Social Studies SurveyArticles of Confederation to the

Constitution

Federal ConfederationUnitary

All key powers are held by the

central government

State/regional

authorities hold most of the power

Strong central

government

Weaker central

government

Unitary System: system of government that gives all key power to the national or central government.

Examples: Early Great Britain and France

Central

Authority

UnitaryWays Government Distributes Power

Regional

Authority

Regional

Authority

Regional

Authority

Regional

Authority

List of Unitary States

Afghanistan Albania Abkhazia Algeria Angola Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belarus Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Botswana Brunei

Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile People's Republic of China Colombia Congo (Brazzaville) Congo (Kinshasa)

Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea

List of Unitary States

Eritrea EstoniaFiji Finland France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana

Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy JamaicaJapan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati

Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Maldives

List of Unitary States

Mali Malta Marshall IslandsMauritania Mauritius Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Netherlands

New Zealand Nicaragua Niger North Korea Norway Oman Palau Panama Papua New Guinea ParaguayPeru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar

Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia

List of Unitary States

Slovenia Solomon IslandsSouth AfricaSouth Korea Spain Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Sweden Syria Republic of China (Taiwan) Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo

Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda UkraineUnited KingdomUruguayUzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Vietnam Yemen

Zambia Zimbabwe

government that divides the powers between the national and state or provincial governments.

Examples: United States, Canada, and Russia

Federation / FederalWays Government Distributes Power

Regiona

l Authorit

y Central

Authority

Regiona

l Authorit

y

Regiona

l Authorit

y

Regiona

l Authorit

y

List of countries with Federal Governments (24)

Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Comoros Ethiopia Germany India Malaysia

Mexico Micronesia Nigeria Pakistan Russia St. Kitts and Nevis South Africa Spain Switzerland United Arab Emirates United States of America Venezuela

Countries in Transition to FederalismIraq Sudan

Countries Considering a Federal SystemSri Lanka

a loose union of indepen-dent states

Central

Authority

ConfederationWays Government Distributes Power

Regional

Authority

Regional

Authority

Regional

Authority

Regional

Authority

First adopted by Continental Congress in 1777

Ratified- approved, in March 1781

States wanted a confederation among the 13 states instead of a strong national government

Congress was the entire government; no federal executive or court

Congress had only powers expressed in the Articles

All other power remained with the States

1. Make War and Peace2. Send and receive ambassadors3. Enter into treaties4. Raise and equip a navy5. Maintain army by help of states6. Appoint senior military officers7. Fix standard of weights and measures8. Regulate Indian affairs9. Establish Post offices10. Decide certain disputes among states

1) Congress did not have the power to levy or collect taxes

It could only raise money by borrowing or requesting money

2) Congress has no power to enforce treaties

3) Every state, despite its size, has one vote

4) Congress did not have the power to regulate commerce

5) Amending the articles required all consent of all statesThe articles were never amended

Greatest achievement was of a land policy for lands west of Appalachia

Individual states ceded or yielded their claims to the central government

Congress enacted two land Ordinances- laws

1. Ordinance of 1785- survey and division of West lands by townships

2. Northwest Ordinance of 1787- territories to be developed for statehood on equal basis w/old states

1. Single territory with Pennsylvania, Ohio River, Mississippi River, and Great Lakes as boundaries

2. 5,000 adults- ability to elect an assembly

3. 60,000 adults- apply for statehood on equal basis as older states

Provided a government to get us through American Revolution

In 1783, negotiated a peace treaty with Great Britain and recognized American Independence

4 Cabinet departments: Foreign Affairs, War, Marine, and Treasury

States quarrel over boundary lines and deal with foreign nations

1787 government owed $40 million to foreign governments and Revolutionary war vets

Armed groups of farmers, led by Daniel Shays, closed courts to prevent farms from being foreclosed

Were advancing to arsenal in Springfield before they were met by 4,000 militia

People began to wonder if a stronger government was necessary

“This dreadful situation has alarmed every man of principle and property in New England. What will give us security against the violence of lawless men? Our government must be (strengthened), changed, or altered to secure our lives and property.”

----Henry Knox

Concerned about problems between the states of Maryland and Virginia, George Washington called the Mount Vernon Convention to discuss commerce

When only 5 delegates showed up, Alexander Hamilton proposed they meet again in 1787 at Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO7FQsCcbD8

John Greene Crash Course #8

55 total delegates Oldest delegate and

signer: Benjamin Franklin President of Convention:

George Washington “Father of the

Constitution”: James Madison

All meetings were closed Rhode Island was last

state to ratify Constitution Constitution finished and

signed on September 17, 1787.

Limited and Representative Government

Power divided between 3 branches

Limit power of state to coin money

Strengthen National Government

5 Compromises that changed our national identity and government

http://www.regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/government/

convention.htm

1) Virginia Plan (bigger states)- Scrap Articles Congress has two houses

(each based on Population)2) New Jersey Plan (smaller

states)- equality for smaller states Congress has single house keep Articles but create

stronger central government

Legislature have two parts:

1.House of Representatives-based on population

2.Senate-Two per state (elected by state legislators)

1/3 of southern states were African American

South wanted to count slaves as population but not for taxes, North wanted opposite

3/5 of the enslaved people would be counted for both taxes and population

North wanted government to regulate trade with other nations, South afraid they would interfere with slave trade

Could not ban slave trade till 1808

Congress regulated interstate and foreign commerce

Could not impose export taxes because South feared Congress would cripple their economy

Electoral College System: indirect election of president by state electors

Presidents will serve 4 year terms

No limit on term limits (will be changed with 22 amendment in 1951)

FEDERALIST VIEW ANTI-FEDERALIST VIEW

Favored the Constitution

Merchants and Cities

Strong national government

Bill of Rights not needed, 8 states already had one

Opposed the Constitution

Farmers and Laborers Constitution drafted in

secrecy Extralegal (not

sanctioned by law) States Rights Wanted a Bill of Rights

FEDERALIST ANTI-FEDERALIST