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The oldest media forms are newspapers, magazines, journals, newsletters, and other printed material. These

publications are collectively known as the print media.Although print media readership has declined in the last

few decades, many Americans still read a newspaper every day or a newsmagazine on a regular basis. The

influence of print media is therefore significant. Regular readers of print media tend to be more likely to be

politically active.

The print media is responsible for more reporting than other news sources. Many news reports on television, for

example, are merely follow-up stories about news that first appeared in newspapers. The top American

newspapers, such as the New York Times,the Washington Post, and the Los Angeles Times,often set the

agenda for many other media sources.

The Newspaper of Record

Because of its history of excellence and influence, the New York Times is sometimes called the newspaper of

record: If a story is not in the Times, it is not important. In 2003, however, the newspaper suffered a major blow to

its credibility when Times journalist Jayson Blair admitted that he had fabricated some of his stories. The

Timeshas since made extensive efforts to prevent any similar scandals, but some readers have lost trust in the

paper.

Broadcast Media

Broadcast mediaare news reports broadcast via radio and television. Television news is hugely important in the

United States because more Americans get their news from television broadcasts than from any other source.

The main broadcast networksABC, CBS, and NBCeach have a news division that broadcasts a nightly news

show. For the past fifty years, most Americans watched one or more of these broadcasts. Since the 1980s,

however, cable news channels have chipped away at the broadcast networks. CNN and MSNBC both broadcast

news around the clock. Because the cable news channels are always broadcasting news programs, many people

who want to follow a story closely tune in to these stations first. The relatively new Fox network news programhas also drawn numerous viewers away from the big three networks.

Radio News

The other type of broadcast media is radio. Before the advent of television in the 1950s, most Americans relied

on radio broadcasts for their news. Although fewer Americans rely on radio as their primary news source, many

people still listen to radio news every day, especially during morning and evening commutes. Local news stations

have a particularly large audience because they can report on local weather, traffic, and events.

Talk Radio

Since the 1980s, talk radio has emerged as a major force in broadcasting. Talk radio is a radio format in which

the hosts mix interviews with political commentary. As a result, many talk radio shows are highly partisan.

Conservatives have a strong hold on American talk radio through programs hosted by influential commentators,

such as Rush Limbaugh and Sean Hannity.

The Internet

The Internet is slowly transforming the news media because more Americans are relying on online sources of

news instead of traditional print and broadcast media. Americans surf the sites of more traditional media outlets,

such as NBC and CNN, but also turn to unique online news sources such as weblogs. Websites can provide text,

audio, and video information, all of the ways traditional media are transmitted. The web also allows for a more

interactive approach by allowing people to personally tailor the news they receive via personalized web portals,

newsgroups, podcasts, and RSS feeds.


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Weblogsknown colloquially as blogshave become very influential since the start of the twenty-first century.

Leading bloggers write their opinions on a variety of issues, and thousands of people respond on message

boards. Although many blogs are highly partisan and inaccurate, a few have been instrumental in breaking big

stories.

Transforming Traditional Media

Bloggers are not only transforming traditional media sources but holding them more accountable too. When CBS

news anchor Dan Rather challenged President George W. Bushs National Gua rd service record on television in

2004, bloggers countered by questioning Rathers sources. It soon became clear that Rathers information was

dubious at best, prompting CBS to issue a public apology. Many media insiders believe that this forced Rather

into an early retirement.

The Medium Is the Message

Media scholar Marshall McLuhan once said that the medium is the message. He meant that the medium, or

manner, through which the message is transmitted shapes the meaning of the message. Different types of media

have different strengths and weaknesses, and how people perceive a story depends on how they receive it. Forexample, television is primarily a visual media. Strong pictures and video affect television viewers more than

words, and pictures convey emotion better than arguments or discussion. Television viewers, therefore, are more

likely to remember how a story made them feel than the actual details of the story. Print media, in contrast, are

better than visual media at communicating details and information. An average newspaper story, for example,

contains substantially more facts than a comparable television story. This is not to say that television news is

inferior to print media; the two media simply communicate information differently.

Example: A debate in 1960 between presidential candidates Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy demonstrated

that the medium truly is the message. Many people listened to the debate on the radio, whereas others watched

it on television. Although a majority of radio listeners felt that Nixon had won the debate, a majority of television

viewers thought that Kennedy had won.

History of the InternetFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to:navigation,search

The history of the Internetbegan with the development of electronic computers in the

1950s. The public was first introduced to the concepts that would lead to theInternetwhen a

message was sent over theARPANetfrom computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's

laboratory atUniversity of California, Los Angeles(UCLA), after the second piece ofnetwork equipment was installed atStanford Research Institute(SRI).Packet switched

networks such as ARPANET,Mark IatNPL in the UK,CYCLADES,Merit Network,

Tymnet,andTelenet,were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of

protocols.The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for

internetworking,where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of

networks.

In 1982, theInternet protocol suite(TCP/IP) was standardized, and consequently, the concept

of a world-wide network of interconnected TCP/IP networks, called the Internet, was

introduced. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when theNational Science

Foundation(NSF) developed theComputer Science Network(CSNET) and again in 1986whenNSFNETprovided access tosupercomputersites in the United States from research
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and education organizations. CommercialInternet service providers(ISPs) began to emerge

in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. The Internet

was commercialized in 1995 when NSFNET was decommissioned, removing the last

restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.

Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture and commerce,including the rise of near-instant communication byelectronic mail,instant messaging,Voice

over Internet Protocol(VoIP) "phone calls",two-way interactive video calls,and theWorld

Wide Webwith itsdiscussion forums,blogs,social networking,andonline shoppingsites.

The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such

as NSF'svery high speed Backbone Network Service(vBNS),Internet2,andNational

LambdaRail.Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over

fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet's takeover over

the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms: it only

communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-waytelecommunications

networks in the year1993,already 51% by2000,and more than 97% of the

telecommunicated information by2007.[1]Today the Internet continues to grow, driven byever greater amounts of online information, commerce, entertainment, andsocial networking.

Types of media

traditional mass media

Traditional mass media are:

1- Newspape.r

2- TV.

3- Radio.

The modern mass media are:

1- Internet.

2- Mobile Devices (Mobile Phone - iMode - iPod).

3- Interactive Kiosks.

4- Interactive TV.

Electronic mediaaremediathat useelectronicsorelectromechanicalenergy for theend-user

(audience)to access the content. This is in contrast to static media (mainlyprint media),

which today are most oftencreated electronically,but don't require electronics to be accessed

by the end-user in theprintedform. The primary electronic media sources familiar to the

general public are better known asvideo recordings,audio recordings,multimedia
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.org/wiki/Blogshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discussion_forumshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_providers


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presentations,slide presentations,CD-ROMandonlinecontent. Mostnew mediaare in the

form ofdigital media.However, electronic media may be in eitheranalogor digital format.

Although the term is usually associated with content recorded on astorage medium,

recordings are not required for livebroadcastingandonline networking.

Any equipment used in theelectronic communicationprocess (e.g.television,radio,

telephone,desktop computer,game console,handheld device)may also be considered

electronic media.

Uses

Electronic media are ubiquitous in most of the developed world. As of 2005, there are reports

of satellite receivers being present in some of the most remote and inaccessible regions of

China. Electronic media devices have found their way into all parts of modern life. The term

is relevant tomedia ecologyfor studying its impact compared to printed media andbroadening the scope of understanding media beyond a simplistic aspect of media such as one

delivery platform (e.g. the World Wide Web) aside from many other options. The term is also

relevant to professional career development regarding related skill sets.

Folk Mediais a developing movement inexperimental filmandvideo artwhich is concerned

with the use of existing media for artistic expression without regard forcopyrightor

ownership. The movement traces its roots inJoseph Cornelland his filmRose Hobartand

otherfound footagefilms. It can also be traced toSergei Eisenstein's aborted film project Que

Viva Mexico which has been edited by countless filmmakers and artists includingKenneth

Anger.Other early examples that have influenced the development of New Folk Media can

be found in the works ofBruce Conner,Jonas Mekas,Ken Jacobs,Craig BaldwinandKenneth Anger.

New Folk Media is a reaction to the growingownershipof every form ofmedia.Practitioners

of New Folk Media consider existing media to be the same aspaintorwordsthat can be used

by the artist to create a new work.

New Folk Media is also often concerned with issues such aspostcolonialismand ownership

of culture. Often the works involve world cultural events that are broadcast ontelevision,but

according to practitioners of New Folk Media are not truly owned by anyone because they

are part of world culture. Through there works this group of artists seek to represent these

televised cultural events in a personal way, creating a new meaning for the media as it relatesto their own experience of the event.

Youtubecan be seen as part of the New Folk Media movement, as many videos are mash-ups

of pre-existing content given new meaning.Snakes on a Planeis also considered by some to

have some relationship to New Folk Media, although there is no consensus regarding its

inclusion in the movement.

The earliest definitive examples of the movement includeInauguration(2004),Brooklyn

Waterfront/North Sixth(2004) and Televised Pope Funeral(2004).

Other influences on the movement include the sampling in music such as theKLFand

Negativeland.
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dia.org/wiki/Youtubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcolonialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ownershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Angerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Baldwinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Jacobshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Mekashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Connerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Angerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Angerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Eisensteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Found_footagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Hobarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cornellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_consolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onlinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_storage_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onlinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia


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New Folk Media is also seen as a descendant ofPop ArtandPost-Modernism,but it is

generally considered a 21st Centuryartmovement

Broadcastingis thedistributionofaudioandvideocontent to a dispersedaudiencevia any

audio or visualmass communications medium,but usually one usingelectromagnetic

radiation(radio waves). The receiving parties may include the general public or a relativelylarge subset thereof. Broadcasting has been used for purposes of private recreation,non-

commercialexchange of messages, experimentation, self-training, and emergency

communication such asamateur (ham) radioandamateur television(ATV) in addition to

commercial purposes like popular radio or TV stations with advertisements

Broadcastingis thedistributionofaudioandvideocontent to a dispersedaudiencevia any

audio or visualmass communications medium,but usually one usingelectromagnetic

radiation(radio waves). The receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively

large subset thereof. Broadcasting has been used for purposes of private recreation,non-

commercialexchange of messages, experimentation, self-training, and emergency

communication such asamateur (ham) radioandamateur television(ATV) in addition tocommercial purposes like popular radio or TV stations with advertisements

Types of electronic broadcasting

Historically, there have been several types ofelectronic mediabroadcasting:

Telephonebroadcasting (18811932): the earliest form of electronic broadcasting (not

counting data services offered by stocktelegraph companiesfrom 1867, ifticker-tapesare

excluded from the definition). Telephone broadcasting began with the advent of

Thtrophone("Theatre Phone") systems, which were telephone-based distribution systemsallowing subscribers to listen to liveoperaandtheatreperformances over telephone lines,

created by French inventorClment Aderin 1881. Telephone broadcasting also grew to

includetelephone newspaperservices for news and entertainmentprogrammingwhich

were introduced in the 1890s, primarily located in largeEuropeancities. These telephone-

basedsubscription serviceswere the first examples of electrical/electronic broadcasting and

offered a wide variety of programming.

Radio broadcasting(experimentally from 1906, commercially from 1920): radio broadcasting

is an audio (sound) broadcasting service, broadcast through the air asradio wavesfrom a

transmitter to aradio antennaand, thus, to areceiver.Stations can be linked inradio

networksto broadcast commonradio programs,either inbroadcast syndication,simulcast

orsubchannels. History of televisionbroadcasting (telecast), experimentally from 1925,commercial

televisionfrom the 1930s: thistelevision programmingmedium was long-awaited by the

general public and rapidly rose to compete with its older radio-broadcasting sibling.

Cable radio(also called "cable FM", from 1928) andcable television(from 1932): both via

coaxial cable,serving principally as transmission mediums for programming produced at

either radio ortelevision stations,with limited production of cable-dedicated programming.

Direct-broadcast satellite(DBS) (from circa 1974) andsatellite radio(from circa 1990): meant

for direct-to-home broadcast programming (as opposed to studio network uplinks and

downlinks), provides a mix of traditional radio or television broadcast programming, or both,

with dedicated satellite radio programming. (See also:Satellite television)
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wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuner_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuner_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subchannelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subchannelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subchannelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subchannelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuner_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscription_business_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_newspaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Aderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2trophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker_tapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commercialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commercialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commercialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commercialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Modernismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Art


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Webcastingof video/television (from circa 1993) and audio/radio (from circa 1994) streams:

offers a mix of traditional radio and television station broadcast programming with

dedicatedinternet radio-webcast programming.
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