SOCIAL Kevin Berry, Cole Berenguer, Lindsay Burton, Mary Kelley Coughlin, Josh

Davis

Up to 600 B.C.E.

• Africa: early signs of societal development in the migrations of Proto-Bantu peoples

• Asia: Establishment of caste system and rigid gender roles during Vedic Age

• Europe: Establishment of Greek polis city-states and the subsequent development of more advanced bureaucratic and social systems

• Middle East: specialization of labor leads to creation of social divisions, as seen in Law Code of Hammurabi

• Americas: Olmec and Chavín elites owned ornate houses. while the common people lived in mud shacks

• Oceania: Colonization of Pacific islands by skilled Polynesian mariners

Chavín housing/religious structure

600 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.

• Africa: Regional reliance on kinships; social classes divided among several groups such as age, kinship, and gender

• Europe: Gender-equal Celtic society divided into classes of warriors, professional groups of priest (Druids), singers, and commoners

• Middle East: Women often used to create or settle political issues or to legitimize the political authority of leaders

• America: Families of Teotihuacan civilization heavily reliant on agriculture, but lived in large urban centers

• Oceania: Abundant natural resources and early sailing developments lead to many cosmopolitan, trade-based societies

• Asia: Strong focus on male-dominated Confucian family in Han China

Statue of Confucius

600 CE - 1450

• Europe: Movement from serfdom and feudalism into more organized nations • Middle East: Growth into powerful, centralized Islamic Caliphates • Asia: Mongol domination of almost all of Asia; conquered nations adopt Mongol culture to maintain their safety • Africa: Development of coastal, metropolitan trade centers • Oceania: Chinese expansion (treasure junks, diplomatic missions) into Indonesia • Americas: Stratification in isolated, often warring, agricultural empires

Depiction of a Mongolian war of conquest

Representation of lords and peasants in a feudal or serf-based system

1450 - 1750 • Africa, America, and Europe: Alteration of cultures,

classes, and international order resulting from Columbian Exchange

• America: Prevalence of and dependence on slavery in colonial societies; social classes within slavery

• Europe: Raising of social statuses resulting from dominance of other cultures

• Middle East: Specifically defined social classes based on wealth and military reputation

• Oceania: Southeast Asian cities in and along the Indian ocean considered cosmopolitan centers of wealth

• Asia: Chinese denial of almost all social interactions with other nations, despite prior diplomatic expansion

Meeting between “Old and New” Worlds around time of the Columbian Exchange

1750-1900

• Africa: Growth, modernization, and liberation of states after the abolition of the slave trade

• Asia: Chinese population doubling results in rising rates unemployment and homelessness, which in turn lead to social unrest in distrust of the government

• Europe: Mass migrations to cities, due to increasing food surpluses, leads to urbanization and industrialization, as well as more rigidly defined social roles between men and women (separate spheres)

• Middle East: Institutions of rights to privacy and equal protection of law regardless of religion and gender

• Americas: Mass production of consumer goods leads to population increase; capitalist society allows for individual class and status changes

• Oceania: British migrations to New Zealand and Australia challenge otherwise unaltered native cultures, while many pacific islanders move to America in search of a better life or higher social status

Representation of what would have been considered a proper Victorian Era social gathering

1900 - Present

• Africa: The endings of Apartheid and other discriminatory policies show a

withdrawal of European domination and the increasing of African civil rights and social liberties

• Asia: Chinese society overhauled and directed by communism, in particular during the Cultural Revolution and the Great Leap Forward.

• Europe: Fascism, Nazism, and other extreme, radical reforms lead to significant persecution of minorities and global warfare

• Middle East: Subject to the primarily British and French redistribution of former Ottoman states; known as the mandate system

• Oceania: Dominance and re-structuring of the cultures and lifestyles of native islanders by Japanese and American occupiers during World War II

• America: Social reforms, such as the feminism and civil rights movements, generally related to population increase and the development of media

Propoganda poster from the Chinese Cultural Revolution

Martin Luther King Jr., a major American

civil rights movement leader

AP World Final Review Political

Presented by:

Ben Hepburn, Kaitlyn Harris, Mack Farr, Chelsey Gao, and Hannah Evans

Up to 600 BCE

• Middle East: Mesopotamian city-states were small, self-governing urban centers and their surrounding agricultural territories.

• Africa: Egyptian administrative system began at the village level and progressed to districts; central governments were in the capital city. They had a pharaoh as king; bureaucrats extracted taxes.

• Asia: China’s Mandate of Heaven was a political ideology developed by the Zhou and believed, according to the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China and take away the power when the ruler didn’t conduct himself justly and in his subjects’ best interest.

• Americas: Olmec civilization most likely had a form of kingship that combined religious and secular roles, and authority is conveyed in the large Olmec heads. They staged elaborate religious rituals to impress subjects.

• Europe: Phoenicians sliced the coastal plain into many small city-states. They adopted new political forms: Byblos was the most important city-state because it served as a distribution center.

600 BCE to 600 CE

• Europe: Greek polis Athens was first true example of a democracy; white, free, landowning males were allowed to vote for political structures and organizations

• Asia: Chinese political structure dominated by Qin dynasty founded by Shi Huangdi; became the Han dynasty in 202 BCE; government controlled all political organizations and structures in dynasty

• Americas: Maya civilization reached height in 300 CE in Yucatán Peninsula; political organization consisted of small city-states ruled by kings

• Africa: Kingdom of Kush conquered Egypt in 750 BCE; transformed government and its laws; was then conquered by Axum kingdom in 300 CE

• Middle East: Persian Empire conquered land under the leadership of Cyrus the Great; satraps ruled provinces in empire; central administration ruled over all provinces and their satraps -

• Oceania: Many regional kingdoms existed such as the Srivijaya Empire and the Champa Kingdom; some of these kingdoms were controlled by Chinese government

600-1450 • Africa:

– North Africa: • Regional kingdoms, Islam and Mamluk

Dynasties

• Asia: – East:

• Japanese Feudalism • Tang and Song Dynasties • Mongols • Yuan Dynasty • Ming Dynasty

– Southeast: • Expansion of China into Vietnam

– Central: • Mongols • Tamerlane • Steppe Diplomacy

– South: • Delhi Sultanate • Rule of Tamerlane

• Europe: – West:

• Feudalism • Holy Roman Empire • Mongols attempted Incursions

– East: • Byzantine Empire • Mongol Invasion • Seljuk and Ottoman incursion

• Middle East: • Mongols Destruction • Caliphates over Islamic Empire

• Oceania: • Regional Kingdoms

• The Americas: – North:

• Regional tribal organizations

– Latin America: • Aztec and Incan Empires

1450-1750

• Europe – East Europe

• Reconquista • Defeat of the Spanish Armata • Expulsion of Jews from Spain

– West Europe • Fall of Byzantium • Ottoman control

• Middle East • Ottoman control

• Americas • Colonialism- North and South

• Asia – East

• Ming/Qing dynasties • Tokugawa Shogunate

– Southeast • Mughal dynasty • Entry of the British

• Africa – North Africa

• Regional Kingdoms

– Sub-Saharan Africa • Regional Kingdoms • Cape Colony founded

• Oceania • Regional Kingdoms

1750 to 1900 • Africa: Muhammad Ali came to power. Made efforts to modernize Egypt (ex. Sent

military to train in Europe and established a gazette to report on the government.)

• Asia: Meiji Restoration in Japan: post-Tokugawa Shogunate. Based on western governments and military. Main concern was preventing being under western imperialism.

• Europe: French Revolution: Parisians rebelled due to extreme poverty and royal apathy. Storming of Versailles. Declaration of the Rights of Man. Reign of Terror.

• Middle East: Ottoman Empire– military and governmental reforms caused a Janissary Uprising and military unrest. Conflicts ended with dissolution of the Janissary corps.

• Oceania: British colonization of Australia and New Zealand. Originally used as prison island. More widely colonized upon discovery of gold.

• Americas: American Revolution: Inspired several revolutions (i.e. French, Haitian). Enlightenment ideals and economic oppression played a role in cause.

1900 to Present • Africa: Notable independence movements in Algeria and Belgian Congo. Belgian

Congo rebellion– more violent than that of Algeria. Both gained independence.

• Asia: Chinese Communist Party lead by Mao Zedong. People’s Republic of China founded on October 1, 1949.

• Europe: February Revolution, provisional government. November Revolution, Bolshevik regime. Foundation and later dissolving of the Soviet Union.

• Middle East: Zionist movement and Balfour Declaration-- beginning of Jewish migration to former Palestine and Arab conflicts over the Palestinians’ right to the land.

• Oceania: Dutch East Indies gained independence. Cooperated with Japan. Dutch withdrew in 1949. Indonesia founded as an independent nation.

• Americas: Installation of communism in Cuba by Castro (1959). Bay of Pigs attack on Cuba from the United States.

Final Review Presentation SPRITE- Religion

Crawford, Will, Jacob, Assad, Harrison

Up to 600 BCE

• Europe: Celtics believed in and praised over 400 gods

• Americas: Olmec beliefs are polytheistic, and their beleifs are strongly linked to nature

• Africa: Assyrian King was literally and symbolically the center of Assyrian universe

• Asia: Two major religions: Confucianism and Daoism

• Middle East: Mainly Israeli, causes creation of the Hebrew Bible

• Mediterranean: Phoenician city Carthage praise many gods in their own Carthage religion

600 BCE – 600 CE

• India: Came under strong Hindu and Buddhist influence

• Asia: Rapid Buddhism expansion, becomes prominent religion.

• Middle East: Sassanid Kings made Zoroastrianism the state religion

• Europe: Constantine's embrace of Christianity spread throughout the nation.

• Africa: “great traditions” and “small traditions” dominated the Nations religions.

• Religious architecture dominated the center of Meso-American cities. Many gods were worshipped by ceremonies such as human sacrifice.

600 CE- 1450

• Africa: Umayyad Caliphate expanded Islamic influence

• America: Aztec religion reflected permanent state of war. (increases in human sacrifice)

• Europe: Schism forms between Catholic and Orthodox Church

• Oceania: Art and rituals of the “Bird Man” develop on Easter Island

• Asia: Shenism, Taoism, Confucianism, Neo- Confucianism, and Islam.

• Middle East: Rise of Islam

1450 -1750

• India: Missionary efforts to spread Christianity. • Europe: Missionary efforts and increased

conversion to Catholicism. • Africa: Christianity spread by means of trade. • Americas: Europeans convert natives to

Christianity • Middle East: Strong Muslim identity, rejects

Christian missionaries. • Oceania: British colonies bring Christianity and

convert natives.

1740 - 1900

• Asia: Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Christianity and Zoroastrianism.

• Europe: Supported Christian ideologies

• America: Majority of population is Catholic

• Middle East: Islam dominates the region

• Oceanic: Very diverse minorities with Asian religions such as Buddhism

• Africa: Islamic reform

1900 - Present

• Middle East: Still remains strongly Muslim

• Europe: Dominated by Christianity • Middle East: Dominated by Islam,

though it did not originate there • Asia: Birthplace of Islam, Buddhism,

Confucianism, Judaism, and Hinduism • Africa: Religion is a major influence on

African art and culture • North America: Very diverse with

almost all religions from all over the world.

APWH- Final review presentation: thematic powerpoint

By: Natalie O’Connor, Jenni Norris, Emily Miller, Noah Nutter, and Coleman Maberry

INTELLECTUAL

UP TO 600 BCE

• Africa: Egyptians learned how to make the pyramids and other structures such as the Sphinx, showing evidence of intellectual sophistication and architectural techniques

• Asia: China developed the ability to produce bronze around 2000BCE; one of the earliest signs of alloy production

• Europe: Mycenaean cities have been found to have extensive architectural projects and advanced burial techniques

• Middle East: The First Agricultural Revolution 10000 years ago and the development of the cuneiform represent the intellectual advancement in early human history

• Oceania: In Australia, cave paintings represent early signs of intellectual activity

• Americas: There was extensive and advanced agricultural irrigation techniques

600 BCE - 600 CE • Africa: Before its destruction in the Punic Wars, Carthage built a navy that was much more

advanced than any other nation’s up until that point

• Asia: Sima Qian’s history of China presents one of the first written histories

• Europe: Roman and Greek scientists made vast intellectual, medical, and technological advancements such as the steam engine, the discovery of the heliocentric solar system, the calculation of the size of the earth, and the first in-depth anatomical studies

• Middle East: The Parthian establishment of a universal system of law and organization of labor provided early examples of governmental direction of labor systems and thus another step along a trend in intellectual advancement

• Oceania: The deliberate colonization of Pacific islands by the Polynesians using celestial navigation techniques demonstrates the first true intellectual activity in that area of the world

• Americas: In South America, the building of roads and bridges by the Chavin indicated intellectual advancement

600 CE - 1450

• Africa: Witnessed exchange of ideas and language through migrations of

Bantu-speaking peoples

• Asia: Asian scholar-gentry influenced the Tang Empire’s centralized

government

• Europe: Gothic cathedrals that had tall spires and arched windows with stained

glass reflected the cultures and architectures of various nations

• Middle East: Regarding art, calligraphy and designs known as arabesques

adorned the writing and poetry of that time

• Oceania: Polynesians spread throughout the Hawaiian islands establishing

agricultural and fishing villages

• Americas: Aztecs fashioned chinampas; platforms constructed of twisted

vines of which they placed soil

1450 - 1750 • Africa: The movement of Africans altered the patterns of North and South American

language and art

• Asia: New art forms developed in the Mughal Empire in India due to the growing influences of Neo- Confucianism

• Europe: The Renaissance was a period of rebirth of values demonstrated through artwork and philosophy (reflections of humanism)

• Middle East: The level of scientific knowledge and technological achievement was especially high in civilizations like Safavid Persia

• Oceania: The British and French dominated Pacific exploration in order to begin to explore

and chart the Pacific islands

• Americas: The philosophy that if the Americas were incorporated into existing networks of exchange, it would lead to the emergence of a truly global economic system

1740 - 1900

• Africa: The Bantu language combined with other languages including Arabic, Persian, and Portuguese to develop into Swahili which was spoken and written throughout the coastal regions in East Africa (gradually through 1700’s)

• Asia: The Slavophiles (intellectuals who resisted western European influences) became prominent in Russia and then gave rise to the Pan-Slavism movement which identified culturally and politically with the Slavic peoples of eastern Europe (1840’s)

• Europe: The French philosophy known as positivism was developed which stated that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method (1760’s)

• Middle East: The Egyptian printing industry had begun to provide Arabic translations and promoted a revival of Arabic writing and literature (1850’s)

• Oceania: Great Britain colonized and began to imperialize Australia in a new imperialism movement which was the development of newly conquered territories for the benefit of the

colonial powers (1788)

• Americas: Ideology called liberalism that emphasizes the rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property became popular among the middle classes in North America (1860’s)

1900 - PRESENT • Africa: Africa was greatly influenced by Western ideologies, understanding of the

environment, and educational standards especially in British colonies such as South Africa

• Asia: Due to trade with the West, Asia was greatly influenced by American education and

culture

• Europe: European scientists made great jumps in science especially in physics with Max Plank’s quantum theory and Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity

• Middle East: Educational standards have been influenced by European nations that once

had colonies there and through trade with the West

• Oceania: Sigmund Freud’s discovery of psychoanalysis made a great leap in the field of psychology, but also caused controversy among psychologists

• Americas: Education was at all-time high in the Americas, setting the standard for education which eventually led to the invention of new technology such as the automobile and airplane

SPRITE Review (Technology)

Michelle Pick

Nicole Prevost

Jahnavi Parikh

Tyler Perry

Jessica Pittman

Up to 600 BCE

• Mesopotamia: Just after 3000 BCE the Mesopotamians constructed an irrigation system using canals to carry water to the fields.

• Egypt: In Egypt they constructed pyramids that was used as a burial place for kings. Ziggurats, temples, defensive walls, and roads were also created.

• Indus: The Indus Valley people used the potter’s wheel and laid the foundations of large public buildings.

• People were able to create tools, building materials, twine, clothes, and medicine from plants and animals.

• Humans used fire in new ways to keep warm in the cold, cook food, aid in hunting and foraging, and to protect against predators.

• Plows, woven textiles, metallurgy, and wheels were technological innovations that led to improved trade, transportation, and agricultural production.

600 BCE to 600 CE

• Africa utilized the camel to connect trade routes across the Saharan

• China developed the watermill and paper

• China also developed the horse collar

• Romans used aqueducts

• The Kushan people of northern Afghanistan invented the stirrup

• In the Americas, the Chavin used llamas as a beast of burden

600 CE to 1450 CE

• Mongols created the saddle for horses, which allowed for more efficient battle

• Tang dynasty created stirrup and crossbow

• Three-field agriculture system in Europe created

• Iron plow in Africa

• Song Empire created lunar calendar, compass, and gunpowder

• Ming Dynasty made blue and white porcelain

1450 to 1750 CE

• Europe: Printing press- mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a wood-block or type to paper using ink.

• Americas: Silver refineries and sugar plantations- European colonization of South America led to the building of silver refineries to mine the abundant metal, as well as a boom in sugar production with the discovery of very suitable lands to support sugar. (sugar mills)

• Africa: Integration of European tech- As the slave trade went on, European tech and goods were exchanged with African chiefs for slaves. (guns, steel)

• Middle East: Gunpowder Empires – Empires like the Ottomans and Safavids acquired gunpowder technology and took over the Middle East with this tech.

• Asia: Pottery/porcelain, factories- Pottery/porcelain and silk were starting to be made at mass quantities in factories and “china” became very popular with European traders.

• Oceania: Spread of European tech- As colonization by European powers in Oceania took place, European technology was introduced to the region; guns, improved shipbuilding, etc.

1750 to 1900 CE

• Europe: James Watt invented a condenser for the steam engine in 1764

• America: Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793—allowed cotton to be produced quickly and efficiently

• Asia: Carpenter Toyota founded the Toyota Motor Company in 1906

• Middle East: Introduction of the Fez (a brimless cap) in the 1800s

• Oceania: After 1890, the US implemented railroads to be built in Manila, Phillipines

1900 to Present

• Africa: In 1991, the Portable Water Pump was invented, making it easier to bring water to farms for irrigation.

• Oceania:

• America: In the United States, they created the first atom bomb

• Asia:

• Middle East: Chemical warfare started being used.

• Europe: In 1925, John Logie Baird invented the first fully working TV system in the United Kingdom.

AP World Final Study Guide

Kyle Stuetelberg, Lauren Slappey, Laurie Xiao, Amy Varghese

Up to 600 B.C.E

• Africa: The Egyptians were the main African Civilization. Trade and agriculture were very significant economically. Lacked natural resources such as timber and stone for things like Egyptians many ambitious building projects. Traded with other civilizations for these items. Culture valued spices and gold, traded with other civilizations to achieve these items.

• Asia: Early Civilizations in Asia used rivers for a stable agriculture surplus to build a trade-centered civilization. Qin Dynasty in China standardized currencies. Had a strong economy based on agriculture.

• Europe: Had access to the Mediterranean sea, Allowed empires like the Greeks and the Romans to trade by boat. Could easily sail to Egypt, Palestine, Carthage, Etc. The mountainous geography of Greece caused the agriculture of grains to be limited.

• Middle East: Early Mesopotamian civilization’s economies were based on thriving agriculture. Mainly of grains like barely. Eventually Trade became a large economic aspect in these civilizations. Trade became easier over time when innovations like the wheel and boats existed.

• Americas: Economies of ancient American and Mesoamerican civilizations revolved around agriculture and trade. The Olmecs traded salt, cacao, clay for ceramics, and limestone. Also traded obsidian, jade, and pottery. The Chavin traded fish, shell fish, and decorative shells because they had the foothills near the coast. Also traded maize (corn).

600 B.C.E to 600 C.E

600 C.E-1450 C.E

Africa

• Trade with gold, slaves, ivory, and others.

• Merchant class and ruling elites convert to Islam.

• Trade with Islamic, Mediterranean Silk Road, and Asian traders.

• Trade brought religion.

Middle East

• Islamic empire was built around trade.

• Merchants introduce the idea of credit.

• Use receipts and bills.

• Monopolized trade routes like the Silk Road.

• Used Camels to trade and transport items.

Asia

• Paper money and letters of credit

• Trade and cultural diffusion

• Tribute system- china conquered Vietnam and Japan gave champa rice to be free. Korea gave gold for freedom.

• Wealth based on power of navy and trade throughout Southeast Asia

• Feudalism

Oceania

• Connection between India and china

Europe

• Byzantine emperor/ had complete control over the economy

• Coins and silk production-monopolized

• North Europe- commercial fishing (fisheries)

• Feudalism- peasants (serfs)

• Trade

• Cities: place for trade and merchants to meet and trade.

Americas

• Tax nearby states

• Tribute system

• Commerce: skilled crafts: weaving

• Labor: human

1450 C.E to 1750 C.E

Africa

•Slave trade- Columbia exchange

•Goods going from Africa to America: horses, pigs, goats, chili peppers, and sugarcane

•Trans-Saharan Trade between the Middle East and Africa of Salt and Gold

Americas

•empires were wealthy until the Europeans came over •empires had gold and spices

•economy came under the control of the Europeans

•Peninsulares (Spanish officials) were given land and controlled the region

•African Slave Trade- Columbian Exchange

•agricultural economy

•goods from America to Europe: cash crops

•main exports: silver and sugar

•colonies made to pay taxes and war debts

Asia

•rise of idea of Mercantilism

•"single-whip" currency system used by China to try lift the failing economy

Oceania

•Dutch East India Company controls the routes of the spice islands which is important to their economy

Middle East

•Gunpowder- a big export

•tax those who were not Muslims

•trade with Europe was little to none

Europe

•joint-stock company •colonies were told to give resources to the mother country •economic organizations increased •demand for goods and services increased •bankers were now in global trade •increase in revenue •church sold indulgences for money •industrial revolution •colonization of New World - more trade and goods and resources •major shipping routes led to increase in trade

1750 C.E to 1900 C.E

Africa

• African countries saw great expansion in foreign trade. They traded slaves in exchange for cloth, metal and other goods and also expanded their "legitimate trade."

Asia

• After 1850, East Asia began to industrialize.

• Southern Asia, like India, had economies influenced by European colonization.

Europe

• Costly wars in Europe and Along Europe's colonial frontiers helped to provoke change, forcing Europe's monarchs to impose new taxes.

• Example: Britain put new taxes on American colonies which led to the American Revolution.

Middle East

• There was an economic downfall in the middle east during this time period due to the decline in the Ottoman Empire.

Oceania

• There was trade going on between the Oceania countries and European culture, products, and diseases. There was also a major gold rush in 1851. New Zealand land was sold to European settlers at a low price and was used for activities such as sheep farming. Whales were also hunted extensively in New Zealand.

Americas

• Newly independent nations' economies were benefitting from increased immigrations. Specifically Argentina, Canada, and the U.S.

1900 C.E to Present

Africa

• Most of Africa is and was third world countries.

• Countries colonialized for the raw materials such as gold, palm, and etc.

• Later gained independence and economy grew due to exchange.

Asia

• Most of southeast Asia was colonized at the beginning but not at the end.

• China has economic reforms in later century.

• Asia fell into a financial crisis in 1997.

• Took over the major production of items in the late part of the century.

Europe

• Linked economies together under the Economic Community.

• Better economy by what side of the iron curtain; east=higher, west=lower.

• Countries struggled financially after WW2 and the Cold war.

• Some countries prospered on colonizing other countries for raw material.

Middle East

• The middle east economy boomed due to the conflicts and being able to set oil prices high

• Arab countries selling oil, set the prices high for countries, like the U.S, who supported Israel.

Oceania

• Oceania's largest export markets include Japan, China, the United States and South Korea.

• The main produce from the pacific is copra or coconut, but timber, beef, palm oil, cocoa, sugar and ginger.

Americas

• The Americas went through a depression in the early part of the century.

• United States became the economic power in the world, influencing many countries.