Social and Environmental Safeguard Policies of World Bank ...

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Social and Environmental Safeguard

Policies of World Bank & ESMF

Rizwana Anjum(Sr. Social & Environmental Safeguards Specialist )The Urban Unit

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SEQUENCE OF PRESENTATION

• What Is Environment?-Components of Environment

• Environmental Parameters relating to:

• Water Resources

• Land Resources

• Air, Climate and Marine Resources

• Biological Resources

• Human Resources

• Existing Regulatory Frameworks

• EIA-Some Definitions

• Pakistan Environmental Assessment Procedures (2000) Based on “PEPA 97”

SEQUENCE OF PRESENTATION

• EIA Process• EIA Techniques• Safeguards-why are they important• World Bank's Environmental & Social Safeguards &

their Policy Objectives• Applicability of Safeguards Policies• Elements of World Bank Environmental Assessment• Environmental & Social Management Framework for

PCGIP• Screening of Schemes• Profile of Schemes with tentative Environmental

Categorization• Categorization of Schemes on Social Sensitivity

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WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT….

• The sum total of all the external conditions which may influence organisms (hanson’s dictionary of ecology)

• The physical, chemical and biotic conditions surrounding an organism (macmillan dictionary of environment)

• The total of all those physical, chemical, biological and social economic factors that impinge on an individual, a community or a population (faoirrigation and drainage paper 53)

COMPONENETS OF ENVIRONMENT

PHYSICAL FACTORS

• Water

• Air

• Climate

• Marine

• Land

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BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

- Flora

- Fauna

- Protected Areas

- Biodiversity


HUMAN FACTORS

- Social

- Socio-economic

- Institutional

- Human Use

- Cultural


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HUMAN FACTORS

• Irrigation water quantity/quality, • River System quality (salinity), • River System (pollution),• Groundwater levels, Groundwater quality• (salinity), • Groundwater quality (pollution),• Wetlands water quality, • Drainage effluent quantity, • Drainage effluent quality,• Water logging, • Flooding, Siltation

ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS RELATING TO WATER RESOURCES

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ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSRELATING TO LAND RESOURCES

• Soil erosion

• Soil salinity

• Soil degradation

• Soil Pollution

• Land availability

• Land capability

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ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSRELATING TO LAND RESOURCES

• Soil erosion

• Soil salinity

• Soil degradation

• Soil Pollution

• Land availability

• Land capability

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ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSRELATING TO AIR, CLIMATE AND

MARINE RESOURCES

• AIR- Dust, Odour, Pollution, Noise• CLIMATE- Microclimatic change, Regional climatic

change, Global climatic change• MARINE- Marine pollution, Marine turbidity,

Shoreline stability

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ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSRELATING TO BILOGICAL RESOURCES

FLORA:

- Forests/trees extent/integrity,

- Other terrestrial vegetation extent/integrity,

- Aquatic vegetation extent/integrity (freshwater),

- Mangrove forests

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FAUNA:

- Mammal communities/habitats, - Amphibian communities/habitats, - Reptile communities/habitats, - Invertebrates communities/habitats,- Fish communities/habitats, - Bird communities/habitats

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PROTECTED AREAS:- National Parks, - Nature Reserves, - Ramsar Wetlands, - Forest Reserves

BIODIVERSITY:- Overall Biodiversity

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ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSRELATING TO HUMAN RESOURCES

SOCIAL- Human carrying capacity- Population growth- Demographic structure- Land tenure/security- Social equity- Social cohesion/conflicts- Social attitudes- Gender and age- Health- Safety

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC

- Incomes

- Employment

- Land values

- Credit availability


INSTITUTIONAL

- Institutional activity

- Institutional effectiveness

- Community participation

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HUMAN USE

- Rainfed Cultivation, Irrigated Cultivation

- Livestock/Pastoralism, Fisheries, (Freshwater and Marine), Forestry, Industry, Transport, communications, Domestic water supplies, Recreation/Tourism, Settlement, Energy supply, Energy utilization

EXISTING REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS

National & Provincial Laws

• Pakistan Environmental Protection Act,1997

• Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Reviewof IEE & EIA Regulations ,2000

• National Environmental Quality Standards

• Land Acquisition Act,1894 as amended in 1984

• Punjab Local Govt.Ordinance,2001

• Employment of Child Act,1991

• Legislation related to Cultural & ArcheologicalHeritage

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT-SOME DEFINITIONS

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE):

The preliminary environmental review of the reasonable foreseeable qualitative and quantitative impacts on the environment of a proposed project to determine whether it is likely to cause an adverse environmental effect for requiring preparation of an environmental impact assessment (EIA). Also called Initial Environmental Investigation (IEI), partial EIA or Preliminary EIA.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT-SOME DEFINITIONS

Initial Environmental Scoping (IES): An exercise involving the preliminary identification of the environmental issues surrounding a project that requires an assessment.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or Environmental Assessment (EA): A formal process to predict the environmentalconsequences of human development activities and to plan appropriate measures to eliminate or reduce adverse effects and augment positive effects.

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS): A document or report which contains the result of an EIA study.

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PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES (2000)

BASED ON “PEPA 97”

SECTORAL GUIDELINES MAJOR THERMAL POWER STATIONS MAJOR CHEMICAL AND MANUFACTURING

PLANTS MUNCIPAL WASTE DISPOSAL NEW TOWNSHIP DEVELOPMENT OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION AND

PRODUCTION MAJOR ROADS WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS SEWARAGE SCHEMES INDUSTRIAL ESTATES

PROJECT CATEGORIZATION FRAMEWORK

PROJECTS REQUIRING ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT

PROCEED TO EA

IES PROCESSAny Significant Negative Environmental ImpactYES NO

YES

Impacts diverse& significant

Impact more specific & of lessdegree and or/significance

Unlikely to haveenvironmental impacts

CATEGORY B‐Project requiring IEE study‐‐ Outline of minor EAP &EMES plans required

CATEGORY AProject requiring EIA study‐Full EMP, EAP,EMES & RAP required

CATEGORY CProjects to proceedto implementation ‐No plan for follow uprequired

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EIA PROCESS

SCREENING:Screening is a process of deciding onwhether EIA is required or not.

Example:- Repair of destroyed diversion structure does

not require EIA whilst construction of amajor new headwork structure does.

The output from the screening process is adocument called as Initial EnvironmentalExamination or Evaluation (IEE).

EIA PROCESS

SCOPING:Scoping is a process of determining whichare the most critical issues to study and willinvolve community participation to somedegree.

Importance:- The problems can be pinpointed early

allowing mitigating design changes to bemade before expensive detailed work iscarried out.

- To insure that detailed prediction work isonly carried out for important issues.

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EIA PROCESS

PREDICTION AND MITIGATION: Prediction is the identification of impacts

under “without project” and “with project”scenarios.

Mitigation is the measure which minimizeany identified adverse impacts and enhancepositive impacts.

Importance:- The irreversible impacts may be avoided.

EIA PROCESS

MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING: The part of EIS covering monitoring and

management is referred as EnvironmentalAction Plan or Environmental ManagementPlan.

The monitoring is comparing the predictedand actual impacts.

Importance:- This section sets out the mitigation measures

needed for environmental management andalso the institutional requirements forimplementation.

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EIA PROCESS

AUDITING:

It is an analysis of the technical, proceduraland decision making aspects of EIA

Importance:

- It determines whether recommendationsand requirements made by the earlier EIAsteps were incorporated successfully intoproject implementation.

EIA PROCESS

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION: The public participation should be at the

level of pre feasibility, feasibility anddetailed design of a project.

Importance:- Projects or programmes have significant

impacts on the local population. The lack ofunderstanding of the people and their societymay result in development that hasconsiderable negative consequences.

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EIA PROCESS

MANAGING UNCERTAINTY: The EIA involves predictions and thus uncertainty is an

integral part. There are two types of uncertainty associated with EIAs: that associated with the predictions and, that associated with the process .

The significance of impacts is subjective, but the value judgements required are best arrived at by the consensus: public participation and consultation with a wide sector of community will reduce uncertainty.

The results of EIA should indicate the level of uncertainty with the use of limits of probability analysis. Sensitivity analysis similar to that used in economic evaluation, could be used if adequate quantifiable data are available.

EIA cannot give a precise picture of the future, much as the Economic Rate of Return cannot give a precise indication of economic success.

Define Proposal

Screening

EIA Process

NoEIArequired

EIArequired

Scoping

Predictions and mitigations

PrepareDraft EIS

Management and monitoring

AUDITAssess EIA process

Publicparticipation

Public Informed &consulted

Review of EIS by regulatoryAuthority and public

Pre‐feasibilitystudies

Feasibilitystudies

Detailed Design and preparations

Implementation

Operation andManagement

PrepareFinal EIA

Public participation

Parallel studies

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EIA TECHNEQUES

BASELINE STUDIES: Baseline studies using available data and

local knowledge will be required for scoping.

A full year of baseline data is desirable to capture seasonal effects of many environmental phenomena.

To avoid in decision making, short term data monitoring may be under taken in parallel with long term collection to provide conservative estimates of environmental impacts.

Environmental & Social Management Framework for PCGIP

Objectives:

• Ensure that schemes to be designed and implemented under the project are environmentally sound and socially acceptable

• Ensure that the schemes under the project comply with the national regulatory and WB policy frameworks; and

• Internalize & integrate the environmental & social management procedures and processes in the routine projects/operations/service delivery of CDGs and city entities

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SAFEGUARDS-WHY ARE THEY IMPORTANT?

Environmental and social safeguards are:

• policies and measures that enable the adoption and integration of precautionary environmental and social principles and considerations into programmes and projects,

• as well as the development of internal organisational policies.

• The objective is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to the environment and people at the earliest possible planning stage.

World Bank's Environmental & Social Safeguards & their Policy Objectives

Safeguard Policy Objectives

Environmental Assessment

Help ensure the environmental and social soundness and sustainability of investment projects.Support integration of environmental and social aspects of projects in decision ‐making

Natural Habitats Promote environmentally sustainable development by supporting the protection, conservation, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions

Physical Cultural Resources (PCR)

Assist in preserving PCR and in avoiding their destruction or damage. PCR includes resources of archeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious (including graveyards and burial sites), aesthetic, or other cultural significance

Involuntary Resettlement

Avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement and, where this is not feasible, assist displaced persons in improving or at leastrestoring their livelihoods and standards of living in real terms relative to pre‐displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.

Indigenous Peoples Design and implement projects in a way that fosters full respect for indigenous peoples’ dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness and so that they (1) receive culturally compatible social and economic benefits, and (2) do not suffer adverse effects during the development process

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World Bank,s Environmental & Social Safeguards & their Policy Objectives

Safeguard Policy Objectives

Forests Realize the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development, and protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests

Safety of Dams Ensure quality and safety in the design and construction of new dams and the rehabilitation of existing dams, and in carrying out activities that may be affected by an existing dam

Projects on International Waterways

Projects on International Waterways Ensure that the international aspects of a project on an international waterway are dealtwith at the earliest possible opportunity and that riparians are notified of the proposed project and its details.

Projects in Disputed Areas

Ensure that other claimants to the disputed area have no objection to the project, or that the special circumstances of the casewarrant the Bank’s support of the project notwithstanding any objection or lack of approval by the other claimants.

APPLICABILITY OF SAFEGUARDS POLICIES

• WB,S Operational Policy Linkages with PCGIPOperational Policy Triggered

Environmental Assessment Yes

Involuntary Resettlement No

Forestry No

Natural Habitat No

Pest Management No

Safety of Dams No

Projects on International Waterways No

Cultural Property No

Indigenous people No

Projects in Disputed Areas No

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ELEMENTS OF WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT1. Screening

Projects are categories as:

• Category A (high risk-- likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented)

• Category B (modest risk-- potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas--including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats--are less adverse than those of Category A projects)

• Category C (likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts),

or

• Financial Intermediary (FI) operation (involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts)

(Project assessed a priori, depending on estimated environmental risk)

ELEMENTS OF WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT2. Documentation

• Category A, Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

• Category B, Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

• Category C, No requirement

• Category FI, Environmental Framework

Documentation includes requirements for subproject EA.

• Environmental Framework describes EA process.

• Loan conditions include obligation for effective supervision and monitoring of EMP implementation.

• Sector investment loans may have similar requirements.

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ELEMENTS OF WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

3. Consultation

• Category A

At least two consultations

• Category B

At least one consultation

• (Consultations are conducted to receive input from local affected groups on their views of important environmental issues)


4. Disclosure

• Category A

At the World Bank Infoshop (English)

• In-country, accessible to local affected groups (local language)

• Category B

In-country, accessible to local affected groups (local language)

• Category FI

Framework disclosed at the World Bank Infoshop and appropriate in-country Web site (e.g. Ministry of Environment).

Individual subproject disclosure requirements defined in Framework

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5. Review and approval

• Category A

Regional Safeguards Coordinator

• Category B

Sector Manager or Regional Safeguards Coordinator

• Category FI

Framework reviewed/approved by Regional Safeguards Coordinator; individual subproject review and approval arrangements defined in Environmental Framework

• (Depends on whether project is “delegated)


6. Conditionality

Borrower is obligated to implement EMP (Category A or B)

7. Supervision, monitoring, and reporting

Category A, B, or FI

Institutional arrangements defined in EA documentation (EIA, EMP, or Framework

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SCREENING OF SCHEMES

• Environmental Categories:

• E1-major environmental impacts are foreseen

• E2-only moderate environmental impacts

• E3-negligible environmental impacts

PROFILE OF SCHEMES WITH TENTATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL CATEGORIZATION

Schemes Environme

ntal

Category

Requirem

ent

Schemes Environme

ntal

Category

Requirement

I. Water Supply &

Sewerage

II. Transportation

A. Water Supply A. Roads

1. Water treatment

plants

E‐1 EIA 2. Widening of roads outside

ROW

E‐1 EIA

3. Water supply

augmentation

E‐2 ESMP 3. Widening of roads within ROW

avoiding any effect on

environmental sensitive

components

E‐2 ESMP

4. Water supply

distribution lines

E‐2 ESMP 4. Rehabilitation and

improvement of roads’ surface.

E‐2 ESMP

5. Repair and

Maintenance of

E‐3 EIA 5. Construction and improvement

of foot paths.

E‐2 ESMP

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SCREENING OF SCHEMES

• Social Categories

• S1-Schemes that will impact more than 40 households-significant negative social consequences

• S2-that will impact less than 40 households-significant social consequences affecting local inhabitants

• S3-schemes not expected to have any adverse social impacts

CATEGOTIZATION OF SCHEMES BASED ON SOCIAL SENSITIVITY

Category

Description Type of Scheme Requirement

Level of issues Management measuresS-1 Serious negative

social impactexpected

Resettlement andRehabilitation Plan willbe required, in additionto a Social AssessmentReport

> 40 householdsinvolved

RAP

S-2 Moderate negativesocial impactexpected

Social Management Plan(SMP) in addition toSocial AssessmentReport

1-40 householdsinvolved

RAP

S-3 No negative socialimpacts expected

Social AssessmentReport

No involuntaryresettlement orAffected Persons

None

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