitScheme,inwhichthewholeamountspentfortheirmedicalexpenses.
• Childmortalityinthiscommunityis9 • 66%HHnotsoughtAntenatalcareduringpregnancy.• Mothersin8HHdiedduringdelivery.• 12%HHreportednoICDSintheirvillage.• 47%arenotcoveredunderChiefMinisterHealth
InsuranceScheme
• 94%household(HH)coveredunderpublicdistributionsystem• 88%HHpossessownhouseinwhich77%have
titledeed• Only8%oftheHHhasbenefitedfromPMAY
benefitscheme(AffordableHousingSupport)• OnlyoneHHavailedthegovernmentschemeof
freedistributionofMilchcows,Goat&Sheep,etc.,
researchpartners
out of Pocket exPenditure on health
• Womenfrom44HHnottakingpartinwomenself-helpgroup.
• 97%(144/148)ofeligiblewomennever participatedintheirgramsabhameetings. (4=1-Wardmember,3-GramSabhamember)
• 0%-Womenentrepreneurs• 82%womenareallowedtotakedecisionson
financial&marriagerelatedmatters.• 68%arehavingbankaccountandonly11%ofthem
haveloanfromtheirbank.• 22%ofwomenwithadisabilityinHHgotmarried.
• 12%ofHH-childrenbelow18yearsareearning• Only1%ofHHhastakenupentrepreneurship• Onlymembersfrom5householdstatedthatthey
arereceivingwageslikeothers.
• 61%ofhouseholddependsontapwaterthroughborewell.
• 51%arenothavingpropersewagedisposalfacility.
• 4%childmarriagerecorded(Womenage15-19yearswhowerealreadymothers/pregnant/
married(before18)atthetimeofthissurvey)• 1%hadcasesreported/registeredinthepolice
station.• 0%facedpoliceharassment.• 1%householdbeendeniedentryinaplaceof
worship(Verbalthreat-1)• Frequenttransfersofofficialsweakensthegovernmentresponsiveness.• 27%ChildBirthshavebeenregistered.
• Caretakersshouldbeavailabletohelpchildrenwithlocomotordisability(LD)fromthemainroadtotheirrespectiveclassrooms.Thosewholivemorethan3Kmoftheschoolshouldbeprovidedtransport.• Specialattentiontothemintheclassroomandteaching
process,withspeciallytrainedteachersandfreeafter-schoolcoaching.• Accessibleinfrastructure-lowbenches,westernrestrooms,
libraries-shouldbemadeavailable.• Giveextratimeduringexaminationsincludinginquarterly
andtermexams.• Discontinuethepracticeofmarkingthempresentonall
daysirrespectiveofactualattendance.• MultimediaeducationalactivitiesthroughTV,radioandothervisualmodesshouldbeusedbyallchildren.• Ensurechildrenwithdisabilitiescanparticipateinsports,
gamesandschooltours.
PEOPLE WITHDISABILITIES
Goal 5: GEndEr EQualiTy
Goal 8: dEcEnT WorK & Economic GroWTh
Goal 9: indusTry, innovaTion & infrasTrucTurE
Goal 10: rEducEd inEQualiTiEs
Goal 16: pEacE & JusTicE insTiTuTions rEcommEndaTions
Goal 6: clEan WaTEr and saniTaTion
Goal 7: affordaBlE and clEan EnErGy
10082.97
111.73
54
100
33.4747.34
6
0
25
50
75
100
125
Target value
for 2030
India Status
Tamil Nadu Status
PWDs
Mobile connection
Internet subscriber
1
88
72 1
Temple/Mosque/Church
Own
Rent
Road side/ pavement
Shelther home
Railyway station/ Bus terminal
dwellinG Place
mobile and internet
subscriber density
toilet, fuel and
electricity facilities
MUSLIMS
Muslims make up 14.2% of the population of India and 5.86% of the population of Tamil Nadu (Census of India 2011). They are socially and economically backward compared to adherents of other faiths (Sachar Committee Report). They have been othered since the 1947 partition, and therefore bear the brunt of communal violence even today. They are stereotyped as criminals in popular lore, and ghettoised, in a vicious cycle.
• Lessthan1%(2/202)ofchildrenadmittedinprivateschoolsunderRTEAct(25%reservation)
• Only3%oftheparentsaretakingpartinschoolSMCs.• Only5childrenavailedpostmatricscholarshipfromthis101HH.
• Womenfrom66HH(66%)nottakingpartinwomenselfhelpgroup.
• 98%(145/148)ofeligiblewomenneverparticipatedintheirgramsabhameetings.
• 2%-Womenentrepreneurs• 50%womenarenotallowedtotakedecisionsrelatedto
financeandmarriage.• 94%arehavingbankaccountandonly16%aretakingloan
fromtheirbank.
Thiruvallurbc muslim 100%
1 Gram Panchayats
101households
531 Persons
Goal 2: Zero hunGer
Goal 1: end PoverTy
Goal 3: Good healTh and Well BeinG
Goal 4: QualiTy educaTion
Goal 5: Gender eQualiTy
• 68HHfamilyincomeisbelowRs.12000• 73HH(73%)hasMNREGAjobcard.• 78%(21/27)seniorcitizenshavenotbenefited
undergovernmentoldagepensionscheme.• 79%(15/19)widowsaredeprivedofthe
govenmentwidowpensionscheme.
• Only58%gotfullamountunderDr.MuthulakshmiMaternityBenefitScheme,inwhich58%(25HH)oftheamountspentonotherHHexpensesratherthanspendingformotherandchildhealthcare.
• Childmortalityinthiscommunityis20
• 37%notundergoneantenatalcare.
• 77%HHreportednoICDSintheirvillage.
• 47%arenotcoveredunderChiefMinister’sHealthInsuranceScheme.
• 95%HHpossessownhouseinwhich46.3%don’thavetitledeed.
• Only9%oftheHHhasbenefitedfromPMAYbenefitscheme(AffordableHousingSupport)
• NoneoftheHHbenefitedfromfreelivestockdistribution.
4
13
16
19
13
10
Degree
HSC
SSLC
Middle school
Elementary
Polytech/ITI
None
Highest Educational Attainment by the Children
researchpartners
MUSLIMS
Goal 9: indusTry, innovaTion & infrasTrucTure
recommendaTions:
Goal 8: decenT Work & economic GroWTh
Goal 6: clean WaTer & saniTaTionGoal 7: affordaBle & clean enerGy
Goal 16: Peace & JusTice sTronG insTiTuTions
• 5%(10/202)childrenbelow18yearsare• earning.• 8%oftheHHtakenupentrepreneurship.• 4%HHgotTNgovtaidtosetupstartup/
ownbusiness.
• 57%childmarriagerecorded(Womenage15-19yearswhowerealreadymothers/pregnant/married(before18)atthetimeofthissurvey)
• 3%(6/202)ofchildrenbelow18yearsfacedviolenceagainstthem.67%oftheincidentsarerelatedtophysicalviolenceand33%relatedtosexualviolence.
• Nearly85%arenotabletogetsolutionfromtheirlocalgovernmentsystemanddependontheircommunityleaders(68%),police(1%),and16%ofthemignorethesituation/problem.
• Providepotablewater.Womencouldnotuseborewaterbecausethesurfaceisrockyastheylivenearthemountain.
• Startahighschoolinthevicinity,andensurethatgirlsattendatleastuptotheageof18.Theabsenceisamajorreasonforchildmarriage,childlabour(includingbondedlabour),stonebreaking,andmigrationtoKeralaorAndhraPradeshwheretheyworkasin-housemaids.Somefacesexualharassmentandexploitationoflabour.
• Startremedialclassesforchildren.Childrenstudyinginsixthorseventhgradeareunabletoevenwritetheirnamesproperly.Theylagbehindandeventuallydropout.Insomecases,note-bookandotherstudymaterialexpensesarethecauseofdrop-outs.
• Havefocussedprogrammesforthe empowermentofwomen.
100
71.8
93.87
61
100
43.8
73
87
10094.57
100
89
0
25
50
75
100
Target value for 2030 India Status Tamil Nadu Status Muslim
Toilet Fuel Electricity
Toilet, Fuel, Electricity
100
82.97
111.73
88
100
33.47
47.34
9
0
25
50
75
100
125
Target value for 2030 India Status Tamil Nadu Status Muslim
Mobile usage Internet connection
Mobile usage and Internet connection
15
68
1 16
0
20
40
60
80
Local govt Community Police Ignoring problem
Grievance Redressal Mechanism
100
88.3
100
47
0
25
50
75
100
Target value for 2030 India Status Tamil Nadu Status Muslim
IRULAR
The Irulas were hunters and gatherers residing in Kanchipuram, Nilgiris and Villupuram districts of Tamil Nadu. They are classified as one of the 75 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) of India for their pre-agriculture level of technology, stagnant population, extremely low literacy and subsistence economy. They used to collect wild fruits, herbs and roots as subsistence food. They are subjected to atrocities from the dominant commu-nities. The atrocities against Scheduled Tribes are increasing from 6270 (2015) to 6556 (2016) to 7114 (2017).
Thiruvallur
villupuramvellore
st 100%
148 Gram Panchayats
150households
2 town Panchayats
578 Persons
Goal 1: end poverTy• MonthlyincomeofallfamilyHHisbelowRs.12000(150
HH)• 42HH(28%)hasMGNREGAjobcard.• 85%(22/26)ofseniorcitizenshavenotbenefitedunder
thegovernmentoldagepensionscheme.• 75%(6/8)widowsaredeprivedofthegovernmentwidow
pension.• 84%ofthemreceivewagesfromRs.100to150under
MGNREGA,thoughthegovernmentnotifiedwageisRs.224(2018–2019)
136
113 0
0
50
100
150
Below 1000 1000-3000 3000-5000 Above 5000
Out of pocket expenditure on health
Goal 3: Good healTh & Well BeinG• Only21%oftheapplicantsreceivedfullamountunder
Dr.MuthulakshmiMaternityBenefitScheme,63%spentitonotherhouseholdexpensesratherspendingformotherandchildhealthcare.
• Childmortality-1• 63%ofHHdidnottakeAntenatalcare.• 37%ofthemreportednoICDSintheirvillage.• 89%ofthemarenotcoveredunderCMHealth• InsuranceScheme.
• Womenfrom113HHoutof150(75%)arenottakingpartinwomen’sSelfHelpGroup.
• 87%ofeligiblewomenhaveneverparticipatedintheirGramSabhaMeetings.
• Nowomenentrepreneurs.• 50%womenarenotallowedtotake
decisionsregardingfinancesandmarriage.• Only61%ofwomenhavebankaccounts.
• NochildrengotadmittedinprivateschoolsunderRTEAct(25%reservation)
• Only1%oftheparentsaretakingpartinSchoolManagementCommittees
• Outof100HH,22HHhavechildrenbelow14yearsasschooldropouts.
• Outof150HH,only5%(7HH)availedpostmatricscholarship.
• Therearenograduates.
• Outof150HH,only32possessownhouseinwhich79%ofthemdon’thavetitledeed.
• Outof150HH,only5%benefitedfromPMAYbenefitscheme(AffordableHousingSupport)
• Only1%ofHHhasavailedfreedistributionoflivestock
Goal 4: QualiTy educaTion
Goal 2: Zero hunGer
Goal 5: Gender eQualiTyGoal 6: clean WaTer and SaniTaTionGoal 7: affordaBle and clean enerGy
100
71.8
93.8
22
100
44
73
44
10094.5
100
55
0
25
50
75
100
Target 2030 India status TN status Tribes
Toilet Fuel Electricity
toilet, fuel and electricity facilities
19.0%
27.0%54.0%
75-100
50-75
Below 50
No of Working days
IRULAR
Goal 8: decenT Work & economic GroWTh
Goal 9: induSTry, innovaTion and infraSTrucTure
recommendaTionS Goal 16: peace and JuSTice STronG inSTiTuTionS
100
82.97
111.73
3
100
33.47
47.34
00
25
50
75
100
125
Target value for 2030 India Status Tamil Nadu Status Tribes
Mobile connection Internet subscriber
mobile and internet subscriber density
• 3%ChildMarriagerecorded(Womenaged15
-19yearswhowerealreadymothers/pregnant/
married(below18)atthetimeofthissurvey.
• 2%(4/243)childrenbelow18yearsareearning.
• Only1%oftheHHhastakenupentrepreneurship.
• NoneoftheHHgotTNgovernmentaidto setup/startupownbusiness.
• Identifyanddistributelandwithnecessarylegaltitledeeds.Thereshouldbenoevictions.
• Communitycertificatesshouldbegiventoallchildrenfromtheirschool.
• Allreservedjobsmustbefilledattheearliest.
• TheCensusofIndiamustenumerateallIrular,withoutleavinganyofthemout.
• Theyshouldgetallsocialsecurityschemes(pensionsandrations),especiallyelderwomen.ThePMAYhouseshouldbeincreasedto300sq.ftandthefinancialaidto5lakhrupees.
• TheScheduledCastesandTribes(PreventionofAtrocities)Act,1989andTheBondedLabourSystem(Abolition)Act,1976mustbefullyimplemented.
• Sub-plansrelatedtoScheduledTribesmustbeframed,implementedandreviewedbythepeopleofthesamecommunity.
• ScheduledTribeslanguage,traditionandculturemustbeprotectedandpreservedbythegovernmentbyallocatingaseparatebudgetforthesame.
RESEARCHPARTNERS
100
88.3
100
18
0
25
50
75
100
Target value for 2030
India Status Tamil Nadu Status
Tribes
MANUAL SCAVENGERS
Goal 1: End PovErty
Goal 2: ZEro HunGErGoal 3: Good HEaltH & WEll BEinG
Goal 5: GEndEr Equality
Goal 4: quality Education
11.0%
17.0%
28.0%
44.0%
100
75-100
50-75
Below 50
No of Working Days
58
30
11 1
0
20
40
60
Below 1000 1000-3000 3000-5000 Above 5000
4.0%
18.0%
16.0%
25.0%
20.0%
11.0%
5.0%
Post Degree
Degree
HSC
SSLC
Middle School
Elementary
Polytech/ITI
None
Highest Educational Attainment in the household
• 38%ofmothersinHHneverreceivededucation
• Nochildrenadmittedinprivateschoolsun-derRTEAct(25%reservation)
• Noneoftheparentsaremembersoftheirchild’sschoolmanagementcommittee.
• Noschooldropoutamongchildren(below14years).
• Childmortality-2
• 21(11female&6male)HHarehavingpeopleabove60years.Amongthisonly11arebenefitedunderoldagepensionscheme.(2female9male)
• 98%ofHHiscoveredunderPDS.• 71%ofHHhastoiletfacilities.• 74%ofHHgotnoaccesstoanyofthe
government’sbasicschemes(SwachhBharat,PMAY&Ujjwalaschemegascylinder/cook-stovebenefit),
• NoonebenefitedunderAnimalHusbandryschemes(freeDistributionofMilchCows,freeDistributionofGoat&Sheep,etc.)
Here,alltheMGNREGAworkersreceivewagesfromRs.100to150,thoughthegovernmentnotifiedwageisRs.224(2018-2019)
• Only66%ofHHhasawarenessaboutwomen self-helpgroupand31%havemembership.
• Nowomanispartofthelocalgovernmentdecision-makingbody.
• 0%-Womenentrepreneurs• Decisionmaking:29%ofwomenarenotallowedto
takeanydecision.• 86%ofwomenarehavingbankaccountsandonly9%
havetakenloanfromtheirbank.
RESEARCHPARTNERS
The Safaikarmacharis (manual scavengers) have been facing generations and centuries of caste based discrimination and exclu-sion. This situation is still continuing. It is apparent from the study findings on the SDG indicators, that the safaikarmacharis are still being excluded and discriminated. Though the country has made many laws and schemes since 1993, for their liberation and rehabilitation, the conditions are still dismal. This study has proved that the safa-ikarmacharis have not been able to access the due rights and entitlements.
tuticorin
Madurai
virudHunaGar
31 Gram Panchayats
61 town Panchayats
100households
445 Persons
sc 93% st 4% bc 1% mbc 1% oc/fc 0%
out of Pocket exPenditure on health
MANUAL SCAVENGERS
• 24%(11/45)childrenbelow18yearsareearning.
• 2HHhastakenupentrepreneurship(1%ofthemreceivedTNgovtaidtosetup/startupownbusiness.
• 6%childmarriagesrecorded(Womenage15-19yearswhowerealreadymothers/pregnant/married(before18)atthetimeofthissurvey)
• 3HHhadfacedpolicecases(2–PhysicalAssaultand1–Otheroffences).
• 1HHfacedpoliceharassment.• Percentageofbirthsregistered-48
• Governmentandcivilsocietyinstitutionsmust1)acknowledgeandrecognizethehistoricalinjusticeanddiscriminationofaparticularcommunity,2)takestepstoreleaseeverylastwoman,manandchildfromtheuncleanoccupationand 3)correctthewrongsandprovidedecentworktothiscommunity.
• TheProhibitionofEmploymentas ManualScavengersandtheirRehabilitationAct(PEMSRA)2013mustbeimplementedinletterandinspiritandensurethatthemanualscaven-gersareempoweredtoaccesstheirrightsanden-titlements,especiallyliberationandrehabilitationincludingidentification,dignifiednonscavenginglivelihoods,education,health,housingandpension.
• ThestatemonitoringcommitteefortheActunderthechairmanshipoftheChiefMinistermusttakeitsrolemoreseriouslyandensurethestrictimplementationoftheActtoprovidedecentworkoftheirchoicetoallmanualscavengers.
•
Goal 6: clEan WatEr & SanitationGoal 7: affordaBlE & clEan EnErGy Goal 8: dEcEnt Work &
EconoMic GroWtH
Goal 9: induStry, innovation & infraStructurE
Goal 16: PEacE, JuSticE & StronG inStitutionS
rEcoMMEndationS:
Goal 10: rEducEd inEqualitiES
100
82.97
111.73
89100
33.4747.34
10
25
50
75
100
125
Target value for 2030 India Status Tamil Nadu Status Manual Scavengers
Mobile
Internet
60.0%
39.0%
Slum
Own
Rent
Type of House
100
71.8
93.8
71
100
44
73
92100
94.5100 98
0
25
50
75
100
Target 2030 India status TN status Manual Scavengers
Toilet
Fuel
Electricity
URBAN POOR
Tamil Nadu is the most urbanised (48.3%) major state in India (Census of India 2011). 29% of Chennai lived in slums in 2011. The lack of clear title deeds devalues the above par provision of housing. Water mismanagement has led to a water crisis in 2019. Evictions in the middle of the academic year without notice are not unknown. Being employed primarily in the precarious economy, the urban poor are disadvantaged from all sides.
• 24%ofmothersand16%offathersinHHhavenotgonetoschool
• 2%childrenadmittedinprivateschoolsunderRTEAct(25%reservation)
• 2%oftheparentsaremembersoftheirchild’sschoolSMCcommittee.
• 3childrenavailedpostmatricscholarship• Only3%havegraduated
sc 43%st 6%bc 14%mbc 35%oc/fc 1%
Kanchipuram
99households
99 town Panchayats
397Persons
Goal 1: End povErty
Goal 2: ZEro hunGEr
Goal 3: Good hEalth and WEll BEinG
Goal 4: Quality Education
• MajorsourceofincomeearnedbyMen72%,Women27%
• 74HHfamilyincomeisbelowRs.12000• 82%(9/11)ofseniorcitizensarenotcovered
underthegovernmentoldagepension.• 90%(9/10)widowsaredeprivedofthe
governmentwidowpensionscheme.Only2ofthemcouldgetwidowcertificateand 1benefitedunderwidowpensionscheme.
• Only63%oftheapplicantsgotfullamountunderDr.MuthulakshmiMaternityBenefitScheme.
• Childmortality-3• 47%HHdidnotseekantenatalcareduring
pregnancy.Themotherinonehouseholddiedduringdelivery.
• 30%arenotcoveredunderChiefMinister’sHealthInsuranceScheme
researchpartners
80
19 0 00
20
40
60
80
Below 1000 1000-3000 3000-5000 Above 5000
Out of Pocket Expenditure on Health
3
7
2025
8
Degree
HSC
SSLC
Middle School
Elementary
Highest Education Attained by the Children
URBAN POOR
• Womenfrom76HHdonottakepartinwomen’sself-helpgroup.
• ·Only3%ofwomenintheHHarepartoftheurbangovernmentdecision-makingbody (1–Municipalcouncilor,2–TownPanchayat,Chairman).
• ·2%-Womenentrepreneurs• ·47%womennotallowedtotakedecisionsrelated
tofinancial&marriagematters.• ·86%havebankaccountbutonly12%havetaken
loansfromthebank.• ·52%ofhousesallottedinthenameofadult
women.
• 1%childrenbelow18yearsareearning• 3%oftheHHtakenupentrepreneurship.• 95%ofthemworkintheunorganizedsector.• Only5%oftheworkershavevalidIDcard
fromthewelfareboard.• Duetoeviction,81%ofthemaretravelling
morethan10kms/dayforwork• ·65%ofHHdon’thaveworkforboth
spouses.
• 97%ofHHdependsonmunicipalcorporationfor drinkingwater.
• 57%donothavepropersewagedisposalfacility.
• 4%ofchildrenbelow18yearsfacedviolence.50%oftheincidentsoccurredinapublicplace.
• 9%childmarriagerecorded(Womenage15-19yearswhowerealreadymothers/pregnant/married(before18)atthetimeofthissurvey)
• 16HHhadinter-castemarriageandnoneofthemgotbenefitsunderDr.MuthulakshmiReddy NinaivuInter-CasteMarriageAssistanceScheme.
• 19%(3/16)facedviolenceduetointercastemarriageandtheyhadaccesstopolice/safeplace.
• 3HHhadfacedcasesreported/registeredinthepolicestation.(2physicalassaultand1forotheroffences)
• 7HHfacedpoliceharassment.• Nearly95%arenotabletogetredressfromtheir
localgovernmentsystemandtheyare dependingontheircommunityleaders(10%),po-lice(33%),Ignoringthesituation(16%),politicians(3%),others(31%)andonly2%areapproachingjudicialsystem.
• 54%ofbirthsregistered.
• Produceawhitepaperonthestatusofrelocated communities.
• DistributethePanchamilandlocatedinChennaicityanditssurroundingareastodeserving(homeless,belowpovertyline)Dalits.
• Evictionsmustcease.However,ifit’sinevitable,thepeoplemustberelocatedwithin3Kmoftheiroriginalresidence.
• Ensureadequateinfrastructure,governmentoffices,qualityschoolsandcolleges,andasingle-windowforinformationdisseminationandbasicneedsoftheurbanpoor.
• Leveragethescheduledcastesub-plan(SCSP)fortheirdevelopmentandlivelihood.
• Facilitateemploymentintheneighbourhood(publicandprivatesector).
• Implementthe‘TamilNaduSlumAreas(Improvement&Clearance)Act1971’inletterandspirit.
Goal 5: GEndEr EQuality
Goal 8: dEcEnt WorK & Economic GroWth
Goal 9: industry, innovation & infrastructurE
Goal 16: pEacE & JusticE institutions
rEcommEndations
Goal 6: clEan WatEr and sanitation
Goal 7: affordaBlE and clEan EnErGy
100
71.8
93.8
96100
44
73
9910094.5
100 99
0
25
50
75
100
Target 2030 India status TN status Urban Poor
Toilet Fuel Electricity
toilet, fuel and electricity faciities
10082.97
111.73
90100
33.4747.34 6
0
25
50
75
100
125
Target value for 2030 India Status Tamil Nadu Status Urban Poor
Mobile connection Internet subscriber
REFUGEES
MAJOR FINDINGS
1. Poverty• Theindividualsinterviewedweremostlyemployedindaily-wagesjoblikepainting,construction,
assistanceinsellingfish,andsales.• Thesecondgenerationrefugeeswhoarenowmarriedandhavefamiliesdonothaveahouse.
Thereexistsaproblemofovercrowding.• Theonlyfinancialschemethatisbeingaccessedbythepopulationisthemonthlydole(Rs.700
perchildandRs.1000peradult),whichtheysupplementwithotherincome.• Therefugeeshadreceivedlifeinsurancebenefitsandhouseholdgoodslikegascylinder,mixer,
stoveandTV.• Therefugeesreceivewidowpension,oldagepension,anddisabilitypension.
2. Zero Hunger• TheyhaveaccesstoPDS,andgetfreemonthlyrations.
3. good HealtH• ThechildrenreceiveimmunizationandothercarefacilitiesfromtheAuxillaryVillageNurse
(AVN)whovisitsthemregularly• Theresidentshaveaccesstonearbygovernmenthospital-PIMS[PondicherryInstituteofMedical
Sciences]• ThepopulationoftenfacesstiffproblemswiththeSCcommunitylivingneartheareaasthey
shareaburialground.Theyareforcedtoburnorburythedeadinthecampareaitself,whichisaseriousthreattotheirhealth.
• Theresidentscomplainedthatthereisheavyganjaabuseamongstadolescentboysintheagegroupof14-25residinginthecamp.
4. education• Thechildrenseemedtobedoingrelativelybetterintermsofeducation.Therearesomechildren
intherefugeecampwhoaregraduatesandthereisgoodawarenessabouttheimportanceofeducation.ManygirlchildrenpreferstudyingnursingandtheyreceivefinancialaidandguidancefromvariousCSOs.Theyareallenrolledinprivatecolleges.Thecollegeexpenseoftherefugeeparentsisoneofthehighestfinancialburdenstheyface.
• ThesupportinschooleducationunderthewelfareschemesoftheSchoolEducationDepart-ment,TamilNadutoprovideassistanceintheformoffinancialaidinschoolswaswithdrawnandlaterrestarted.Theysaidthattheydidnotreceiveanysuch benefitfortheirchildren.
• Theyhavenoaccesstopost-matricscholarships
5. gender equality• Thewomenareabletoparticipateequallyinthedecisionmakingprocessofthehousehold• ThereisnoconceptualawarenessaboutSHGandnoparticipationalsoasitisnotapplicableto
refugees.• Thereisnoskilldevelopmenttrainingsconductedtoenhancetheskillsoftherefugeepopulation
REFUGEES
6. Water• Thepopulationhasaccesstocleandrinkingwaterthroughborewellsystemshoweverthelack
ofdrainagesystemsposesaseriousthreattotheirsafety.• Thepopulationhasfunctionaltoiletswithprivacy.• Thereisnopracticeofopendefecationamongstthecommunity.• Theylackanundergroundsewagesystem.
7. clean energy• ThepopulationhasaccesstocleancookingfuellikeLPGgasstove.• Theyhaveaccesstoelectricityconnection.•8. decent Work• Thenatureofemploymentamongstthiscommunityismainlydaily-wagelabour(construction,
painting,etc).• Thereisagreaterdegreeofunemploymentamonggraduaterefugeechildren• Thefirstandsecondgenerationrefugeesfacediscriminationinworkplacewithrespecttothe
payscale.• Owingtotheirlackofcitizenship,refugeesareforcedtoworkforlonghourswithlesspay.• Theconstantscrutinyandrollcalltakenintherefugeecamphinderstheiremployment.• Peoplereportingofbeingharassedanddiscriminatedbasedethnicityandlanguage.
9. SuStainable citieS• Thehousespeopleliveinareextremelysmallwithasbestosroofs• Thelandonwhichthesesettlementsstandbelongtothegovernment• TheaccesstotechnologyislimitedtothefreeTVgivenbythegovernment• Basicmodelmobilephonesdonothaveinternetamongstthefirstgenerationrefugeewomen
andmen(somesecondandthirdgenerationrefugeechildrenhaveawarenessandaccesstoan-droidmobilephonesandinternet).
10. climate cHange• ThelocalbodieslikePanchayathavenotincorporatedanydisasterreductionmeasuresintheir
framework.• Therehavebeenfireandstormsthathaveaffectedthecampsadversely.
16. Peace, JuStice, and Strong inStitutionS• Thechildrenintheareafacemajorissueswithregardstotheirbirthregistration.Whenthe
fatherisIndian,Indiancitizenshipisgrantedafteraseriesoflegalprocedures.However,whenthesituationisreversedthechild’snationalityisnotregisteredasIndianinthebirthcertificate.TheparentsaredirectedtotheSriLankanDeputyHighCommissiontoregisterthechild’snationalityasSrilankan.Thistotallydependsonthemindframeoftheofficer-in-charge.
• Thepopulationhasgivencomplaintstopoliceforcertaincrimesbuttheyreportedthattheyweremostlyresolvedinout-of-courtproceedings.
recommendationS• Therefugeesmustbefacilitatedonapathwaytocitizenshiporreturn.Long-termuncertainty
shouldend.• Indiashouldhaveaclearpolicyonrefugees,andratifytheUNconvention.
DOMESTICWORKERS
The estimated number of domestic workers in India range from 4.2 million (official estimates) to more than 50 million (unofficial estimates). Girls and women make up the significant majority of domestic workers. Between 2000 and 2010, women accounted for 75 % of the increase in the total number of domestic workers in India. Domestic workers in India are dependent on their employers because they have no legal protection as workers under India’s labor laws, and no bargaining power due to their economic situa-tion, illiteracy and low-skills. They are one of the poorest and most exploited groups of workers in the country
• 77%HHhasawarenessaboutwomenself-helpgroupand40%aremembers.
• Nowomanispartofthelocalgovernmentdecision-makingbody.
• 1%-Womenentrepreneurs• 86%ofwomentakedecisionsrelatedtofinancial&marriage
matters.• 86%domesticworkersareawareofwomenempowerment.• 95%arehavingbankaccount,butonly9%havetakenloan
fromtheirbank.
Kanchipuramchennai
sc 39%st 1%bc 28%mbc 32%oc/fc 0%
60 Gram Panchayats
40 town Panchayats
100households
380 Persons
Goal 2: Zero hunGer
Goal 1: end poverty
Goal 3: Good health and Well BeinG
Goal 4: Quality education
Goal 5: Gender eQuality
• MajorsourceofhouseholdincomeearnedbyMen71%,Women28%,Children1%
• Themonthlyincomeof74HHisbelowRs.12000• Outof60HHonly2HH(3%)haveMNREGAjob
card.• Only17HHhavetheirownhouse.Amongthis
9HHhavingtitledeedsand8areonporambokeland(villagecommons)
• 65HHarelivinginslumsand18HHlivinginrentalhouses.
• 17(11female&6male)HHhavepeopleabove60years.Only4(3female,1male)havebenefitedunderold-agepensionscheme.
• PDS:86%haverationcardbutonly7benefitedunderAntyodayaAnnaYojanascheme(PHHAYY).79(92%)HHareclassifiedasnon-priorityhouse-hold(NPHH).
• 100%ofHHhavingtoiletfacilities,butnonehasbenefitedunderSwachhBharatMission(Toiletconstructionincentive).
• 96%ofHHneveraccessedanyofthegovern-ment’sbasicschemes(SwachhBharat,PMAY&Ujjwalaschemesgascylinder/cook-stovebenefit).
• 12HHhaveownlandwithtitledeedinwhich5areagriculturelands.
researchpartners
53
36
83
0
20
40
60
Below 1000 1000-3000 3000-5000 Above 5000
Out of Pocket Expenditure on Health
26
18
28
12
12
3Degree
HSC
SSLC
Middle School
Elementary
Polytech/ITI
None
Highest Educational Attainment in the Household
DOMESTICWORKERS
Goal 9: industry, innovation & infrastructure
recommendations:
Goal 8: decent WorK & economic GroWth
Goal 6: clean Water & sanitationGoal 7: affordaBle & clean enerGy
Goal 16: peace & Justice stronG institutions
• 8%(11/132)childrenbelow18yearsareearning
• 1%entrepreneurshipwiththeaidofGov-ernmentofTamilNaduscheme.
• Personswithdisabilityfrom3HHworkandearningequalwages
• 9%childmarriagerecorded(Womenage15-19yearswhowerealreadymothers/pregnant/married(before18)atthetimeofthissurvey)
• 3HHfacedcasereported/registeredintothepolicestation.(2physicalassaultand1forotheroffences)
• 4HHfacedpoliceharassment.• 56%ofHHcouldn’tgivegrievancestothe
concernedlocalgovernmentbody.They’redependingoncommunityleaders(9%),police(8%),Ignoringthesituation–21%,politician-14%,others-3%andonly1%approachthejudicialsystem.
• 89%ofdomesticworkersdonothavethebirthregistrationcertificate.
• Recognisedomesticworkaswork,domesticworkersasworkersandtheirplaceofworkasworkplacesforapplicationofalllawsregardinglabourtolabourrightsandpromoteasafeandsecureworkingenvironmentforthem.
• Regulatetheirworkinghoursandconditions.• Fixminimumwages,providesocialsecurityand
protectionfromabuse• Ensureeffectivefunctioningofwelfareboardfor
domesticworkers• Enactlegislationtoprotectdomesticworkers,
thatprovidesforminimumwages,regulatesworkinghours,decentaccommodationforliveinworkers,holidaysandpaidleave.
• Childlabour(upto18years)shouldbeprohib-itedindomesticwork,andthelawimplementedeffectively,topreventsexualandotherformsofviolence.
100
71.8
93.8100100
44
73
9810094.5
100 100
0
25
50
75
100
Target 2030 India status TN status Domestic Workers
Toilet Fuel Electricity
10082.97
111.73
95100
33.4747.34
30
25
50
75
100
125
Target value for 2030
India Status Tamil Nadu Status
Domestic Workers
Mobile connection Internet subscriber
44
9 8 114
21
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
Local Govt Community Police Court Politicians Ignoring problem
Others
Grievance Redressal Mechanism
100
88.3
100
110
25
50
75
100
Target value for 2030 India Status Tamil Nadu Status Domestic Workers
Birth Registration Certificate
FISHERS
Goal 1: No Poverty
• 46%(40/87HH)ofHH’saveragemonthlyincomeisbetween0and5000.
• 28%(24/87)ofthehouseholdhaveaboveRs100,000indebt,11%(10/87)betweenRs.60,000to100,000indebtand23%(20/87)areRs.10,000to60,000indebtduetoirregularincomeandfrequentdamageoffishingnets.
• NoHHhaveMNREGAjobforthepastyearduetodisputewithintheirvillageonfavouritisminallocationofworkbythevillageadministrativeofficials.
Goal 3: Good health & well beiNG
• 43%(38/87)spentuptoRs.10,000forhealth-relatedissuesincludinghospitalizationinthepastoneyear.
• 24%(21/87)ofHHspentmorethanRs.50,000foroutofpockethealthrelatedexpenses.
Goal 2: Zero huNGer
• 92%(80/87)ofHHdonotpossessanyland.
• Only1%ofHHhasben-efitedfromPMAYbenefitscheme(AffordableHousingSupport).
• 74%(65/87)ofthempossess‘tsunami’houses.
• 43%(37/87)ofHHpossessownvehicleliketwo-wheel-er,four-wheeler,etc.
• Nohouseholdhasavailedthegovernmentschemeforfreelivestock(goatandsheep).
• Allregisteredfamiliesgotthefishingbanallowancefortwomonths
Goal 4: quality educatioN
Goal 5: GeNder equality
63
4 5 213
0
20
40
60
80
0 – 5000 5000 – 10000
10000 – 15000
25000 – 30000
Above 30000
%
OUT OF POCKET EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION
98% (82/87) wOmEN DO NOT PARTICIPATE IN ThE gRAm sAbhA mEETINgs.
FISHERS
0
25
50
75
100
Target 2030 India status TN status Fisher
Toilet
Fuel
Electricity
sTATUs OF TOILET, FUEL & ELECTRICITY FACILITY
Goal 7: affordable & cleaN eNerGy
Goal 10 & 11: reduced iNequalities
sustaiNable cities & commuNities
recommeNdatioNs:
Goal16: Peace, Justice & stroNG iNstitutioNs
Goal 8: deceNt work & ecoNomic Growth
• 92%(80/87)ofHHgoforfishingforonlysixmonthsayearbasedontheseacondition.
• 82%oftheHHearnbelowRs.150/dayeventhough23(26%)ofthemhaveown-ershipofafishingboat,ofwhich13HHhaveamotorizedfishingboat.
• Inthepast15years61%(53/87)ofHHhaschangedtheirresidencewithintheirvillageduetothetsunamiof2004.AtpresenttheyarelivinginhousesbuiltforvictimsofTsunamiwhichneedsimmedi-ateattentionforrenovation.
• 99%(86/87)ofHHliveinconcretehous-es,inwhich77%(67/86)ofthemhave3rooms.
• 84of87HH(96%)haveseparatekitch-ensand100%ofthemhavingaseparatebathroomintheirhousehold.
• Peoplefrom4HHfacedphysicalviolence.
• Membersfrom2HHarevictimsofextrajudicialkilling.
• Forlegalservices,onlymembersof2HHhavesoughtdistrict/statelegalaidservices.
• Peoplefrom2HHencountereddiscriminationagainstthem.
• ThefisheriesdepartmentoftheGovernmentofIndiahasbeenupgradedtoaministryin2019.
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• Insitutitledeedsmustbegiventoallfisherhouseholds,inthesoleorjointnameofwomen.• Fisherwomenshouldberecognisedasfishworkers,andtheyshouldbeeligibleforallsocial
securityschemes,includingtheallowanceduringthefishingban,andtheschemesrunbythewelfareboard.
TEXTILEWORKERS
• MajorsourceofincomeearnedbyMen57%,Women41%,Children2%.
• Themonthlyincomeof81HHisbelowRs.12000.• 54HH(66%)arehavingMNREGAjobcard.• 50%HHnotprovidedby100days’workinayear(1-
50days–13%,50-75days-22%,75-100days-15%).• 17(12female&5male)HHarehavingpeopleabove
60years,ofwhomonly24%(4/17)ofthemaregettingOld-AgePension(1female&3male)
• 17%(12female&5male)HHarehavingpeopleabove60years.Amongthisonly23%(4/17)arebenefitedunderoldagepensionscheme.(1female3male)
• PDScoverage:93%• Only4%oftheHHbenefitedunderAnimalHusbandry
schemes(freeDistributionofMilchCows,freeDistri-butionofGoat&Sheep).
• 1/3gotwidowpension.
• 79%(22/28)benefitedunderDr.MuthulakshmiMaternityBenefitScheme.77%(17/22)spenttheamountreceivedforfood&nutrition.
• Childmortality-6.• 90%ofthemhaveICDSfacilityintheirvillage/nearby
locality.• 83%HHhaveregularvillagehealthnursebut50%HH
didnotseekantenatalcareduringpregnancy.• 76%HHhavePHCswithin5km.
• NochildrenadmittedinprivateschoolsunderRTEAct(25%reservation)
• 3%oftheparentsarepartoftheschoolmanagementcommittees(SMCs)
• 6childrenavailedpost-matricscholarship.• 76%HHarenotawareoftheincentivegiventogirl
childrenfromruralarea.
• Only63%HHawareofwomenself-helpgroupsand42%arehavingmembership.
• 1%ofwomenarepartofthelocalgovernment(becameapanchayatpresidentbasedonreservation)
• 0%-Womenentrepreneurs.• NoneofthehouseholdhasreceivedaidfromTNGovt
tosetup/startupownbusiness.• 41%ofwomenarethemajorsourceoftheirfamily
income.• Decisionmaking:67%womenallowedtotake
decisionsrelatedtofinancial&marriagerelatedmatters.18%arenotallowedtotakedecisiononfinance
• 37%ofwomentextileworkersarenotawareofwomenempowerment.
• 96%arehavingabankaccountinwhich9%alonearetakingloansfromtheirbank.
• 2%-womanwithdisabilityinHHgotmarried.
In Erode District, there are 353 textile mills with about 300,000 labourers. Many (some estimate as high as 90%) of them are from the Arunthathiyar (Dalit) community. The mills employ about 37,000 women and adolescent girls (in the age group of 15-18 years) as camp labourers in a modern form of slavery called the ‘Sumangali scheme’.
ErodEsc 70%st 25%bc 1%mbc 2%oc/fc 0%
74 Gram Panchayats
26town Panchayats
100households
420 Persons
Goal 2: ZEro HunGEr
Goal 1: End PovErty
Goal 3: Good HEaltH and WEll BEinG
Goal 4: Quality Education
Goal 5: GEndEr EQuality
57
41
2 0
0
20
40
60
Below 1000 1000-3000 3000-5000 Above 5000
Out of pocket expenditure on Health
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• 33%HH-childrenbelow18yearsareearning• 73%ofwomenworkersarerecruitedbythemanagement
withoutprovidinganycontract,appointmentletterorMoU.(3%givencontract,3%-appointmentletterand10%givenMoU)
• 31%womenworkersnotawareaboutminimumwage,PF,ESI,overtimeandtheirholidays
• 59%areworkingbeyond8hours(above12hours-3%,10to12hours–31%and8-10hours25%)
• 81%womenworkersnotknownabouttheirPFnumberandalsonotgettingtheirsalaryslip.
• Only3%arereceivingsalaryadvance• 16%areknownaboutinternalcommitteeslike
SCC/WorkingCommittee/CanteenCommittee/SafetyandHealthCommitteeand13%(2/16)tookpartinthesecom-mittees.
• MajorsourceofincomeearnedbyMen57%,Women41%,Children2%
• 9HHhaveinter-castemarriage,inwhich11%(1/9)ofHHhasgotmoneyfromDr.MuthulakshmiReddyNinaivuInter-CasteMarriageAssistanceScheme.
• 4HHencounteredviolenceduetointer-castemarriage.
• 7%ofwomenfacedharassmentwithinthe company.
• 5%-childmarriagerecorded(Womenage15-19yearswhowerealreadymothers/pregnant/married(before18)atthetimeofthissurvey)
• 5%facedcasereported/registeredintothepolicestation.(3physicalassaultand2forotheroffences)
• 4%facedpoliceharassment.• 34%HHbeendeniedentryinaplaceofworship
(Physicalthreat-1,Actualinflictionofviolence-13andverbalthreat-20)
• Percentageofbirthsregistered-8
• Thecampsystemoftextilelabour,especiallyofwomen,shouldbeimmediatelyabolished.
• Ensurethatthecommitteesmonitoringsexualharassmentarefunctionalandeffective.
• Therighttoassociationofthetextileworkers,especiallythewomen,shouldbemadea non-negotiable.
TEXTILEWORKERSGoal 6: clEan WatEr & Sanitation
Goal 7: affordaBlE & clEan EnErGy
Goal 9: induStry, innovation & infraStructurE
Goal 16: PEacE & JuSticE StronG inStitutionS
rEcommEndationS:
Goal 10: rEducEd inEQualitiES
Goal 8: dEcEnt Work & Economic GroWtH
100
71.8
93.8
64
100
44
73
93100
94.5100 96
0
25
50
75
100
Target 2030 India status TN status Textile Workers
Toilet Fuel Electricity
10082.97
111.73
54
100
33.4747.34
20
25
50
75
100
125
Target value for 2030 India Status Tamil Nadu Status Textile Workers
Mobile connection Internet subscriber
10088.3
100
8
0
25
50
75
100
Target value for 2030
India Status Tamil Nadu Status
Textile Workers
Birth Registration Certificate
Each community is left behind in its own way. Inclusion needs to specifically address these push out factors and processes. Some of the broad brush processes are known: patriarchy, class, and caste. But for policy intervention, more specifics are required. The pushout factors vary for fishers, urban poor, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.The process and factors differ even among these individual groups. Micro-studies reveal insights at a more granular level - disaggregating government categories into the specific communities (Irular, rather than just ST, Arundathiyar/manual scavengers rather than just SC), and then help in identifying the push out pattern.
The SDG watch approach is based on forming thematic groups for specific SECs instead of SDG goal-wise. This allowed the process to ensure each of the thematic groups is focused on all the relevant SDGs.
SDG Watch Tamil Nadu was launched on 25 September 2017 with CSOs from socially excluded communities, vulnerable groups (SECs) and other closely associated working groups.
SDGWatch tamilnaDu
[email protected] www.hrf.net.in +918668091451FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
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