Social and ecological resilience: are they related? - Red sobre

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1 2000

ADGER, NEIL W.

2000 ―Social and ecological resilience: are they related?‖ in

Progress in Human Geography, SAGE Publications 24, 3, pp. 347-364

Doi: 10.1191/030913200701540465

Continente

ED

EUROPEO-REINO UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:

Amenazas ambientales

Resiliencia de las comunidades y del medio natural

Población en general

Resumen: This article defines social resilience as the ability of groups or communities

to cope with external stresses and disturbances as a result of social, political

and environmental change. This definition highlights social resilience in

relation to the concept of ecological resilience which is a characteristic of

ecosystems to maintain themselves in the face of disturbance. There is a clear

link between social and ecological resilience, particularly for social groups or

communities that are dependent on ecological and environmental resources

for their livelihoods. But it is not clear whether resilient ecosystems enable

resilient communities in such situations. This article examines whether

resilience is a useful characteristic for describing the social and economic

situation of social groups and explores potential links between social

resilience and ecological resilience. The origins of this interdisciplinary study

in human ecology, ecological economics and rural sociology are reviewed,

and a study of the impacts of ecological change on a resource-dependent

community in contemporary coastal Vietnam in terms of the resilience of its

institutions is outlined.

2 1999

ADGER, NEIL W., P.M. KELLY

1999 ―Social Vulnerability to Climate Change and the Architecture of

Entitlements‖, in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,

Springer, vol 4, number 3-4, pp. 253-266

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Respuesta social-Economía


Resumen: The objective of this paper is to outline a conceptual model of vulnerability to

climate change as the first step in appraising and understanding the social and

economic processes which facilitate and constrain adaptation. Vulnerability

as defined here pertains to individuals and social groups. It is the state of

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individuals, of groups, of communities defined in terms of their ability to

cope with and adapt to any external stress placed on their livelihoods and

well-being. This proposed approach puts the social and economic well-being

of society at the centre of the analysis, thereby reversing the central focus of

approaches to climate impact assessment based on impacts on and the

adaptability of natural resources or ecosystems and which only subsequently

address consequences for human well-being. The vulnerability or security of

any group is determined by the availability of resources and, crucially, by the

entitlement of individuals and groups to call on these resources. This

perspective extends the concept of entitlements developed within neo-

classical and institutional economics. Within this conceptual framework,

vulnerability can be seen as a socially-constructed phenomenon influenced by

institutional and economic dynamics. The study develops proxy indicators of

vulnerability related to the structure of economic relations and the

entitlements which govern them, and shows how these can be applied to a

District in coastal lowland Vietnam. This paper outlines the lessons of such

an approach to social vulnerability for the assessment of climate change at

the global scale. We argue that the socio-economic and biophysical processes

that determine vulnerability are manifest at the local, national, regional and

global level but that the state of vulnerability itself is associated with a

specific population. Aggregation from one level to another is therefore not

appropriate and global-scale analysis is meaningful only in so far as it deals

with the vulnerability of the global community itself.

3 2006

ALLEN, KATRINA M.

2006 ―Community -based disaster preparedness and climate adaptation:

local capacity building in the Philippines‖, in Disasters, Overseas

Development Institute.

30(1): 81-101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00308.x

Continente

ED

EUROPEO REINO-UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio Climático

Capital social


2006 ASIATICO

Filipinas

Resumen: Community-based disaster preparedness (CBDP) approaches are increasingly

important elements of vulnerability reduction and disaster management

strategies. They are associated with a policy trend that values the knowledge

and capacities of local people and builds on local resources, including social

capital. CBDP may be instrumental not only in formulating local coping and

adaptation strategies, but also in situating them within wither development

planning and debates. In theory, local people can be mobilised to resist

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unsustainable (vulnerability increasing) forms of development or livelihood

practices and to raise local concerns more effectively with political

representatives. This paper focuses on the potential of CBDP initiatives to

alleviate vulnerability in the context of climate change, and their limitations.

It presents evidence from the Philippines that, in the limited forms in which

they are currently employed, CBDP initiatives have the potential both to

empower and disempower, and warns against treating CBDP as a panacea to

disaster management problems.

4 2005

ANDERSON-BERRY, LINDA, DAVID KING

2005 ―Mitigation of the Impact of Tropical Cyclones in Northern Australia

through Community Capacity Enhancement‖, in Mitigation and Adaptation

Strategies for Climate Change, Springer, vol 10, no. 3, July, pp. 367-392

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Ciclones tropicales

Respuesta social-Tecnológica


OCEÁNICO

Australia

Resumen: Community mitigation of hazard impact requires hazard knowledge and

preparedness on the part of the members of diverse and complex

communities. Longitudinal research in the tropical cyclone prone north of

Australia has gathered extensive datasets on community awareness,

preparedness and knowledge, in order to contribute to education campaigns

and mitigation strategies. Data have been used to identify issues of

vulnerability to cyclones and capacity to deal with the hazard. This has been

developed as a community vulnerability and capacity model that may be

applied to diverse communities in order to assess levels of capability to

mitigate and deal with the cyclone hazard. The model is presented here in a

simplified form as its development is evolving and ongoing.

5 2003

ASHMORE, JOSEPH, ELIZABETH BABISTER, TOM CORSELLIS, JON

FOWLER, ILAN KELMAN, ALLAN MCROBIE, PETER MANFIELD,

ROBIN SPENCE, ANTONELLA VITALE

2003 ―Diversity and Adaptation of Shelters in Transitional Settlements for

IDPs in Afghanistan‖, in Disasters, Overseas Development Institute 27 (4),

pp. 273-287

DOI: 10.1111/j.0361-3666.2003.00233.x

Continente

ED

EUROPEO-REINO UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:

Frío

4

Diseño de refugios para personas desplazadas

Personas desplazadas

2002 ASIÁTICO

Afganistán Herat

Resumen: The diversity of shelters in transitional settlements for internally displaced

persons (IDPs) in Herat, Afghanistan is described. The information is based

on a field survey undertaken in March 2002 and highlights the adaptation

techniques, which IDPs undertake to improve any provided shelter. Potential

areas for improvement are indicated; for example, the possibility for using

insulated, demountable liners to prevent cold-related deaths without

sacrificing shelter flexibility along with the likely need for better agency

coordination of the shelter responses they provide. The wider context in

which the technical recommendations would be implemented must also be

considered. Such issues include agency resources, political impediments to

providing the desired option, and the preference fo many IDPs that the best

shelter would be their home.

6 2010

AUDEFROY, JOEL

2010 ―Post-disaster emergency and reconstruction experiences in Asia

and Latin America: an assesment‖, in Development in Practice, Routledge

Taylor & Francis Group, vol. 20, no. 6, August

Continente

ED

EUROPEO-REINO UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:

Desastres en general

Procesos adaptativos postdesastre

Población albergada

AMERICANO Y ASIÁTICO

Varios ejemplos en Asia y Latinoamérica

Resumen: From United Nations emergency-response strategies involving establishment

of tent camps, to the reconstruction approach of FUNDASAL in El Salvador

and housing responses of CARITAS in Asia, iti si clear that a giant step has

been taken in thinking around emergency shelter as well as prevention and

reconstruction proposals. This presentation will evaluate some update good

practices in Asia and Latin America in the field of post-disaster emergency

shelter using local skills, materials and tools, and a lot of participative

processes

7 2006

AUDEFROY, JOEL

2006 ―Evaluación de algunas experiencias de prevención y mitigación de

desastres en América Latina‖, in Revista POS-FAU, Universidad de Sao

Paulo, no 19, junio, pp. 158-174

5

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-BRASIL

Estudio de

caso:


Programas de prevención y mitigación


AMERICANO

Varios países

Resumen: Los desastres de origen "natural" han provocado miles de muertos y heridos y

daños materiales por miles de millones de dólares en los últimos veinte años.

Estos desastres han sido originados no tanto por los fenómenos naturales

extraordinarios sino más bien por la falta de planes y programas de

prevención y mitigación de desastres. En este trabajo se analizan algunas

experiencias exitosas en materia de prevención y mitigación de desastres en

algunos países de América Latina.

8 2009

AUDEFROY, JOEL

2009 ―Vivienda y ayuda humanitaria: los antecedentes de las acciones

frente a los desastres‖, in Revista TRACE, Centro de Estudios Mexicanos y

Centroamericanos, no 56, diciembre, pp. 76-87

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-MÉXICO

Estudio de

caso:


Vivienda humanitaria y reconstrucción


ASIÁTICO

Pakistán, Indonesia, Sri Lanka

Resumen: La ayuda humanitaria llevada a cabo después de los desastres no es un

fenómeno reciente. Si bien las acciones de las grandes agencias humanitarias

internacionales son conocidas, tales como las de la Cruz Roja Internacional,

OXFAM, y CARITAS Internacional entre otras, lo que es menos conocido,

son las propuestas de arquitectos para agencias tales como Architecture et

Developpement, Architectes sans Frontieres y Architectes de l'Urgence

(Francia) sobre el hábitat de emergencia y la reconstrucción. De hecho, si

revisamos el tema en un corte histórico, observamos que las propuestas han

sido bastante ligadas a corrientes y movimientos de la arquitectura sobre todo

a partir del siglo XX. Este trabajo presenta los antecedentes de la

participación de los arquitectos en el diseño de propuestas para emergencia y

reconstrucción después de desastres y presenta algunas experiencias recientes

a raíz del sismo de Pakistán, y del tsunami en Indonesia y Sri Lanka.

9 2003

6

AUDEFROY, JOEL

2003 ―La problemática de los desastres en el hábitat urbano en América

Latina‖, in Boletín del Instituto de la Vivienda, Facultad de Arquitectura y

Urbanismo, Universidad de Chile, mayo, vol. 18, No. 47, Santiago de Chile

INVI

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-CHILE

Estudio de

caso:


Participación de autoridades, organizaciones y academia

Población urbana

AMERICANO

México Distrito Federal Delegación Alvaro Obregón

Resumen: En este breve trabajo presentaremos los principales riesgos urbanos en

América Latina, los procesos que llevan a una degradación y riesgos. Luego

examinaremos las alternativas propuestas por los principales actoresw

involucrados: autoridades locales, organizaciones sociales, organizaciones no

gubernamentales y universidades. Terminaremos con el ejemplo de la Ciudad

de México en donde llevamos a cabo un estudio que nos permitió conocer la

percepción de las autoridades locales frente a los riesgos y de los habitantes

en la Delegación Alvaro Obregón.

10 1997

AYRES, R.U.

1997 ―Environmental Market Failures: Are There Any Local Market-

Based Corrective Mechanisms for Global Problems?‖, in Mitigation and

Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol 1, number 3, pp.

289-309

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Economía local-global

Resumen: The paper reviews various policy tools that have been discussed in the

literature, including legal, administrative and fiscal (tax) schemes, as well as

tradeable emission permits, and concludes that none of them are really

suitable for dealing with global problems. An alternative is suggested,

namely the use of tradeable individual consumption quotas for traded

commodities at the national level, to be extended later to the global level by

trading quotas among nations (assuming agreement can be reached on the

basis for determining quotas).

11 1999

BASHER, R.E.

1999 ―Data Requirements for Developing Adaptations to Climate

7

Variability and Change‖, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global

Change, Springer, vol 4, number 3-4, , pp. 227-231

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Adaptación

Gobiernos

Resumen: An extensive foundation of high quality data and information on the climate

and on the biological, environmental and social systems affected by climate

is required in order to understand the climate impact processes involved, to

develop new adaptation practices, and to subsequently implement these

practices. Experience of the impacts of current and past variability of climate

and sea level is a prime source of information. Many practices are in use to

reduce climate impacts, for example in engineering design, agricultural risk

management and climate prediction services, though their roles as

adaptations to climate change are not widely appreciated. While there are

good data sets on some factors and in some regions, in many cases the

databases are inadequate and there are few data sets on adaptation-specific

quantities such as vulnerability, resilience and adaptation effectiveness.

Current international action under the United Nations Framework Convention

on Climate Change (UNFCCC) pays little attention to adaptation and its

information requirements. Furthermore there are trends toward reduced data

gathering and to restrictions on access to data sets, especially arising from

cost and commercialisation pressures. To effectively respond to the changes

in climate that are now inevitable, governments will need to more clearly

identify adaptation as a central feature of climate change policy and make a

renewed shared commitment to collecting and freely exchanging the

necessary data.

12 2010

BAUM, SETH D., WILLIAM E. EASTERLING

2010 ―Space-time discounting in climate change adaptation‖, in Mitigation

and Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change, Springer, vol 15, no. 6,

august, pp. 591-609

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Adaptación


Resumen: Discounting is traditionally interpreted as the technique for comparing the

values of costs and benefits which occur at different points in time. It

endeavors to incorporate how humans trade off values to be received in the

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future versus value received immediately into economic analysis. Interpreted

as such, discounting neglects important spatial influences on how values are

compared, thereby hindering cost-benefit analyses of climate change

adaptation. In this article, we present new theory on space-time discounting

and use it to analyze aspects of how humans adapt to climate change. Three

climate change adaptation cases are considered. First, analysis of crop

indemnity payments to farmers shows that failure to discount across space

and time yields inaccurate evaluations of adaptation projects. Second,

adaptation efforts of the Commonwealth of Nations show irregular patterns

of international cooperation that suggest spatial discounting of adaptation

which are not found in temporal discounting. Third, the nexus between

climate change, migration, and conflict shows how various forms of space-

time discounting can influence whether climate change and migration will

lead to conflict. Collectively, these cases demonstrate the analytical power of

the space-time discounting theory and also show how the complexity of

climate change adaptation can challenge and strengthen this theory. Finally,

this article‘s analysis demonstrates that proper discounting must include

space as well as time.

13 2008

BOSHER, LEE (ED.); JOHN MORTON, GUILLAUME CHANTRY

2008 ―More to lose: the case for prevention, loans for strengthening, and

"safe housing" Insurance - the case of central Vietnam‖, in Hazards and the

built environment. Taylor & Francis Group.

ISBN: 978-0-415-42730-2

Continente

ED

EUROPEO-REINO UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:


Protección de la infraestructura

Población urbana

ASIÁTICO

Vietnam

Resumen: As a specialist in disaster preparation, you have huge responsibilities. A

failure to prepare for natural and human-induced disasters costs lives and

money. When a natural or human-induced disaster hits a built-up area the

amount of damage it does will depend largely on the extent to which the built

assets in the area were developed to withstand it. To fail in this respect is

therefore both ethically and financially negligent. What kinds of structural

and non-structural alterations can be made to protect buildings from large-

scale disasters? How can we reduce the threat of these disasters, as well as

the damage they cause? Presenting seven guiding principles, drawn from a

broad range of disciplines and approaches, this book tackles the difficult

questions about what can be done to attain built-in resilience. With

contributions from many renowned experts and upcoming researchers in the

9

fields concerned, it comprehensively assesses the wide range of issues faced

by practitioners. Whether you're studying construction management,

researching hazard resilience issues or working on construction projects in

hazardous regions, this book is for you.

14 2008

BOSHER, LEE (ED.); ROHIT JIGYASU

2008 ―Structural adaptation in South Asia. Learning lesson from tradition‖,

in Hazards and the built environment. Taylor & Francis Group.

ISBN: 978-0-415-42730-2

Continente

ED

EUROPEO-REINO UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:


Protección de la infraestructura

Población urbana

ASIÁTICO

Sudeste asiático

Resumen: As a specialist in disaster preparation, you have huge responsibilities. A

failure to prepare for natural and human-induced disasters costs lives and

money. When a natural or human-induced disaster hits a built-up area the

amount of damage it does will depend largely on the extent to which the built

assets in the area where developed to withsand it. To fail in this respect is

therefore both ethically and financially negligent. What kinds of structural

and non-structural alterations can be made to protect buildings from long-

scale disasters? How can we reduce the threat of these disasters, as well as

the damage they cause? Presenting seven guiding principles, drawn from a

broad range of disciplines and approaches, this book tackles the difficult

questions about what can be done to attain built-in resilience. With

contributions from many renowned experts and upcoming researchers in the

fields concerned, it comprehensively assesses the wide range of issues faced

by practitioners. Whether you're studying construction management,

researching hazard resilience issues or working on construction projects in

hazardous regiones, this book is for you.

15 2007

BOSHER, LEE, PATRICIA CARRILLO, ANDREW DAINTY,

JACQUELINE GLASS, ANDREW PRICE

2007 ―Realising a resilient and sustainable built environment: towards a

strategic agenda for the United Kingdom‖, in Disasters, Overseas

Development Institute, 31(3): 236-255

DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.01007.x

Continente

ED

EUROPEO-REINO UNIDO

10

Estudio de

caso:

Emergencias naturales y antrópicas

Mitigación de riesgos mediante cambios en la construcción de infraestructura


EUROPEO

Reino Unido

Resumen: Recent natural and human-inducted emergencies have highlighted the

vulnerability of the built environment. Although most emergency events are

not entirely unexpected, and the effects can be mitigated, emergency

managers in the United Kingdom have not played a sufficiently proactive role

in the mitigation of such events. If a resilient and sustainable built

environment is to be achieved, emergency management should be more

proactive and receive greater input frome the stakeholders responsible for the

planning, design, construction and operation of the built environment. This

paper highlights the need for emergency management to take a more

systematic approach to hazard mitigation by integrating more with

professions from the construction sector. In particular, design changes my

have to be considered, critical infrastructures must be protected, planning

policies should be reviewed, and resilient and sustainable agendas adopted by

all stakeholders.

16 2006

BOUWER, LAURENS M., C.J.H. JEROEN

2006 ―Financing climate change adaptation‖, in Disasters, Overseas

Development Institute, 30(1): 49-63

Continente

ED

EUROPEO REINO UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio Climático

Financiamiento de políticas públicas de manejo de riesgos


Resumen: This paper examines the topic of financing adaptation in future climate

change policies. A major question is whether adaptation in developing

countries shoudl be financed under the 1992 United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), or whether funding should come

from other sources. We present an overview of financial resources and

propose the employment of a two-track approach: one track that attempts to

secure climate change adaptation funding under the UNFCCC; and a second

track that improves mainstreaming of climate risk management in

development efforts. Developed countries would need to demonstrate much

greater mommitment to the funding of adaptation measures if the UNFCCC

were to cover a substantial part of the costs. The mainstreaming of climate

change adaptation could follow a risk management path, particularly in

relation to disaster risk reduction. 'Climate-proofing' of development projects

11

taht currently do not consider climate and weather risk could improve their

sustainability.

17 2005

BRANCO, ADÉLIA, JOÂO SUASSUNA, SEMIRA VAINSENCHER

2005 "Improving Acces to Water Resources through Rainwater Harvesting

as a Mitigation Measure: The Case of the Brazilian Semi-Arid Region‖, in

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change, Springer, vol 10,

no. 3, July, pp. 393-409

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A

Estudio de

caso:

Escasez de agua

Respuesta social

ONGs

AMERICANO

Brasil

Resumen: This paper focuses on the importance of rainwater harvesting to mitigate the

scarcity of water in the semi-arid region of Brazil. It is a case study about the

Million Cisterns Project, an initiative developed by NGOs with the support of

Brazilian Federal Government Institutions and international funding

organizations. The project is innovative in a series of ways when compared to

mitigation measures previously implemented by the government. Instead of

focussing on short-term, top-down, palliative measures based on the

construction of dams and wells, it focuses on low cost, bottom-up, long-term

measures and, most importantly, it involves an educational component. Thus,

the provision of water is closely related to the empowerment of the most

destitute population and this leads to the sustainability of the actions. The

case study serves to illustrate the relevance of the partnership between

grassroots organizations and governmental institutions in the context of

mitigation.

18 1999

BRUCE, J.P.

1999 "Disaster Loss Mitigation as an Adaptation to Climate Variability and

Change‖, in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,

Springer, vol 4, number 3-4, , pp. 295-306

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Amenazas relacionadas con el cambio climático; El Niño.

Planeación territorial


Resumen: Extremes of climate and weather, storms, floods and droughts, require

12

vigorous adaptation measures in a generally stable climate or in one that is

rapidly changing. These adaptation measures, to reduce loss of life, human

suffering and economic losses come under the heading "disaster loss

mitigation". Since 1990 the United Nations'' International Decade for Natural

Disaster Reduction has provided for international cooperation and

information dissemination. Nevertheless, world-wide economic disaster

losses in the 1990s have continued to show a rapid increase - and the increase

for climate related disasters has been three to four times greater than those for

geological disasters.

Is some of this increased loss due to anthropogenic climate change? There is

some evidence of increases in frequency of heavy rainfalls in a number of

regions and of severe winter storms in the northern hemisphere. On the other

hand, there is little global trend in frequency or intensity of tropical cyclones

whose geographical distribution is more closely related to ENSO events. But

is there a possibility that increases in intensity over the past few decades of El

Niño and La Niña events are related to increased radiative forcing from

greenhouse gases?

Whatever the outcome of emerging research on extreme events in a changing

climate, it is evident that climate adaptation through disaster mitigation

measures is of increasing importance with growing populations in more

vulnerable regions. Measures that must be supported vigorously include

improved warning and preparedness systems, safer buildings, risk-averse

land use planning, better protected urban infrastructure, and more resilient

water supply systems, among others. Both national and international efforts

must not be allowed to diminish after the end of the IDNDR in 1999. The

task is only begun.

19 2007

BUDREAU, DAVIN, GORDON MCBEAN

2007 "Climate change, adaptive capacity and policy direction in the

Canadian North: can we learn anything from the collapse of the east coast

cod fishery?‖, in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,

Springer , vol 12, no. 7, august, pp. 1305-1320

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Recursos pesqueros

Población local

AMERICANO

Canadá

Resumen: Scientific evidence gathered over the past five years suggests that northern

Canada and the Arctic have undergone, and are undergoing, formidable

environmental changes linked to global climate change. Environmental

change in the north is expected to persist and intensify over the course of the

13

next century. When large-scale environmental changes take place, they

inevitably affect people, especially when the cultures and livelihoods of those

people depend on their relationship with the environment. Managing the local

impacts of these changes is a matter of adaptation. This paper discusses some

of the policy implications of adaptation––government interventions aiming to

build communities‘ and regions‘ capacities to adapt to environmental

changes. Three arguments for adaptive capacity building interventions in the

north are discussed, and these arguments are augmented by a comparative

review of government reactions to the collapse of the cod fishery in Atlantic

Canada. Reactive and proactive policy approaches are discussed, and it is

suggested from the comparison that proactive approaches to intervention are

desirable for building adaptive capacity.

20 2010

BYJESH, KATTARKANDI, SOORA KUMAR, PRAMOD AGGARWAL

S/D ―Simulating impacts, potential adaptation and vulnerability of maize

to climate change in India‖ in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for

Climate Change, Springer, vol 15, no. 5, pp. 413-431

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Seguridad alimentaria


ASIÁTICO

India

Resumen: Climate change associated global warming, rise in carbon dioxide

concentration and uncertainties in precipitation has profound implications on

Indian agriculture. Maize (Zea mays L.), the third most important cereal crop

in India, has a major role to play in country‘s food security. Thus, it is

important to analyze the consequence of climate change on maize

productivity in major maize producing regions in India and elucidate

potential adaptive strategy to minimize the adverse effects. Calibrated and

validated InfoCrop-MAIZE model was used for analyzing the impacts of

increase in temperature, carbon dioxide (CO2) and change in rainfall apart

from HadCM3 A2a scenario for 2020, 2050 and 2080. The main insights

from the analysis are threefold. First, maize yields in monsoon are projected

to be adversely affected due to rise in atmospheric temperature; but increased

rainfall can partly offset those loses. During winter, maize grain yield is

projected to reduced with increase in temperature in two of the regions (Mid

Indo-Gangetic Plains or MIGP, and Southern Plateau or SP), but in the Upper

Indo-Gangetic Plain (UIGP), where relatively low temperatures prevail

during winter, yield increased up to a 2.7°C rise in temperature. Variation in

rainfall may not have a major impact on winter yields, as the crop is already

well irrigated. Secondly, the spatio-temporal variations in projected changes

14

in temperature and rainfall are likely to lead to differential impacts in the

different regions. In particular, monsoon yield is reduced most in SP (up to

35%), winter yield is reduced most in MIGP (up to 55%), while UIGP yields

are relatively unaffected. Third, developing new cultivars with growth pattern

in changed climate scenarios similar to that of current varieties in present

conditions could be an advantageous adaptation strategy for minimizing the

vulnerability of maize production in India.

21 2008

CAMPBELL, DONOVAN

S/D "Small farming in an era of global change and uncertainty‖, in

Jamaican Geographer, Jamaican Geographical Society, no. 18, pp. 4

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-Jamaica

Estudio de

caso:

Crisis agrícola y alimentaria

Seguridad alimentaria


0 AMERICANO

Jamaica

Resumen: Food security and domestic food protuction in Jamaica has been of concern

for many years but the rapid escalation of oil and food prices in the global

economy has brought these concerns sharply into focus in 2008. The global

food crisis of 2007-2008 has witnessed an overall 40% increase in food

prices, numerous food riots and more countries restricting food export as a

way to safeguard their supplies; leaving import-dependent countries in a

panic. Locally, the absolute incapacitation of state efforts toward small

agriculture since the 1970s has resulted in a decline in domestic food

production and an increased dependence on food imports. The availability of

food has become more insecure — less land is under cultivation and more

and more food is being imported for local consumption.

22 2009

CAMPBELL, DONOVAN AND CLINTON BECKFORD

S/D "Negotiating Uncertainty: Jamaican Small Farmers‘ Adaptation and

Coping Strategies, Before and After Hurricanes—A Case Study of Hurricane

Dean", in Sustainability, 1366-1387; Journal Sustainability.

(www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability) doi:10.3390/su1041366

Continente

ED

EUROPEO-SUIZA

Estudio de

caso:

Huracán

Protección del patrimonio

Granjeros en pequeña escala

2007 AMERICANO

15

Jamaica St. Elizabeth Potsdam, Top Hill, Southfield, and Flagaman

Resumen: In recent years, Jamaica has been seriously affected by a number of extreme

meteorological events. The one discussed here, Hurricane Dean, passed along

the south coast of the island in August 2007, damaging crops and disrupting

livelihood activities for many small-scale farmers. This study is based on

detailed ethnographic research in the southern coastal region of St. Elizabeth

parish during the passage of Hurricane Dean, and explores the ways in which

small farmers negotiate the stressors associated with hurricane events. The

study employed a mix methods approach based on a survey of 282 farming

households. The paper documents coping strategies employed by farmers in

the immediate period of Hurricane Dean to reduce damage to their farming

systems, and highlights the positive correlation between farmers‘ perceptions

of hurricanes and degree of damage to local farming systems. In addition,

through an analysis of socio-economic and environmental data, the paper

provides an understanding of the determinants of adaptive capacity and

strategy among farmers in the area. The study indicated that despite high

levels of vulnerability, farmers have achieved successful coping and

adaptation at the farm level.

23 2011

CAMPBELL, DONOVAN, DAVID BARKER, DUNCAN MCGREGOR

2011 ―Dealing with drought: Small farmers and environmental hazards in

southern St. Elizabeth, Jamaica‖, Applied Geography, Elsevier, vol. 31,

issue 1, January. doi: 10.1016/j.appgeog.2010.03.007

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Sequía

Producción agrícola

Agricultores

AMERICANO

Jamaica St. Elizabeth

Resumen: This paper reports on ongoing research on the impact of global environmental

and economic change on small farming in Jamaica using a case study of

southern St. Elizabeth. The area is one of the principal small farming regions

in the country and supplies both the domestic market and the Jamaican tourist

industry. Farmers in this rain shadow region are susceptible to multiple

hazards, and have been particulary badly affected by hurricanes, droughts and

bush fires in recent years. This paper focuses on farmers' responses to and

perceptions of drought hazards, and explores contrasts between drought

hazard impacts and hurricane hazard impacts in three communities in the

study area. Farmers' coping strategies are examined.

24 2002

16

CHATTERJEE, KALIPADA, SALEEMUL HUQ

2002 ―A Report on the Inter-regional Conference on Adaptation to Climate

Change‖, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer,

vol 7, no. 4, pp. 403-406

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Adaptación

Grupos de investigación

2002 ASIÁTICO

India Nueva Delhi

Resumen: The IPCC Third Assessment highlighted theneed for adaptation to climate

change.Keeping in view the importance ofadaptation to climate change,

particularlyin developing countries, DevelopmentAlternatives organised an

Inter-regionalConference on Adaptation to Climate Change,during October

18-20, 2002, just before CoP8 at New Delhi. About 120 participants

frommore than 20 countries, both developed anddeveloping, participated in

the conference.The conference discussed vulnerability ofnatural and human

systems and communitypractices to adapt to climate change. Theconference

deliberated on training andcapacity building of communities forincreasing

their resilience to adapt toadverse impacts of climate change. Theparticipants

also came out with a set ofrecommendations for wider dissemination

tovarious stakeholders during the COP 8 beingheld at New Delhi (from 23

October to 1November). The recommendations from theconference were

used in the COP 8negotiations as well as the DelhiMinisterial Declaration.

The ConferenceReport will provide a guideline for thedeveloping countries

for initiating work onadaptation.

25 1998

CLARK, G.E., S.C. MOSER, S.J. RATICK, K. DOW, W.B. MEYER, S.

EMANI, W. JIN, J.X. KASPERSON, R.E. KASPERSON, H.E. SCHWARZ

1998 ―Assessing the Vulnerability of Coastal Communities to Extreme

Storms: The Case of Revere, MA, USA‖, in Mitigation and Adaptation

Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol 3, numer 1, pp. 59-82

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Tormentas severas

Análisis cartográfico, censal y espacial


AMERICANO

Estados Unidos Massachussets Revere

Resumen: Climate change may affect the frequency, intensity, and geographic

17

distribution of severe coastal storms. Concurrent sea-level rise would raise

the baseline of flooding during such events. Meanwhile, social vulnerability

factors such as poverty and disability hinder the ability to cope with storms

and storm damage. While physical changes are likely to remain scientifically

uncertain into the foreseeable future, the ability to mitigate potential impacts

from coastal flooding may be fostered by better understanding the interplay

of social and physical factors that produce human vulnerability. This study

does so by integrating the classic causal model of hazards with social,

environmental, and spatial dynamics that lead to the differential ability of

people to cope with hazards. It uses Census data, factor analysis, data

envelopment analysis, and floodplain maps to understand the compound

social and physical vulnerability of coastal residents in the city of Revere,

MA, USA.

26 2002

DISON, R.K.

2002 ―Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change Editorial

Policy Update 2003‖, in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global

Change, Springer, vol 7, no. 4, pp. 321-322

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Resumen: SIN RESUMEN

27 1998

DIXON, R.K.

S/D ―Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change‖, in

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol 3,

numbers 2-4, pp. 459-464

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Estrategias adaptativas



28 2003

DIXON, R.K.

2003 ―Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change Editorial

Policy Update‖, in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,

Springer, Vol 8, no. 1, pp. 1-2

Continente AMERICANO-E.U.A.

18

ED

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático


29 1997

DOWNING, T.E., L. RINGIUS, M. HULME, D. WAUGHRAY

1997 ―Adapting to Climate Change in Africa‖ in Mitigation and Adaptation

Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol 2, number 1, pp. 19-44

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Agricultura-recursos hídricos


AFRICANO

Resumen: The intersection of present vulnerability and the prospect of climate change

in Africa warrants proactive action now to reduce the risk of large-scale,

adverse impacts. The process of planning adaptive strategies requires a

systematic evaluation of priorities and constraints, and the involvement of

stakeholders. An overview of climate change in Africa and case studies of

impacts for agriculture and water underlie discussion of a typology of

adaptive responses that may be most effective for different stakeholders. The

most effective strategies are likely to be to reduce present vulnerability and to

enhance a broad spectrum of capacity in responding to environmental,

resource and economic perturbations. In some cases, such as design of water

systems, an added risk factor should be considered.

30 2006

EBI, KRISTIE, JOEL SMITH, IAN BURTON, JOEL SCHERAGA

2006 ―Some Lessons Learned from Public Health on the Process of

Adaptation‖ in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change,

Springer, vol 11, no. 3, May, pp. 607-620

Cotinente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Salud

Sistemas de salud pública

Resumen: Lessons learned from more than 150 years of public health research and

intervention can provide insights to guide public health professionals and

institutions as they design and implement specific strategies, policies, and

measures to increase resilience to climate variability and change. This paper

19

identifies both some modifications to public health systems that may enhance

adaptive capacity, and lessons drawn from the history of managing

environmental and other threats in the public health sector that may have

relevance for other sectors as they design approaches to increase their

adaptive capacity to more effectively cope with climate variability and

change.

31 1997

EL SHAER, H. M., C. ROSENZWEIG, A. IGLESIAS, M.H. EID, D.

HILLEL.

1997 ―Impact of Climate Change on Possible Scenarios for Egyptian

Agriculture in the Future‖, in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for

Global Change, Springer, vol 1 number 3, pp. 233-250

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Agricultura-Economía

Agricultores

AFRICANO

Egipto

Resumen: If no timely measures are taken to adapt Egyptian agriculture to possible

climate warming, the effects may be negative and serious. Egypt appears to

be particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its dependence on the

Nile River as the primary water source, its large traditional agricultural base,

and its long coastline, already undergoing both intensifying development and

erosion. A simulation study characterized potential yield and water use

efficiency decreases on two reference crops in the main agricultural regions

with possible future climatic variation, even when the beneficial effects of

increased CO2 were taken into account. On-farm adaptation techniques

which imply no additional cost to the agricultural system, did not compensate

for the yield losses with the warmer climate or improve the crop water-use

efficiency. Economic adjustments such as the improvement of the overall

water-use efficiency of the agricultural system, soil drainage and

conservation, land management, and crop alternatives are essential. If

appropriate measures are taken, negative effects of climate change in

agricultural production and other major resource sectors (water and land)

may be lessened.

32 1999

EL-RAEY, M., K. DEWIDAR, M. EL-HATTAB

1999 ―Adaptation to the Impacts for Sea Level Rise in Egypt‖, in


number 3-4, pp. 343-361

Continente AMERICANO E.U.A.

20

ED

Estudio de

caso:

Inundación

Economía, Infraestructura


AFRICANO

Egipto Alejandría

Resumen: Assessment of the vulnerability and expected socioeconomic losses over the

Nile delta coast due to the impact of sea level rise is carried out in details.

Impacts of sea level rise over the Governorates of Alexandria and Port Said

in particular, are evaluated quantitatively. Analysis of the results at

Alexandria Governorate indicate that, if no action is taken, an area of about

30% of the city will be lost due to inundation. Almost 2 million people will

have to abandon their homeland; 195,000 jobs will be lost and an economic

loss of over 3.5 Billion is expected over the next century. At Port Said

Governorate results indicate that beach areas are most severely affected

(hence tourism), followed by urban areas. The agriculture sector is the least

affected sector. It is estimated that the economic loss is over3.5 Billion is

expected over the next century. At Port Said Governorate results indicate that

beach areas are most severely affected (hence tourism), followed by urban

areas. The agriculture sector is the least affected sector. It is estimated that

the economic loss is over 2.0 Billion for 0.50 m SLR and may exceed $ 4.4

Billion for 1.25 m SLR.

Options and costs of adaptation are analyzed and presented. Multi-criteria

and decision matrix approaches, based on questionnaire surveys are carried

out to identify priorities for the two cases. Analysis of these techniques of

two options; the current policy (hard protection measures on some vulnerable

areas) and no action (stopping these activities) have the lowest scores. Beach

nourishment and integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) have the

highest scores, however ICZM has high cost measures. The most cost-

effective option is the land-use change, however with relatively very high

cost measure. It is recommended that an ICZM approach be adopted since it

provides a reasonable trade off between costs and cost effectiveness.

33 2007

ERIKSEN, S., P. KELLY

2007 ―Developing Credible Vulnerability Indicators for Climate Adaptation

Policy Assessment‖, in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Climate

Change, Springer, vol 12, no. 4, may, pp. 495-524

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Adaptación

Líderes políticos

21

Resumen: We address the issue of how to develop credible indicators of vulnerability to

climate change that can be used to guide the development of adaptation

policies. We compare the indicators and measures that five past national-level

studies have used and examine how and why their approaches have differed.

Other relevant indicator studies of social facets of society as well as

vulnerability studies at sub-national level are also examined for lessons

regarding best practice. We find that the five studies generally emphasise

descriptive measures by aggregating environmental and social conditions.

However, they vary greatly both in the types of indicators and measures used

and differ substantially in their identification of the most vulnerable

countries. Further analysis of scientific approaches underlying indicator

selection suggests that the policy relevance of national-level indicators can be

enhanced by capturing the processes that shape vulnerability rather than

trying to aggregate the state itself. Such a focus can guide the selection of

indicators that are representative even when vulnerability varies over time or

space. We find that conceptualisation regarding how specific factors and

processes influencing vulnerability interact is neither given sufficient

consideration nor are assumptions transparently defined in previous studies.

Verification has been neglected, yet this process is important both to assess

the credibility of any set of measures and to improve our understanding of

vulnerability. A fundamental lesson that emerges is the need to enhance our

understanding of the causes of vulnerability in order to develop indicators

that can effectively aid policy development.

34 2005

ETKIN, DAVID, INGRID STEFANOVIC

2005 ―Mitigating Natural Disasters: The Rol of Eco-Ethics‖, in Mitigation

and Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change, Springer, vol 10, no. 3, July

pp. 467-490

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:


Ecología-Bioética


Resumen: Natural disasters are complex phenomena, the causes of which lie to a large

extent in human behavior that creates vulnerable communities. In order to

reduce vulnerability and thereby mitigate the risk of disasters, it is important

to consider underlying values, particularly with respect to how people view

and interact with the natural world. Advancing an interdisciplinary,

ecological paradigm, this paper argues that disaster mitigation needs to be

addressed through a process that results in a greater emphasis on our

interactions with and reliance upon the natural world, and the development of

community resilience.

22

35 2000

FAIZ RASHID, SABINA

2000 ―The Urban Poor in Dhaka City: Their Struggles and Coping

Strategies during the Floods of 1998‖, in Disasters, Overseas Development

Institute, 24(3): 240-253

DOI: 10.1111/1467-7717.00145

Continente

ED

EUROPEO REINO-UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:

Inundación

Economía-Infraestructura habitacional-Salud

Población urbana

1998 ASIÁTICO

Bangladesh Dhaka

Resumen: Bangladesh experienced one of the worst floods in recorded history in 1998.

This paper focuses on the needs and coping strategies of the urban poor in

Dhaka City, which had been very badly affected. The city's roads were

completely under water, and most areas were water-logged with drainage and

sewage systems blocked. Rising water levels compelled many slum dwellers

to move to temporary shelters and relief camps. Women and children were

the most affected. The lack of sanitation facilities and privacy forced women

and children to defecate in their own homes. There was an acute scarcity of

safe drinking-water, and food prices rose dramatically. Diarrhea, fever and

colds were the most common illnesses affecting the poor. The floods left

many of them unemployed, and in some families, the result was increased

tension and incidents of domestic violence. In some areas, members felt

pressured to repay micro-credit loans. Most NGOs, however, suspended loan

repayments. During this period, a commitee was set up to co-ordinate and

work towards addressing some of the main post-flood problems.

36 2011

FRAZIER, TIM, GARRET BROAD, DONOVAN CAMPBELL, PETER

HOWE, FELIPE MURTINHO, HUMBERTO REYES HERNANDEZ

S/D ―Visualization of Slow-Developing Hazards: Influencing

Perceptions and Behaviors to Facilitate Adaptation Planning‖, in 91st

American Metheorological Society Annual Meeting

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Agricultura-Infraestructura

población rural

AMERICANO

Varios países

23

Resumen: Many of major global environmental problems are chronic rather than acute.

Climate change, food insecurity, and water scarcity are priem examples.

While science is advancing rapidly at being able to describe, model, and

predict these phenomena, the communication of scientific findings to people

'on the ground' can be limited by the availability of tools to depict the full

depth and breadth of available data. At the same time, people facing hazards

can be limited in their ability to communicate their depth of knowledge to

researchers and policymakers by differences in organizational knowledge and

access to technology, among other concerns. In this white paper, we discuss

both the importance and difficulty of visualizing slow-developing hazards as

a way to influence the perceptions of people in vulnerable communities and

motivate action to mitigate and adapt to the hazards. We define visualization

broadly, to encompass multiple modes and audiences in place-specific

situations. We outline some of the key concerns when developing

intervention strategies, with a focus on the role of media in addition to

community-based social, occupational and organizational networks. We

present several brief case studies from rural Jamaica, Colombia, Mexico and

Southern California as a way to explicate the opportunities and constraints for

visualization efforts in diverse settings across the Americas.

37 2009

GAMBLE, DOUGLAS W., DONOVAN CAMPBELL, THEODORE

ALLEN, DAVID BARKER, SCOTT CURTIS, DUNCAN MCGREGOR,

JEFF POPKE

2010 ―Climate change, drought, and Jamaican agriculture: Local

knowledge and the climate record‖, in Annals of the Association of American

Geographers, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, vol. 100, issue 4.

Continente

ED

AMERICANO – E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático-sequías

Agricultura

Población rural

AMERICANO

Jamaica St. Elizabeth

Resumen: The purpose of this study is to reach a basic understanding of drought and

climate change in southwestern Jamaica through an integration of local

knowledge and perception of drought and its physical characteristics

manifested in remotely sensed precipitation and vegetation data. Local

knowledge and perception are investigated through a survey of sixty farmers

in St Elizabeth Parish and physical characteristics of drought are examined

through statistical analysis of satellite precipitation and vegetation vigor time

series. The survey indicates that most farmers are concerned about an

increase in drought occurrence. Satellite estimates of rainfall and vegetation

vigor for St Elizabeth Parish support this perception; suggesting that severe

24

drought events are becomming more frequent. The satellite precipitation time

series also suggest the primary growing season is becvoming wetter and

compared to the early growin season since 1993. This recent divergence in

growing season moisture conditions may add to farmers' observations that

drought is becoming more prevalent. Consequently, Jamaican farmer

perception of drought is not driven my magnitude and frequency of dry

months alone, rather by the difference between growing seasons. Any

development of drought adaptation and mitigation plans for this area must not

solely focus on drought; it must also compare moisture conditions between

months and seasons in order to be effective.

38 2007

GIL, J., P. STEINBACH

S/D ―From flood risk to indirect flood impact: evaluation of street

network performance for effective management, response and repair‖, in

Space Syntax Limited Online

Continente

ED

EUROPEO-REINO UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:

inundación

Mapas de riesgo por inundaciones en áreas urbanas

población urbana

EUROPEO

Reino Unido Londres

Resumen: Current flood risk assessment and decision support tools, the UK Planning

Policy Statement 25 and the UK Environment Agency (EA) flood maps,

focus on the areas directly affected by flooding; however they do not adress

the indirect consequences of flooding on the existin street network. Research

has been don in transport network reliability and resilience to disasters but

little application exists to the floods scenario. In this paper we introduce a

methodology developed at Space Syntax Limited to analyse and visualize the

wider impact of flooding on the urban street network, measuring its

performance in order to respond to the situation more effectively. Starting

from a hypothetical scenario of floods in London affectin the areas within the

highest risk flood Zone 3 as defined by the EA, we use a spatial model of

London up to the M25 circular motorway and run network analysis

algorithms before and after the flooding. Using a GIS we quantify the extente

to which flooding affects the global structure of the city, the spatial

accessibility of town centres. The analysis also provides indicators of traffic

level distributions to evaluate the performance of the strategic transport

network revealing a dependency on the M25 in the flooded scenario for

longer trips across London, suggesting congestion levels beyond its capacity.

With this work we demonstrate that space syntax network analysis provides

objective indicators to demonstrate the indirect impacts of flooding on urban

street networks which can be used by relevant authorities to support a future

25

vision and their investment decisions concerning preventative strategies,

disaster management and repair.

39 2006

GLANTZ, M.H.

S/D ―Prototype Training Workshop for Educators on the Effects of

Climate Change on Seasonality and Environmental Hazards‖, in Reporte

(http://www.ccb.ucar.edu/apn/report) Asia-Pacific Network for Global

Change Research. 2004-CB07NSY-Glantz

ASIÁTICO-Thailandia

Estudio de

caso:

Amenazas ambientales relacionadas con el cambio climático

Participación de instituciones gubernamentales y académicas


2004 ASIÁTICO

Varios países

Resumen: Most environmental hazards are seasonal and coping strategies have been

sought and in many cases developed to respond appropriately within the

limits of forecast uncertainties about the timing, magnitude, and location of

occurrence of specific hazards. As climate changes with global warming of

the Earth's atmosphere, societies will gradually, and in some cases

precipitously, be forced to respond and to cope with events and process that

will surpise them. These may include prolonged droughts in new locations,

shifts in tropical storm tracks in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, changes in

intensity of the various characteristics of severe storms such as winds and

rainfall, appearance of new infectious diseases in unsuspecting places, and so

on. Rather than focus on just the causes for such shifts in hazard behavior or

dwell only on the specific impacts on society, it is imperative to identify more

specifically the chain of events from cause to ultimate impacts on humans,

including responses to those impacts. We propose to highlight ―seasonality.‖

Early warnings of changes in seasonality, whether qualitatively or

quantitatively based, can elevate to prominence the key influence that subtle

changes in the characteristic flow of the seasons can have on the behavior of

living things on land and in the sea. Our initial seasonality focus is on

countries in a greater Southeast Asia. This region was chosen in part because

of the wide range of the kinds of climate-related hazards that the governments

and their citizens are affected by and, in part because the countries in

Southeast Asia consider themselves (and are, in fact, considered by others) to

be an integral part of the region for geographical as well as functional reasons

(political, cultural, and shared natural resources, such as rivers as well as

natural hazards). The notion of a ―Greater Southeast Asia‖ has been

introduced because regional politics, cultural, ethnic, and climate similarities

do not stop at political or administrative borders. Four countries were

originally chosen for the prototype workshop: Vietnam, the Philippines,

Malaysia, and Thailand. Each of these countries has been actively involved in

26

climate variability and climate change issues, and the organizers have had

interactions with various researchers within each of them. There has been

preliminary interest expressed by the University of Malaya (Kuala Lumpur)

in climate affairs as a program. Participants were also selected from Ho Chi

Minh City and Hanoi, Vietnam. Some universities in Bangkok also

participated in the workshop. It is hoped that the universities and training

centers that participated will continue the educational activities related to

seasonality and climate change and variability, including health issues. In

addition, participants from universities in India, China, and Sri Lanka actively

participated. Educational materials on the topics of seasonality, climate

variability, climate change, sustainable development, and the influence of

changes in the flow of the seasons on human activities have been identified

for use at the university undergraduate or graduate level. A second phase of

this activity will be to develop the concept for other universities and other

countries in the region. The participants were encouraged to interact

electronically and will assist in the development of course materials for use

by others in the region.

40 2005

GLANTZ, M.H.

S/D ―What makes good climates go bad?‖, in Geotimes, American

Geological Institute, 50(4), 18-24

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Resumen: While playing tennis one sunny afternoon, I began wondering the following:

What is it that makes good climates go bad? That random question passing

through my mind sparked another question: What does it mean to have a

―good‖ climate? So, I resorted to a Google search on the phrase ―good

climate.‖ In fact the search identified many Web sites with ―good climate‖ in

their text. However, the climate they were referring to almost totally was the

atmosphere for carrying out a good business arrangement — a ―good

climate‖ for studying, working and conducting wide range of activities. But

―climate‖ specifically is the appropriate environment that allows for the

carrying out of favored activities.

41 2005

GLANTZ, M.H.

S/D ―Water, climate and development issueds in the Amudarya Basin‖ in

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies of Global Change, Springer, 10(1), pp.

23-50

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de Clima

27

caso:

Recursos hídricos


ASIÁTICO

Afganistán

Resumen: Before 1960, the Aral Sea was the fourth-largest body of water on Earth.

Today, it is on the edge of extinction. The Sea is fed by Central Asia's two

major rivers, the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, with a flow, respectively, of

about 70 and 35 cubic kilometers per year on average. Today, the Aral story

is quite well known to environmental groups within and outside the region.

The Amu Daryarsquos watercourse serves as an international border between

Tajikistan and Afghanistan and between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan. The

Amu Darya crisscrosses Turkmenistan and, for the most part, traverses the

length of Uzbekistan and its subregion known as Karakalpakstan. Although

an upstream riparian country, Afghanistan has been at war for a couple of

decades and in-country conflict remains. As a result, it has had little

opportunity to lay claim to its legitimate share of Amu Darya water. With an

end to the Russo-Afghan war, an end to the Taliban regime, and with

international involvement to bring a semblance of peace and stability to the

country in the conflict-laden post-Taliban period, the new Afghan

government will surely lay claim to a significant share of Amu Darya water

as it reconstructs the nationrsquos agricultural sector. This paper discusses

issues related to the problems and prospects for sustainable development in

the Amu Darya basin.

42 2005

GLANTZ, M.H.

2004 ―Usable Science 9: El Niño Early Warning for Sustainable

Development in Pacific Rim Countries and Islands. Report held 13-16

September, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador‖, in Reporte

(http://ccb.colorado.edu/galapagos/report/index.html). Centro Internacional

para la Investigación del Fenómeno El Niño (Ecuador)-Consortium of

Capacity Building, University of Colorado.

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Fenómeno El Niño

Alerta temprana


Varios países

Resumen: The convening of a workshop on ―El Niño Early Warning for Sustainable

Development in Pacific Rim Countries and Islands ‖ was inspired by the

deliberations of an earlier workshop held in Shanghai, China in October 2003

on Early Warning Systems: Do‘s and Don‘ts. The Galapagos workshop was

28

the ninth ―Usable Science‖ workshop organized by CCB in the past ten years.

This workshop was co-organized by Jose Luis Santos of CIIFEN (Centro

Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno de El Niño). Several of the

Usable Science workshops were linked to various aspects related to El Niño:

forecasting, impacts, responses to forecasts and responses to impacts of El

Niño, and the extreme meteorological events that an El Niño often spawns.

The goal of the Galapagos meeting was to regionalize early warning systems

geographically and to focus on a specific climate-related phenomenon – El

Niño. El Niño is known with varying degrees of reliability to spawn climate-

and weather-related hazards in many parts of the globe. Knowledge of El

Niño, coupled with El Niño forecasts, provides one of the earliest warnings

of possible climate-related impacts problems that a government decision

maker or the manager of a climate-sensitive industry might receive in time to

take action.

43 2004

GLANTZ, M.H.

S/D ―Environmental problems in drylands: Challenges and tradeoffs for

society‖, in Challenges for Drylands in the New Millenium. A Cross-Cutting

Approach for Assessment (Z. Adeel, D. Clancy and a. Dubreuil, eds.)

Proceedings of a Joint UNU-MA-ICARDA International Workshop UNU-

INWEH, pp. 10-32.

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-CANADÁ

Estudio de

caso:


Manejo ambiental


ASIÁTICO

Uzbekistán

Resumen: An International Workshop on "Challenges for Drylands in the New

Millennium: A Cross-Cutting Approach for Assessment" was held in

Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on 11-15 August.

Over 30 experts in dryland management from 15 countries participated in

the workshop to capitalize on existing efforts aimed at sustainable

development of drylands; explore the role of dryland ecosystem goods and

services in promoting such development; and address the challange of

desertification from the perspective of "human-induced impairment of the

provision of ecosystem goods and services." It was organized jointly by

United Nations University (UNU), Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA),

and ICARDA. At the opening ceremony, Dr Raj Paroda, Regional

Coordinator of ICARDA's Central Asia and the Caucasus Program,

welcomed the participants on behalf of ICARDA Director General Prof. Dr

Adel El-Beltagy. In his remarks, he assured those gathered that ICARDA is

ready to move towards "new opportunities for partnership with other

29

international and national institutions to attain the goal of sustainable

development of dryland agriculture for improved livelihood in dryland

ecosystems."

At the opening session, participants were greeted by Dr Zafar Adeel, who

represented Dr Hans van Ginkel, Rector, UNU, and Dr Angela Cropper, Co-

chair, MA Scientific Assessment Panel. Dr Sherali Nurmatov, Deputy

Minister of Agriculture, Uzbekistan, and Director General, Uzbek Scientific

Production Center of Agriculture, addressed the participants and extended

warm greetings on behalf of the Government of Uzbekistan. He emphasized

the importance of dryland agriculture in Central Asia and expressed

appreciation for the joint effort of ICARDA and UNU in organizing the

workshop, which has great relevance for sustainability of drylands in all

Central Asian countries.

44 2004

GLANTZ, M.H.

2003 ―Usable Science 8: Early Warning Systems: Do's and Don'ts. Report

of workshop held 20-23 October in Shangai, China‖, in Reporte

(http://ccb.colorado.edu/warning/docs/report.pdf)

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Eventos Climáticos

Alerta temprana


Resumen: The objective of this Usable Science Workshop on early warning was to

identify lessons -- in short, do's and don'ts -- from the wide range of

experiences of those who have worked with or helped to develop early

warning systems for a wide range of societal concerns. Many early warning

systems are in operation today to warn the public and governments about

impending climate- or weather-related hazards and other threats. The

insights, lessons, and experiences identified in the workshop are being used

to inform government officials, as well as decision makers in various

government agencies and non-governmental organizations, about how to

prepare effective warnings and to educate the media and the general public

about how to interpret such warnings. In sum, our goal was to identify ways

to make early warnings of potential "threats" to society and the environment

more useful, usable, credible, and reliable.

45 2003

GLANTZ, M.H.

S/D ―Guidelines for Establishing Audits of AGricutlural-ENvironmental

(AG-EN) Hotspots‖, in Environmental and Natural Resources Service,

Sustainable Development Department, Paper no. 15 FAO


30

ED

Estudio de

caso:


manejo de recursos naturales-Alimentación

Población en riesgo ante inseguridad alimentaria

2002

Resumen: Starting in 1999, the Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information and

Mapping Systems (FIVIMS) Secretariat

in FAO has published an annual report on global Food Insecurity and

Vulnerability (see:

http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y7352E/Y7352E00.HTM). The report, -

The State of World Food Insecurity, known

as SOFI - assembles, analyses and disseminates information on who are the

food insecure, where they are

located, and why they are food insecure, nutritionally vulnerable or at risk.

The Environment and Natural Resources Service (SDRN) of the Sustainable

Development Department, FAO, has

been involved through the preparation of maps and analyses. As food

insecurity can often be correlated with

difficulties in making proper use of natural resources, it was considered that it

would be useful to produce regular

analyses about areas where ecological processes or agricultural production

are disrupted due to conflicts between

environment and agriculture. Such areas are termed agricultural-

environmental hotspots, or Ag-En hotspots.

The emphasis is thus on non-optimal functioning of ecosystems, agriculture,

or both. "Environment" includes

natural, social, economic and cultural aspects.

A brainstorming meeting was organized on 9-10 December 2002 in FAO

headquarters to define Ag-En hotspot

products that could be prepared based on data availability and on demand,

with internal (FAO) and external

partners. A discussion paper was prepared in advance by Michael Glantz,

Senior Scientist in the Environmental

and Societal Impacts Group at the National Center for Atmospheric Research

(NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado.

Based on the discussions held at the meeting, Dr Glantz revised the

discussion paper, which is presented here as

Guidelines for Establishing Audits of Agricultural-Environmental (Ag-En)

Hotspots.

The report serves multiple objectives, starting with terminology and

delineation of concepts. Terms like

hotspots, risk, vulnerability, extreme factor, hazard, chronic vs acute

hotspots, and the scale at which hotspots

are defined demand closer consideration.

31

Ag-En hotspots themselves can be analysed from twin points of view: first,

the mechanisms that cause them, and,

second, themes such as soil, water shortage, land degradation, biodiversity,

food security (as in FIVIMS),

livelihoods and nutrition. The following points are also listed among those to

which the meeting participants were asked to pay particular

attention: monitoring issues, including mapping, thresholds and the

possibility of "predicting" future probable hotspots 5 or 10 years ahead;

conceptual, causal and thematic links between hotspots, disasters and

sustainability; variables and indicators that will be required as a function of

an Ag-En hotspot typology, including geographical location, scale, reliability,

etc. Appropriate emphasis should be given to nonenvironmental forcing

variables, such as civil unrest, poor resource endowment, and trade.

As mentioned above, the meeting also drew attention to the possibility of

identifying mechanisms or patterns that could lead to the development of

hotspots in the future, as, for instance, when well-known chronic stresses

become acute problems confronting policy-makers.

46 1997

GLANTZ, M.H.

S/D ―Using Science Against Famine: Food Security, Famine Early

Warning, and El Nino‖, in Internet Journal of African Studies; Department of

Social and Economic Studies, University of Bradford. ISSN 1363-2964

Continente

ED

EUROPEO REINO UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:

Hambruna

Alerta temprana

Población en riesgo ante inseguridad alimentaria

1993

Varios países

Resumen: This special issue of IJAS contains papers from a conference held in

Budapest, Hungary in late 1993. Several of the papers have been updated and

a couple of new contributions have been added.

The conference was the first in a series of "Usable Science" workshops

designed to investigate the use of information about El Niño events in the

equatorial Pacific Ocean in designing food security systems in sub-Saharan

Africa. It was supported by the Climate Unit of the United Nations

Environment Programme, the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance of the

United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the

Consortium for Capacity Building (CCB), formerly of the US National

Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR).

Each of the the Usable Science workshops was developed and chaired by

Michael Glantz. Given the apparent recurrence of natural and human threats

to food security in various countries in sub-Saharan Africa, it is hoped that

32

the publication of these discussion papers on "Usable Science: Food Security,

Early Warning and El Niño" will help to reduce the frequency and intensity

of such threats.

47 2001

GLANTZ, M.H. (ed)

S/D ―Once Burned, Twice Shy?‖ in Lessons Learned from the 1997-98 El

Niño, United Nations University, Tokio. ISBN: 9280810634

Continente

ED

ASIÁTICO-Japón

Estudio de

caso:

Fenómeno El Niño

Alerta temprana


0

Varios países

Resumen: The adage "once burned, twice shy" suggests that when someone has had a

bad experience, he or she is likely to shy away from being in the same

situation again, having better learned to deal with it. By analogy, do societies

that are forced to cope with recurring natural hazards learn from history?

This assessment reviews forecasts and societal impacts of the 1997-98 El

Niño. Underlying this review is a look at the climate-related early warning

and natural disaster preparedness systems in a number of countries with the

objective of improving their El Niño- and other climate-related coping

mechanisms. The following locations are targeted in this study: Bangladesh,

China, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Indonesia, Kenya,

Mozambique, Panama Canal, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,

Philippines, and Vietnam. Based on the lessons drawn from these studies, key

research and policy needs are identified in this book.

Several ideas are presented for developing regional and national natural

disaster preparedness plans for coping with the impacts of El Niño Southern

Oscillations's warm (El Niño) and cold (La Niña) events.

48 2008

GLANTZ, MICHAEL AND Q. YE

2008 ―An essay on the interactions between climate and society‖, in

Frontiers of Earth Science in China, Springer, Vol 2, no. 3, pp. 356-363 .

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático global

Planeación ambiental-Social


33

Resumen: There has been increasing concern about the lack of involvement by social

scientists and humanists in a global change program, although many social

scientists are already involved in various aspects of research on

environmental change, and their research interests are clearly central to a

global change research agenda. Based on a historical review, the role of

social science disciplines as well as social science institutes in an emerging

multidecadal global change program is discussed. Both ―plan of action‖ and

―plan of inaction‖ are suggested to avoid potential pitfalls due to the rush

development of a social science program into the existing global climate

change problem.

49 2009

GLANTZ, MICHAEL H., (EDITOR)

S/D ―Heads Up! Early Warning Systems for Climate, Water and

Weather‖, in CCB | INSTAAR | UN-University Press

(http://ccb.colorado.edu/warning/headsup.html)

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Amenazas relacionadas con el clima, agua y tiempo, Huracanes,

inundaciones, calentamiento global, tsunamis, volcanes, etc.

Sistema de Alertas Tempranas


2007 varios

varios ejemplos

Resumen: The forces of nature can have deadly and damaging consequences for

societies and ecosystems that stand in their path. Early warning systems offer

one of the best defenses against the adverse effects of climate, water, weather

and geologic hazards, although far too often this realization is made after

disaster strikes.

50 2009

GLANTZ, MICHAEL; RENÉ GOMMES AND SELVARAJU

RAMASAMY

S/D ―Coping with a Changing Climate: Considerations for adaptation and

Mitigation in Agriculture‖, in UN(FAO)

(http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1315e/i1315e00.htm)

EUROPEO-ROMA

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio Climático

Agricultura

Agricultores y tomadores de decisiones

2009 ASIATICO

Vietnam, Mongolia

Resumen: Changing climatic conditions are projected to affect food security from the

34

local to global level. The predictability in rainy season patterns will be

reduced, while the frequency and intensity of severe weather events such as

floods, cyclones and hurricanes will increase; other predicted effects will

include prolonged drought in some regions; and water shortages; and changes

in the location and incidence of pest and disease outbreaks. Growing demand

for biofuels from crops can place additional pressure on the natural resource

base. New policy driven options are required to address the emerging

challenges of attaining improved food security.

The first two chapters of this book presents historical evidence of relationship

between climate and food security, as well as current challenges of world

food security posed by climate change. The ―introduction‖ chapter highlights

the need for baseline diagnostics on impacts, vulnerability and resiliency

patterns and decision making under uncertainty. Chapter 2 elaborates on the

impacts of climate change on agriculture and stresses how to effectively

address these impacts, focusing on ecosystem goods and services and social

well being. The chapter on ―the setting: baseline information‖ underlines that

mapping, such as capacity to cope in a country, is as important as mapping

vulnerabilities to climate variability and change.

Climate change adaptation strategies are now a matter of urgency. Many

potential adaptation options in agriculture have mitigation synergies, and

similarly, several mitigation options for climate change could generate

significant benefits for both food security and adaptation. Chapter 3 on

―Adaptation and mitigation‖ introduces the ―four laws of ecology‖ and

presents their continuing relevance to policy-makers when they identify,

develop and implement adaptation and mitigation strategies.

In regard to climate change and the likelihood that future characteristics of

climate will change in unknown ways, the existing ―best practices‖ should be

viewed as providing a source of tactical short-term response to a changing

environment as opposed to untested strategic long-term responses.

Chapter 4 on ―What to do at the national level‖ elaborates the fact that climate

impacts and response mechanisms in the near term future are likely to be

similar to those of the recent past, barring any abrupt changes in the

atmosphere‘s local and global climatic characteristics.

Most climate impacts of concern to policy-makers are local. Adaptation and

mitigation measures, which require poverty reduction and food security, must

be customized to benefit the neediest of the needy. Chapter 5 on ―Short-term

and long-term policy options‖ focuses on decision making under

uncertainties; improved ways of identifying most at-risk communities and

coping with current climate variability and extremes; and improved ways of

integrating present-day tactical and ―best practice‖ responses with the longer-

term strategic needs.

The conclusion has key take-home messages from the FAO high level

conference on ―World Food Security: The Challenges of Climate Change and

Bioenergy‖ are presented along with closing thoughts about having ―no

adaptation recommendations without ramifications‖ as well as suggestions for

policy-driven strategic thinking about adaptation to and mitigation of climate

change with a focus on improved food security.

35

51 2004

GOMMES, R., J DU GUERNY, M.H. GLANTZ, L-N SHU

2004 ―Climate and HIV/AIDS: A Hotspots Analysis for Early Warning

Rapid Response Systems‖, UNDP-FAO-NCAR, Sept. ISBN 974-92327-6-3

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático-Salud

Agricultura-Salud

Población en general-Población viviendo con VIH-Sida

ASIÁTICO

Sudeste asiático

Resumen: Identifying possible interrelations between climate and HIV/AIDS might

seem, at first glance, far fetched.

But is it really so? One might form a different opinion after reading this

paper. Sceptics might also think that such topics would have no policy or

programmatic relevance. Again, when centred on the concept of hotspots, in

which climatic factors can play an important role, it begins to be clear that

certain aspects of climate are useful within the framework of an Early

Warning Rapid Response System (EWRRS) for HIV/AIDS. Thus, early

warning systems for HIV/AIDS can produce synergies with other warning

systems, for example in agriculture and food security, which can also be

climate dependent.

UNDP South East Asia HIV and Development Programme (UNDP-

SEAHIV) has published several papers focusing on agriculture and its

importance in HIV/AIDS epidemics, both in itself and in the context of rural

communities. Following a bad crop, indebted farmers migrate to access other

resources or, worse, can be driven to close their eyes on what can happen to

their children. Climate factors become important in such a context.

This paper is a first application by FAO's Environment and Natural

Resources Service of the hotspots concept to an issue where environment and

agriculture play a complex role. It fonns a package with another recent paper,

Environment and Agriculture Interactions: Implications for HIV and other

infectious diseases,1 which examines HIV/AIDS, together with other

infectious diseases, within the immediate physical environment of rural

communities and households. The two papers form building blocks of the

knowledge base of the UNDP-SEAHIV Programme. Furthermore,

considering the papers together, as well as in relation to the concept of the

Early Warning Rapid Response System, opens new possibilities for

interventions which can reinforce and complement the present health efforts

and strategies.

This treatment of root causes of HIV vulnerability puts into question

traditional frameworks and challenges those in research - as well as those in

action — to consider in a more holistic framework HIV/AIDS and other

infectious diseases which are related to changes introduced by development.

36

A word of caution: this paper is very much work in progress, limited to

exploring some issues, opening doors onto others. Its main purpose is to

encourage readers to join in this investigation of some of the complexities of

HIV/AIDS. It is hoped that it will constitute the basis for further exploration

of the interrelations between HTV/AIDS and the environment.

52 2000

GRAINGER, ALLAN, MARK STAFFORD SMITH, VICTOR R.

SQUIRES, EDUARD GLENN

2000 ―Desertification, and climate change: the case for greater

convergence‖, in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,

Springer, vol 5, no. 4, pp. 361-377.

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Adaptación


Resumen: Poor knowledge of links between desertification and globalclimate change is

limiting funding from the Global Environment Facility foranti-desertification

projects and realization of synergies between theConvention to Combat

Desertification (CCD) and the FrameworkConvention on Climate Change

(FCCC). Greater convergence betweenresearch in the two fields could

overcome these limitations, improve ourknowledge of desertification, and

benefit four areas of global climate changestudies: mitigation assessment;

accounting for land cover change in thecarbon budget; land surface-

atmosphere interactions; and climate changeimpact forecasting. Convergence

would be assisted if desertification weretreated more as a special case in dry

areas of the global process of landdegradation, and stimulated by: (a) closer

cooperation between the FCCCand CCD; (b) better informal networking

between desertification and globalclimate change scientists, e.g. within the

framework of theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Both

strategies wouldbe facilitated if the FCCC and CCD requested the IPCC to

provide ascientific framework for realizing the synergies between them.

53 2005

GÜLKAN, POLAT

2005 ―An Analysis of Risk Mitigation Considerations in Regional

Reconstruction in Turkey: The Missing Link‖, in Mitigation and Adaptation

Strategies for Climate Change, Springer, vol. 10, no. 3, July, pp. 525-540.

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Sismos

Reconstrucción

Gobiernos, población en general

37

1999 EUROPEO-ASIÁTICO

Turquía

Resumen: Turkey's disastrous earthquakes in 1999 required a monumental task for

rebuilding the affected regions. This has now been largely completed by the

massive loans borrowed from international institutions and domestic

resources. The organization of the resources to accomplish reconstruction is

described. Yet, having successfully accomplished the tasks of addressing the

long-term needs of the victims in terms of reconstruction/restoration of lost

homes and businesses, and dealing with the disruption that the disaster has

caused in community life, cannot be viewed as signs that success has been

achieved. This article stresses that once the initial shock of the disaster has

worn off, institutional adjustments required for mitigation for future disasters

have not been enacted vigorously.

54 2005

HAQUE, C., IAN BURTON

2005 ―Adaptation Options Strategies for Hazards and Vulnerability

Mitigation: An International Perspective‖ in Mitigation and Adaptation

Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol 10, no. 3, July, , pp. 335-353

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Adaptación


Resumen: The broad objective of this special issue of Mitigation and Adaptation

Strategies for Global Change is to address some of the gaps in our knowledge

and understanding of the policies, programs, and measures that might be

applied to natural hazards and their impacts in an era of climate change.

Given the global impacts of climate change and world-wide pattern of

increasing losses from natural hazards we necessarily adopt an international

perspective. The specific goals of the special issue are to: (a) encompass

experiential aspects, emphasizing current practice of mitigation and its

associated measures, and their results; and (b) explore primary or root causes

of alarming shifts in human and economic costs of environmental extremes.

Special emphasis is placed on how human activities are playing a key role in

enhancing vulnerability to NTEE (nature-triggered environmental extremes),

quite independently from the anthropogenic causes of climate change. The

goals are also (c) to examine costs, risks, and benefits (of all kinds including

social, political, ecological) of mitigation, and adjustment and adaptation

measures; and (d) analyze policy implications of alternative measures. These

components are expected to make significant contributions to policy

considerations – formulation, implementation and evaluation. There is much

uncertainty about the rate of climate change; however, the fact of increase of

the atmospheric temperature in the last century is no longer a subject of

38

scientific or policy debate. Due to such changes in the geophysical

parameters, certain types of nature-triggered environmental extreme events

are likely to continue to increase. How global warming will affect regional

climates and pertinent variables is not well known, limiting our ability to

predict consequential effects. This factor poses serious constraints against

any straightforward policy decisions. Research findings of the work of this

volume reaffirm that human dimensions, specifically our awareness and

decision-making behavior, are powerful explanatory factors of increasing

disaster losses. Disaster mitigation through addressing human, social, and

physical vulnerability is one of the best means for contributing to ‗climate

change adaptation plans‘, and sustainable development goals. Recent lessons

from various countries have depicted that the formulation of mitigation

strategies cannot be exclusively top-down as it requires social, political, and

cultural acceptance and sense of ownership. An interactive, participatory

process, involving local communities, produces best expected outcomes

concerning mitigation, preparedness, and recovery. An emerging consensus is

that there is a need to move towards the ‗mission‘ of the International

Strategy for Disaster Reduction which aims at building disaster resilient

communities by promoting increased awareness of the importance of disaster

reduction as an integral component of sustainable development, with the goal

of reducing human, social, economic and environmental losses due to natural

hazards and related technological and environmental disasters. Sharing of

best practices and lessons globally is certain to produce more efficiency and

understanding in policy and decision making.

55 2009

HEIFETZ, RONALD, ALEXANDER GRASHOW, MARTY LINSKY

2009 ―Build and Adaptive Culture: Key Tactics for Improving the

Organization's Ability to Tackle Adaptive Challenges‖ in Cap. 2 de The

Practice of Adaptive Leadership: Tools and Tactics for Changing Your

Organization and the World Harvard Business Press

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:


Organización institucional y comunitaria


Resumen: Fostering an adaptive culture will enable your organization or community to

meet an ongoing series of adaptive challenges into the future. Althoug

building adaptive capacity is a medium- and long-term goal, it can only

happen by movilizing today. Every challenge you currently face is another

opportunity to both work the immediate problem and institute ways of

operating that can become norms for taking on whatever comes next. In this

chapter, the authors identify five distinguishing characteristics of an adaptive

culture and explore a few things you can do to improve your organization's

rating on each criterion.

39

56 1996

HENDERSON-SELLERS, A.

1996 ―Climate modelling, uncertainty and responses to predictions of

change‖ in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,

Springer, vol 1, number 1, pp. 1-21.

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Entendimiento del cambio climático


Resumen: Article 4.1(F) of the Framework Convention on Climate Change commits all

parties to take climate change considerations into account, to the extent

feasible, in relevant social, economic and environmental policies and actions

and to employ methods such as impact assessments to minimize adverse

effects of climate change. This could be achieved by,inter alia, incorporating

climate change risk assessment into development planning processes i.e.

relating climatic change to issues of habitability and sustainability.

Adaptation is an ubiquitous and beneficial natural and human strategy. Future

adaptation (or, better, adjustment) to climate is inevitable at the least to

decrease the vulnerability to current climatic impacts. The urgent issue is the

mismatch between the predictions ofglobal climatic change and the need for

information onlocal to regional change in order to develop adaptation

strategies. Mitigation efforts are essential since the more successful

mitigation activities are, the less need there will be for adaptation responses.

Moreover, mitigation responses can be global (e.g. a uniform percentage

reduction in greenhouse gas emissions) while adaptation responses will be

local to regional in character and therefore depend upon confident predictions

of regional climatic change. The dilemma facing policymakers is that

scientists have considerable confidence in likely global climatic changes but

virtually zero confidence in regional changes. Mitigation and adaptation

strategies relevant to climatic change can most usefully be developed in the

context of sound understanding of climate, especially the near-surface

continental climate, permitting discussion of societally relevant issues.

Unfortunately, climate models cannot yet deliver this type of regionally and

locationally specific prediction and some aspects of current research even

seem to indicate increased uncertainty. These topics are explored in this

paper using the specific example of the prediction of land-surface climate

changes.

57 2005

HWACHA, VALERIAH

2005 ―Canada's Experience in Developing a National Disaster Mitigation

Strategy: A Deliverative Dialogue Approach‖ in Mitigation and Adaptation



40

ED

Estudio de

caso:


Planeación Gubernamental


AMERICANO

Canadá

Resumen: Canada is vulnerable to a wide range of natural and human-induced disasters.

Recent experience with major natural disasters demonstrated that more needs

to be done to protect Canadians from the impacts of future disasters. The

Government of Canada, through the Department of Public Safety and

Emergency Preparedness Canada, has conducted consultations with

provinces, territories and stakeholders to develop a national disaster

mitigation strategy (NDMS) aimed at enhancing Canada's capacity to prevent

disasters before they occur and promoting the development of disaster-

resilient communities. This paper provides an overview of Canada's

emergency management and hazards context. It reports on the preliminary

findings of consultations with stakeholders and evaluates the usefulness of

the deliberative dialogue methodology that was used to facilitate the

consultations. Examples that are illustrative of recent Canadian efforts on

disaster mitigation and the challenges respecting the development and future

implementation of a NDMS are also discussed.

58 1997

IGLESIAS, A., M.T. MINGUEZ

1997 ―Modelling Crop-Climate Interactions in Spain: Vulnerability and

Adaptation of Different Agricultural Systems to Climate Change‖ Mitigation

and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol 1, number 3, pp.

273-288

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático


Agricultores

EUROPEO

España

Resumen: This study evaluates the theoretical impact of climate change on yields and

water use of two crops with different responses to increased CO2 and which

represent contrasting agricultural systems in Spain. In all cases the simulated

effects of a CO2-induced climate change depended on the counteracting

effects between higher daily ET rates, shortening of crop growth duration and

changes in precipitation patterns as well as the simulated effects of CO2 on

the water use efficiency of the crops. For summer irrigated crops such as

41

maize, the yield reductions and the exacerbated problems of irrigation water

availability simulated with climate change may force the crop out of

production in some regions. For winter dryland crops such as wheat,

productivity increased significantly in some regions, suggesting a northward

shift of area suitable for wheat production in future climates. The study

considered strategies for improving the efficiency of water use based on the

optimization of crop management decisions in a CO2-driven warmer climate.

59 2003

IKEME, JEKWU

2003 ―Climate Change Daaptational Deficiencies in Developing Countries:

the Case of Sub-Saharan Africa‖ in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for

Global Change, Springer, vol 8, no. 1, pp. 29-52.

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Adaptación

Comunidad internacional

AFRICANO

Africa Sub-sahariana

Resumen: Adaptation is nowrecognized as an inevitable component ofthe overall

climate change responsestrategy. For a developing region likesub-Saharan

Africa with low greenhouse gasemissions and high vulnerability to

theimpacts of climate change, the importanceof adaptation in climate change

policy iseven more fundamental. This paper examined alook at the

adaptational preparedness ofthe sub-Saharan African region to

climatechange. Clearly evident in theenvironmental strategy and

developmentfocus of these countries is lack ofrecognition of the need to

adapt, poorincentive to adapt and low capacity toadapt to climate change.

This furtherexacerbates their vulnerability and hasimplications for the global

climate changeresponse strategy. Unfortunately, fewattempts have been made

to understand thestructural reasons underlying the pervasivepattern of

adaptational unpreparedness inthe region, neither has there been

acomprehensive and systematic analysis ofhow to remedy this problem. This

paper is acontribution in this regard. It alsohighlights the factors to

whichinternational community need to payattention, if it truly wishes to make

itsefforts at adaptation more global inscope.

60 1997

KAPETANAKI, G., C. ROSENZWEIG

1997 ―Impact of Climate Change on Maize Yield in Central and Northern

Greece: A Simulation with Ceres-Maize‖ in Mitigation and Adaptation

Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol 1 number 3, pp. 251-271


42

ED

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Agricultura-economía

Agricultores

EUROPEO

Grecia

Resumen: The potential impacts of climate change on the phenology and yield of two

maize varieties in Greece were studied. Three sites representing the central

and northern agricultural regions were selected: Karditsa, Naoussa and

Xanthi. The CERES-Maize model, embedded in the Decision Support

System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT 3.0), was used for the crop

simulations, with current and possible future management practices.

Equilibrium doubled CO2 climate change scenarios were derived from the

GISS, GFDL, and UKMO general circulation models (GCMs); a transient

scenario was developed from the GISS GCM transient run A. These

scenarios predict consistent increases in air temperature, small increases in

solar radiation and precipitation changes that vary considerably over the

study regions in Greece. Physiological effects of CO2 on crop growth and

yield were simulated. Under present management practices, the climate

change scenarios generally resulted in decreases in maize yield due to

reduced duration of the growing period at all sites. Adaptation analyses

showed that mitigation of climate change effects may be achieved through

earlier sowing dates and the use of new maize varieties. Varieties with higher

kernel-filling rates, currently restricted to the central regions, could be

extended to the northern regions of Greece. In the central regions, new maize

varieties with longer grain-filling periods might be needed.

61 2005

KELMAN, ILAN

2005 ―Learning from disasters‖ in Science Journal: Science Careers from

the Journal Science American Association for the Advancement of

Science/HighWire Press

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Inundación

Prevención de desastres urbanos


2000 EUROPEO

Reino Unido Londres

Resumen: It's not every day that the subject of your doctoral research project makes

headlines on national television. But that's just what happened to Ilan Kelman

when, in autumn 2000, image of British Prime Minister Tony Blair talking to

flood-affected people and Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott wading

43

through floodwaters made the national news. "A lot of people suffered and

the flooding hit the political radar," recalls Kelman, whose work focuses on

disasters, their effects on the built environment, and the vulnerabilities of

communities.

62 2005

KELMAN, ILAN, J. BARRET

2005 ―Pay now to save later. An interview with Ilan Kelman, disaster

expert, who examines the lessons of Hurricamens Katrina and Rita and what

needs to be done to prevent another catastrophe‖ (MSNBC.com).

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A

Estudio de

caso:

Huracán

Prevención de desastres


Resumen: An interview with Ilan Kelman, disaster expert, who examines the lessons of

Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and what needs to be done to prevent another

catastrophe.

63 1999

KLEIN, R.J.T., D.C. MACIVER

1999 ―Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change: Methodological

Issues‖ in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer,

vol 4, number 3-4, pp. 189-198

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Taller de Adaptación


1998 AMERICANO

Costa Rica

Resumen: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) convened a

Workshop on Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change in Costa Rica in

1998 that involved more than 200 expects and incorporated views from many

research communities. This paper summarizes the recommendations from the

Workshop and profiles the contributions to the advancement of

methodologies for adaptation science.

64 1999

KLEIN, R.J.T., R.J. NICHOLLS, N. MIMURA

1999 ―Coastal Adaptation to Climate Change: Can the IPCC Technical

Guidelines be applied?‖ in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global

44

Change, Springer, vol 4, number 3-4, pp. 239-252.

Cintinente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Respuesta a posibles amenazas originadas por el cambio climático

Gobiernos

Resumen: This paper evaluates the IPCC Technical Guidelines for Assessing Climate

Change Impacts and Adaptations with respect to the guidance offered for

coastal-adaptation assessment. It appears that the IPCC Technical Guidelines

focus strongly on implementation. This paper uses both conceptual and

empirical information is used in this paper to show that coastal adaptation

embraces more than selecting one of the "technical" options to respond to sea-

level rise (retreat, accommodate or protect). Coastal adaptation is a more

complex and iterative process with a series of policy cycles. To be effective,

an expanded adapta-tion framework involving four steps is suggested,

including (i) information collection and awareness raising; (ii) planning and

design; (iii) implementation; and (iv) monitoring and evaluation. The incom-

plete coverage of these four steps in existing coastal-adaptation assessments

constrains the development of adaptation strategies that are supported by the

relevant actors and integrated into existing management. Researchers and

policy-makers are recommended to work together to establish a framework

for adaptation that is integrated within current coastal management processes

and practices and takes a broader view on the subject.

65 1996

KONRAD, HERMAN W.

1996 ―Caribbean tropical storms: ecological implications for prehispanic

and contemporary Maya subsistence practices on the Yucatan peninsula‖ in

Revista Mexicana del Caribe, año 1, pp. 99-130 ó en: Revista de la

Universidad de Yucatán, vol. 18, no. 224/2 (edición especial), enero-marzo,

Mérida, UADY, pp. 99-126

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-MÉXICO

Estudio de

caso:

Tormentas tropicales y huracanes

Población de la península de Yucatán

AMERICANO

México Yucatán Mérida

Resumen: The ecological stress factor of hurricanes is examined as a dimension of pre-

Hispanic Maya adaptation to a tropical forest habitat in the Yucatan

peninsula. Pre-Hispanic, colonial and contemporary texts as well as climatic

data from the Caribbean region support the thesis that the hurricane was an

integral feature of the pre-Hispanic Maya cosmology and ecological

45

paradigm. The author argues that destruction of forests by tropical storms and

subsequent succession cycles mimic not only swidden -"slash-and-burn"-

agriculture, but also slower, natural succession cycles. With varying degrees

of success, flora and fauna adapt to periodic, radical ecosystem disruption in

the most frequently hard-hit areas. While not ignoring more widely-discussed

issues surrounding the longevity and decline of pre-Hispanic Maya

civilization, such as political development, settlement patterns, migration,

demographic stability, warfare and trade, the author suggests that effective

adaptation to the ecological effects of tropical storms helped determine the

success of pre-Hispanic Maya subsistence strategies.

66 2000

LASCO, RODEL D., FLORENCIA PULHIN

2000 ―Forest land use change in the Philippines and climate change

mitigation‖ in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,

Springer, vol 5, no. 1, pp. 81-97

Continente

ED

AMERICANO- .U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Manejo de recursos forestales


ASIÁTICO

Filipinas

Resumen: Tropical forests in countries like thePhilippines are important sources and

sinks of carbon(C). The paper analyzes the contribution of Philippineforests

in climate change mitigation. Since the 1500s,deforestation of 20.9 M ha

(106 ha) of Philippineforests contributed 3.7 Pg (1015 g) of C to

theatmosphere of which 2.6 Pg were released this century. At present, forest

land uses store 1091 Tg(1012 g) of C and sequester 30.5 Tg C/yr

whilereleasing 11.4 Tg C/yr through deforestation andharvesting. In the year

2015, it is expected that thetotal C storage will decline by 8% (1005 Tg)

andtotal rate of C sequestration will increase by 17%(35.5 Tg/yr). This trend

is due to the decline innatural forest area accompanied by an increase intree

plantation area. We have shown that uncertaintyin national C estimates still

exists because they arereadily affected by the source of biomass and Cdensity

data. Philippine forests can act as C sink by:conserving existing C sinks,

expanding C stocks, andsubstituting wood products for fossil fuels. Here

weanalyze the possible implications of the provisions ofthe Kyoto Protocol to

Philippine forests. Finally, wepresent current research and development

efforts ontropical forests and climate change in the Philippinesto improve

assessments of their role in the nations Cbudgets.

67 1999

LEARY, N.A.

46

1999 ―A Framework for Benefit-Cost Analysis of Adaptation to Climate

Change and Climate Variability‖ in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for

Global Change, Springer, vol 4, number 3-4, pp. 307-318

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Manejo de recursos


Resumen: The potential damages of climate change and climate variability are

dependent upon the responses or adaptations that people make to their

changing environment. By adapting the management of resources, the mix

and methods of producing goods and services, choices of leisure activities,

and other behavior, people can lessen the damages that would otherwise

result. A framework for assessing the benefits and costs of adaptation to both

climate change and climate variability is described in the paper. The

framework is also suitable for evaluating the economic welfare effects of

climate change, allowing for autonomous adaptation by private agents.

The paper also briefly addresses complications introduced by uncertainty

regarding the benefits of adaptation and irreversibility of investments in

adaptation. When investment costs are irreversible and there is uncertainty

about benefits, the usual net present value criterion for evaluating the

investment gives the wrong decision. If delaying an adaptation project is

possible, and if delay will permit learning about future benefits of adaptation,

it may be preferable to delay the project even if the expected net present

value is positive. Implications of this result for adaptation policy are

discussed in the paper.

68 2005

MALANOWSKI, JOHN

2005 ―Leveraging the New Human Capital: Adaptive Strategies, Results

Achieved, and Stories of Transformation (Book Review)‖ in Human

Resource Planning, September, Davies Black Publishing

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Adaptación


Resumen: Leveraging the New Human Capital focuses the reader upon the growing

shape fo the Information Age Workforce. It stresses the differences between

the Industrial Age worker, and the Information Age worker. Burud and

Tumolo classify this new worker as "dual-focus", meaning that the worker is

focused on both home and work life instead of only work. In order to survive

47

in the Information Age, businesses must create an adaptive culture. In the

adaptive culture, processes (compensation/benefits(work-life) must become

individualized. It is their belief that if those issues are standarized, they create

inequity in the...

69 2005

MCBEAN, G.A.

2005 ―Risk Mitigation Strategies for Tornadoes in the Context of Climate

Change and Development‖ in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for

Climate Change, Springer, vol 10, no. 3, July, pp. 357-366

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Tornados

Manejo ambiental


AMERICANO

Canadá

Resumen: Mitigation strategies for natural hazards will always be dealing with risk.

With climate change bringing a new set of risks, each with its uncertainties,

the risk manager has new challenges. Since natural hazards like tornadoes

have large impacts and divert resources towards mitigation and recovery,

changing natural hazards are a factor affecting development. In this paper, an

analysis of tornado risk in Canada in the context of a changing climate is

given which leads to the conclusion that risk-management strategies should

assume more frequent events in the future.

Resultado:

70 2009

MCGREGOR, Duncan, David BARKER, Donovan CAMPBELL

2009 ―Environmental change and Caribbean Food Security: recent hazard

impacts and domestic food production in Jamaica‖, in Global Change and

Caribbean Vulnerability: Environment, Economy and Society at Risk. UWI

Press

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-Jamaica

Estudio de

caso:

Desastres agrícolas

Producción agrícola-Alimentación

población rural

AMERICANO

Jamaica St Elizabeth

Resumen: It is now almost universally accepted that global warming is taking place

(IPCC, 2007; Gamble, this volume). I is also generally accepted that the net

48

effects of global warming on agriculture, through a combination of global

temperature increases, regional variations in rainfall and global increases in

CO2 levels, will be negative on developing areas as a whole (see, for

example, Reilly, 1996; Reilly and Graham, 2000; Adger et al., 2003; Parry et

al., 2004) The effects of global warming on Caribbean agriculture were

postulated (for example, McGregor, 1995; Watts, 1995; McGregor & Potter,

1997) against a background of structural weaknesses in the profile of

Caribbean agriculture (Barker, 1993). There are two effects to be considered;

firstly, the effects across the Caribbean Basin of more gradual changes in

environmental parameters such as temperature and rainfall. Secondly, there

is the more obvious effect of the damage caused in specific locations by

single high-magnitude events such as hurricanes. This chapter examines the

implications for food security, defined here specifically as the viability of

agricultural production systems. A case study of a distinctive marginal

farming system in rural Jamaica (southern St Elizabeth) is considered in

terms of the effects of recent, but cumulative, environmental changes upon it.

The focus is on agricultural marginalisation within a complex of regional

physical and local societal forces.

71 2005

MILETI, Dennis, Julie GAILUS

2005 ―Sustainable Development and Hazards Mitigation in the United

States: Disasters by Design Revisited‖ in Mitigation and Adaptation


Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:


Respuesta científica y tecnológica

Comunidad científica

AMERICANO

Estados Unidos

Resumen: It has become clear that natural and related technological hazards and

disasters are not problems that can be solved in isolation. The occurrence of

disasters is a symptom of broader and more basic social problems. Since

1994, a team of over 100 expert academics and practitioners – including

members of the private sector – have assessed, evaluated, and summarized

knowledge about natural and technological hazards in the United States from

the perspectives of the physical, natural, social, behavioral, and engineering

sciences. The major thesis of the findings was losses from hazards and

inability to comprehensively reduce losses of all types are the consequences

of narrow and shortsighted development patterns, cultural premises, and

attitudes toward the natural environment, science, and technology. To address

these broad and basic problems, the study included proposals for ways in

which people and the institutions of the United States can take responsibility

49

for disaster losses, reduce future hazard losses, and link hazard mitigation to

sustainable development.

72 1999

MIZINA, S.V., J.B. SMITH, E. GOSSEN, K.F. SPIECKER, S.L.

WITKOWSKI

1999 ―An evaluation of adaptation options for climate change impacts on

agriculture in Kazakhstan‖, in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for

Global Change, Springer, vol 4, number 1, pp. 25-41

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático


Productores agrícolas

ASIÁTICO

Kazajistán

Resumen: Agriculture in Kazakhstan is sensitive to climate, and wheat yields could be

reduced up to 70% under climate change. With the transition from a socialist

economy to a free market economy, decisions are being made now that will

affect Kazakhstan''s ability to cope with climate change. A team of Kazakh

and American researchers examined the cost-effectiveness and barriers to

implementations of adaptation options for climate change. Twelve adaptation

options that increase flexibility to respond to climate change were identified

using a screening matrix. Four options, forecasting pest outbreaks,

developing regional centers for preserving genetic diversity of seeds,

supporting a transition to a free market, and reducing soil erosion through the

use of changed farming practices, were examined. The Adaptation Decision

Matrix (ADM) was then applied to estimate benefits using expert judgment

(using an arbitrary numerical scale, not monetary values) and benefits

estimates were compared to costs to determine cost-effectiveness. The ADM

uses subjective measures of how well adaptation options meet policy

objectives. Controlling soil erosion was estimated to have the highest

benefits, but the high costs of implementation appears to make it relatively

cost-ineffective. Supporting a transition to a free market was ranked as the

most cost-effective measure, with regional centers second. However, use of

different scales to quantify benefits or different weights can result in regional

centers being more cost-effective than the transition to a free market.

Regional centers was also judged to have fewer barriers to implementation

than a transition to a free market. These results will be incorporated in

Kazakhstan''s National Action Plan. The ADM and other tools are relatively

easy to apply, but are quite subjective and difficult to evaluate. The tools can

be quite useful by decision makers to analyze advantages and disadvantages

between different adaptation options, but should be supplemented with

additional, particularly quantitative analysis.

50

73 2002

MORTON, JOHN, DAVID BARTON

2002 ―Destocking as a Drought-mitigation Strategy: Clarifying Rationales

and Answering Critiques‖ in Disasters, Overseas Development Institute,

26(3) pp. 213-228. DOI: 10.1111/1467-7717.00201

Continente

ED

EUROPEO REINO UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:

Sequía

Economía agrícola-ganadera

Población rural

AFRICANO

Kenya

Resumen: The idea of externally assisted emergency destocking of pastoralists has

gained currency in recent years: increasing the incentives for pastoralists to

sell animals, or removing the constraints to selling animals in the early stages

of drought. We identify two separate rationales put forward by proponents of

destocking: environmental benefits and purchasing power/welfare benefits.

We consider wether specific recent critiques of 'new range ecology' and

specifically of 'tracking policies' do in fact provide arguments against

emergency destocking in pastoralist areas. We illustrate some of these themes

with a case study of a successful destrocking exercise in northern Kenya

where a very specific form of support was requested and received by

pastoralists themselves. The sorts of destocking that work are likely to have

significant effects on patoralist purchasing power at key points of the drought

cycle, but minimal effects on the environment. Clarifying these points will

make it easier to promote destocking as a drought-mitigation policy.

74 2009

NAES, LARS OTTO; MORWENNA SULLIVAN, JO KHINMAUNG,

PHILIPE CRAHAY, AGNES OTZELBERGER

2009 ―Changing climates, changing lives. Adaptation strategies of pastoral

and agro-pastoral communities in Ethiopia and Mali‖ in Reporte, Institute of

Development Studies/ Action Against Hunger/Tearfund:

(http://www.ids.ac.uk/go/news/changing-climates-changing-lives-local-

voices-and-adaptation-to-climate-change)

Continente

ED

EUROPEO REINO UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:

Sequía

Productiva-organizativa

Pastores y Agro-pastores

2009 AFRICANO

Ethipía y Mali

51

Resumen: This report identifies recommendations for different stakeholders and their

efforts to promote food security and climate-resilient livelihoods. They are

relevant for existing programmes, but also for programmes under new and

additional funding that becomes available for the implementation of

adaptation under a global post- 2012 climate change agreement.

75 2006

O'BRIEN, GEOF, PHIL O'KEEFE, JOANE ROSE, BEN WISNER

2006 ―Climate change and disaster management‖ in Disasters, Overseas

Development Institute, 30(1), pp.64-80

DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00307.x

Continente

ED

EUROPEO-REINO UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio Climático

Desarrollo de políticas de reducción del riesgo y la vulnerabilidad


Resumen: Climate change, although a natural phenomenon, is accelerated by human

activities. Disaster policy response to climate change is dependent on a

number of factors, such as readiness to accept the reality of climate change,

institutions and capacity, as well as willingness to embed climate change risk

assessment and management in development strategies. These conditions do

not yet exist universally. A focus that neglects to enhance capacity-building

and resilience as a prerequisite for managing climate change risks will, in all

likelihood, do little to reduce vulnerability to those risks. Reducing

vulnerability is a key aspect of reducing climate change risk. To do so

requires a new approach to climate change risk and a change in institutional

structures and relationships. A focus on development that neglects to enhance

governance and resilience as a prerequisite for managing climate change risks

will, in all likelihood, do little to reduce vulnerability to those risks.

76 2009

PHON TRAN, RAJIB SHAW, GUILLAUME CHANTRY, JOHN NORTON

2009 ―GIS and local knowledge in disaster managemente: a case study of

flood risk mapping in Viet Nam‖ in Disasters, Overseas Development

Institute 33(1):152-169. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7717.2008.01067.x

Continente

ED

EUROPEO-REINO UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:


Integración de tecnologías modernas y autóctonas en el manejo de desastres


2009 ASIATICO

Vietnam Thua Thien Hue Comunidad de Quang Tho

52

Resumen: Linking community knowledge with modern techniques to record and

analyse risk related data is one way of engaging and mobilising community

capacity. This paper discusses the use of the Geographic Information System

(GIS) at the local level and the need for integrating modern technology and

indigenous knowledge into disaster management. It suggests a way to

mobilize available human and technical resources in order to strengthen a

good partnership between local communities and local and national

institutions. The paper also analyses the current vulnerability of two

communes by correlating hazard risk and loss/damage caused by disasters

and the contribution that domestic risk maps in the community can make to

reduce this risk. The disadvantages, advantages and lessons learned from the

GIS flood risk mapping project are presented through the case study of the

Quang Tho Commune in Thua Thien Hue province, central Viet Nam.

77 2009

PORFIRIEV, BORIS

2009 ―Community resilience and vulnerability to disasters: Qualitative

models and megacities - a comparison with small towns‖ in Environmental

Hazards 8, Earthscan Journals, pp. 23-37

Continente

ED

EUROPEO REINO UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:


Resiliencia en las Mega-ciudades


2009 EUROPEO

Rusia

Resumen: This paper contrasts the resilience to disasters of megacities with small

towns, using vulnerability as a key variable. As an instrument of this

comparison a formal model of the communities' vulnerability, further

deconstructed into a set of specific modules, is developed and used. It is

argued that the megacities' high resilience capacity in the main ensures only a

debilitating (although undoubtedly mayjor) effect on them by disaster agents.

Meanwhile, the impact on the small towns is often disastrous and sometimes

turns into a real catastrophe with some communities totally debastated.

However, this observacion does not preclude some notable exceptions. To

corroborate and highlight the key findings above,empirical data from the

Russian experience of the late twentied to early twenty-first centuries are

provided, supplemented by some international illustrations.

78 1997

PUNNING, J.M., T. TOFF, R. TANN, T. LUKKI

1997 ―The Sensitivity and Adaptation of Ecosystems to the Disturbances: A

Case Study in Northeastern Estonia‖, in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies

for Global Change, Springer, vol 2, number 1, pp. 1-17

53

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Impacto ambiental

EUROPEO

Estonia

Resumen: The study focused on the problem of the response and adaptation of an

ecosystem to natural fire in case of greenhouse warming. The

palaeoecological approach was used and reconstructions were made for time

ca 6000 years ago, when the human impact in the studied area was absent or

very weak and the summer temperatures were about 2.4 degrees higher than

at the present time. The palaeoreconstructions were compiled using the

charcoal, pollen and diatoms data from the sediments of a northeast Estonian

lake. The results show that forest fires influenced the biota of the lake mainly

through evapotranspiration and the accompanying erosional changes. The

impacts of the fire directly to the lake ecosystem were short-term and the

primary diatom association was restored after 10–15 years. The pollen influx

was influenced by the fires mainly through the changes in the openness of the

landscape and the composition of the pollen spectra was restored over a

period of 50–60 years. The data demonstrate the high ability of the studied

ecosystem to adapt to the impact of natural fires in the climatic environment

comparable with that predicted for the future.

79 2002

RAMOS, CATARINA, EUSÉBIO REIS

2002 ―Floods in Southern Portugal: their physical and human causes,

impacts and human response‖ in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for

Climate Change, Springer, vol 7, no. 3, pp. 267-284

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Inundación


Población urbana

1979 EUROPEO

Portugal

Resumen: Floods have been the most deadlynatural disasters in Portugal during the

lastcentury, followed by earthquakes. The typeof flood known as a

`progressive flood'mainly affects the larger basins, such asthat of the Tagus

River, and results in alarge inundated area. These floods arecaused by heavy

rains associated with awesterly zonal circulation that may persistfor weeks.

The system of dams within thebasin reduces the frequency of flooding,but

cannot `tame' the river. The dam systemhas even contributed to an increase in

54

thepeak flow, as in the 1979 flood.Nevertheless, these floods are not a

dangerfor the human population. In contrast, flashfloods are more dangerous

and deadlier thanprogressive floods, as demonstrated in 1967and 1997. They

affect the small drainagebasins and are caused by heavy andconcentrated

rainfall, created byconvective depressions (active cold poolsor depressions

caused by the interactionbetween polar and tropical air masses),active in the

south of the country, in theLisbon region, Alentejo and the

Algarve.Deforestation, soil impermeability, chaoticurbanization, building on

floodplains, theblockage of small creeks or theircanalisation, and the building

of walls andtransverse embankments along the smallcreeks all contribute to

the aggravation ofthis kind of flood.

80 2007

REDEKER, CORNELIA, BIANCA STALENBERG

2007 ―Urban flood protection: two strategies‖, in International Conference

on Water & Flood Management (ICWFM-2007) pp. 12-14

Continente

ED

ASIÁTICO-Bangladesh

Estudio de

caso:

Inundación

Expansión y contención fluvial

Población urbana

EUROPEO

Alemania

Resumen: Due to climate changes and urbanization processes, flood risk and the

inherent damage potential are increasing. Flood protection improvements are

inevitable - a challenge especially for urbanized areas. This is a research of

urban flood protection strategies capable of creating a surplus value for the

affected cities. The demand for improved flood protection can be approached

in two ways - via river containment, or via river expansion. While one deals

with the imporvement, alteration or replacement of the existing conventional

protection structures into multifunctional and adaptable flood defences, the

other aims for a more paradigmatic change - to integrate the river into urban

development in a more expansive way. This does not imply an either/or

approach between river containment and expansion, on the contrary, studies

are executed of different combinations of both urban flood protection

strategies. It aims for more differentiated solutions for specific Rhine river

cities regarding their cultural and material valuse, spactial capacities,

conversion processes within the city and, of course, the effects up- and

downstream.

81 2007

REID, SUSANNA, BARRY SMIT, WAYNE CALDWELL, SUZANNE

BELLIVEAU

2007 ―Vulnerability and adaptation to climate risks in Ontario agriculture‖

in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change, Springer, vol

55

12, no. 4, may, pp. 609-637

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Manejo ambiental, Economía, Agricultura

Agricultores, Administradores

AMERICANO

Canadá Ontario Perth

Resumen: A vulnerability approach to climate change adaptation research is employed

to explore prospects of agricultural adaptation to climatic variability and

change. The methodological approach focuses on the system of concern, in

this case, farms in Perth County, Ontario. Twenty-five interviews and four

focus groups with farmers were used to identify climate risks on farms, and

to document farmers‘ responses to conditions and risks associated with

climate and weather. The information collected describes a complex

decision-making environment, with many forces both external and internal to

the farm operation influencing management decisions. Within this

environment, climate and weather are consistently referred to as a significant

force influencing both farm operations and management decisions. Farmers

have, however, developed a wide-range of anticipatory and reactive

management strategies to manage climate risks. While these have potential to

address future climate-related risks and opportunities, there are limits to

adaptation, and an increase in the frequency of extreme events may exceed

their adaptive capacities. Farmers are also generally unaware and/or

unconcerned about future climate change, which could constrain

opportunities to adopt long-term climate change adaptations.

82 1999

RISBEY, J., M. KANDLIKAR, H. DOWLATABADI, D. GRAETZ

1999 ―Scale, context, and decision making in agricultural adaptation to

climate variability and change‖ in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for

Global Change, Springer, vol 4, number 2, pp. 137-165

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Agricultura

Agricultores-Granjeros

OCEÁNICO

Australia

Resumen: This work presents a framework for viewing agricultural adaptation,

emphasizing the multiple spatial and temporal scales on which individuals

and institutions process information on changes in their environment. The

56

framework is offered as a means to gain perspective on the role of climate

variability and change in agricultural adaptation, and developed for a case

study of Australian agriculture. To study adaptation issues at the scale of

individual farms we developed a simple modelling framework. The model

highlights the decision making element of adaptation in light of uncertainty,

and underscores the importance of decision information related to climate

variability. Model results show that the assumption of perfect information for

farmers systematically overpredicts adaptive performance. The results also

suggest that farmers who make tactical planting decisions on the basis of

historical climate information are outperformed by those who use even

moderately successful seasonal forecast information. Analysis at continental

scales highlights the prominent role of the decline in economic operating

conditions on Australian agriculture. Examples from segments of the

agricultural industry in Australia are given to illustrate the importance of

appropriate scale attribution in adapting to environmental changes. In

particular, adaptations oriented toward short time scale changes in the

farming environment (droughts, market fluctuations) can be limited in their

efficacy by constraints imposed by broad changes in the soil/water base and

economic environment occuring over longer time scales. The case study also

makes the point that adaptation must be defined in reference to some goal,

which is ultimately a social and political exercise. Overall, this study

highlights the importance of allowing more complexity (limited information,

risk aversion, cross-scale interactions, mis-attribution of cause and effect,

background context, identification of goals) in representing adaptation

processes in climate change studies.

83 2006

ROJAS BLANCO, ANA V.

2006 ―Local initiatives and adaptation to climate change‖ in Disasters,

30(1), DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00311.x, Overseas, Development

Institute, pp. 140-147

Continente

ED

EUROPEO REINO UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio Climático

Resiliencia a nivel local


Resumen: Climate change is expected to lead to an increase in the number and srength

of natural hazarads produced by climatic events. This paper presents some

examples of the experiences of community-based organisations (CBOs) and

non-governmental organisations (NGOs) of variations in climate, and looks

at how they have incorporated their findings into the design and

implementation of local adaptation strategies. Local organisations integrate

climate change and climatic hazards into the design and development of their

projects as a means of adapting to their new climatic situation. Projects

designed to boost the resilience of local livelihoods are good examples of

57

local adaptation strategies. To upscale these adaptation initiatives, there is a

need to improve information exchange between CBOs, NGOs and academia.

Moreover, there is a need to bridge the gap between scientific and local

knowledge in order to create projects capable of withstanding stronger

natural hazards.

84 2009

ROJAS, TERESA; JOSÉ LUIS MARTÍNEZ Y DANIEL MURILLO

2009 Cultura hidráulica y simbolismo mesoamericano del agua en el

México prehispánico, IMTA/CIESAS

Continente

ED

AMERICANO MÉXICO

Estudio de

caso:

Inundación

Protección del patrimonio

Agricultores

2006 AMERICANO

México Guerrero Alpuyeca Tecoyo

Resumen: Entre las páginas 103-105 trata el estudio de caso de los trompesones, que

abordó Gerardo Gutiérrez en otros trabajos, vale la pena revisar todo el libro

porque habla de cultura hidráulica e infraestructura antigua y contemporánea.

85 1997

ROZENZWEIG, C., F.N. TUBIELLO

1997 ―Impacts of Global Climate Change on Mediterranean Agriculture:

Current Methodologies and Future Directions. An Introductory Essay‖ in


number 3, pp 219-232

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Manejo de recursos agrícolas

Agricultores

Varios países

Resumen: Current trends in Mediterranean agriculture reveal differences between the

Northern and Southern Mediterranean countries as related to population

growth, land and water use, and food supply and demand. The changes in

temperature and precipitation predicted by general circulation models for the

Mediterranean region will affect water availability and resource management,

critically shaping the patterns of future crop production. Three companion

papers analyze in detail future impacts of predicted climate change on wheat

(Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) production in Spain, Greece,

and Egypt, and test farm- level adaptation strategies such as early planting

and cultivar change with the aid of dynamic crop models. Strategies to

58

improve the assessment of the potential effects of future climate change on

agricultural production are discussed.

86 2009

SALDAÑA-ZORRILLA, SERGIO O., KRISTER SANDBERG

2009 ―Spatial econometric model of natural disaster impacts on human

migration in vulnerable regions of Mexico‖ in Disasters, 33(4), Overseas

Development Institute pp. 591-607. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7717.2008.01089.x

Continente

ED

EUROPEO REINO UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:

Eventos Climáticos

Producción Agrícola-Migración

Agricultores

2005 AMERICANO

México

Resumen: Mexico's vasta human and environmental diversity offers an initial

framework for comprehending some of the prevailing disparities between

rich and poor. Its socio-economic constructed vulnerability to climatic events

serves to expand this understanding. Based on a spatial econometric model,

this paper tests the contribution of natural disasters to stimulating the

emigration process in vulnerable regions of Mexico. Besides coping and

adaptive capacity, it assesses the effects of economic losses due to disasters

as well as the adverse production and trade conditions of the 1990s on

emigration rates in 2000 at the municipality level. Weather-related disasters

were responsible for approximately 80 per cent of economic losses in Mexico

between 1980 and 2005, mostly in the agricultural sector, which continues to

dominate many parts of the country. It is dramatic that this sector generates

around only four per cent of gross domestic product but provides a livelihood

to about one-quarter of the national population. It is no wonder, therefore,

that most emigration from this country arises in vulnerable rural areas.

87 1998

SEITZ, STEFAN

1998 ―Coping Strategies in an Ethnic Minority Group: The Atea of Mount

Pinatubo‖ in Disasters, 22(1), Overseas Development Institute pp. 76-90

DOI: 10.1111/1467-7717.00076,

Continente

ED

EUROPEO REINO UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:

Erupción volcánica

Economía-Sociedad

Minorías étnicas-indígenas

1991 ASIÁTICO

Filipinas Zambales

59

Resumen: The particular problems arising in the aftermath of natural disasters in

indigenous societies in the Third World, especially in ethnic or cultural

minorities, have until now received little attention in social scientific

research. The potential of such indigenous groups to use their traditional

knowledge and behaviour patterns in coping with natural disasters has been

badly neglected. The example of the Aeta in Zambates, Philippines, a

marginal group who were hit directly by the eruption of Mt Pinatubo in 1991,

shows how traditional economic and social behaviour can in some measure

determine their various survival strategies.

88 2006

SIAMBABALA BERNARD, MANYENA

2006 ―The concept of resilience revisited‖ in Disasters, 30(4) Overseas

Development Institute pp. 433-450. DOI: 10.1111/j.0361-3666.2006.00331.x

Continente

ED

EUROPEO REINO UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:


Definición del concepto Resiliencia


Resumen: The intimate connections between disaster recovery by and the resilience of

affected communities have become common features of disaster risk

reduction programmes since the adoption of the Hyogo Framework for

Action 2005-2015. Increasing attention is now paid to the capacity of

disaster-affected communities to 'bounce back' or to recover with little or no

external assistance following a disaster. This highlights the need for a change

in the disaster risk reduction work culture, with stronger emphasis being put

on resilience rather than just need or vulnerability. However, varied

conceptualisations of resilience pose new philosophical challenges. Yet

achieving a consensus on the concept remains a test for disaster research and

scholarship. This paper reviews the concept in terms of definitional issues,

the role of vulnerability in resilience discourse and its meaning, and the

differences between vulnerability and resilience. It concludes with some of

the more immediately apparent implications of resilience thinking for the

way we view and prepare for disasters.

89 1999

SMIT, B., I. BURTON, R.J.T. KLEIN, R. STREET

1999 ―The Science of Adaptation: A Framework for Assessment‖ in


number 3-4, pp. 199-213

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

60

Adaptación

Instituciones, políticas públicas

Resumen: This paper outlines what is meant by "adaptation" to climate change, and how

it might be addressed in the IPCC Assessments. Two roles of adaptation in

the climate change field are identified: adaptation as part of impact

assessment (where the key question is: what adaptations are likely?), and

adaptation as part of the policy response (where the central question is: what

adaptations are recommended?). The concept of adaptation has been adopted

in several fields including climate impact assessment and policy

development, risk management, and natural hazards research. A framework

for systematically defining adaptations is based on three questions: (i)

adaptation to what? (ii) who or what adapts? and (iii) how does adaptation

occur? The paper demonstrates that, for adaptation purposes, climate

extremes and variability are integral parts of climate change, along with shifts

in mean conditions. Attributes for differentiating adaptations include

purposefulness, timing, temporal and spatial scope, effects, form and

performance. The framework provides a guide for the treatment of adaptation

in the IPCC assessments, both in the assessment of impacts and in the

evaluation of adaptive policy options.

90 2002

SMIT, BARRY, MARK W. SKINNER

2002 ―Adaptation options in agriculture to climate change: a typology‖ in

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 7, no.

1, pp. 85-114

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Agricultura

Agricultores

AMERICANO

Canadá

Resumen: Adaptation in agriculture to climate change is important for impact

andvulnerability assessment and for the development of climate change

policy. A wide variety of adaptation options has been proposed as having

thepotential to reduce vulnerability of agricultural systems to risks related

toclimate change, often in an ad hoc fashion. This paper develops atypology

of adaptation to systematically classify and characterize

agriculturaladaptation options to climate change, drawing primarily on the

Canadiansituation. In particular, it differentiates adaptation options in

agricultureaccording to the involvement of different agents (producers,

industries,governments); the intent, timing and duration of employment of

theadaptation; the form and type of the adaptive measure; and the

61

relationshipto processes already in place to cope with risks associated with

climatestresses. A synthesis of research on adaptation options in

Canadianagriculture identifies four main categories: (i) technological

developments,(ii) government programs and insurance, (iii) farm production

practices,and (iv) farm financial management. In addition to these

`directadaptations', there are options, particularly information provision, that

maystimulate adaptation initiatives. The results reveal that most

adaptationoptions are modifications to on-going farm practices and public

policydecision-making processes with respect to a suite of changing

climatic(including variability and extremes) and non-climatic conditions

(political,economic and social). For progress on implementing adaptations to

climatechange in agriculture there is a need to better understand the

relationshipbetween potential adaptation options and existing farm-level

andgovernment decision-making processes and risk management

frameworks.

91 1999

SMITH, D.I.

1999 ―Urban Flood Damage and Greenhouse Scenarios - The Implications

for Policy: An Example from Australia‖, in Mitigation and Adaptation

Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol 4, number 3-4, pp. 331-342

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Inundación

Economía, Infraestructura urbana

Población urbana

OCEÁNICO

Australia

Resumen: Urban flooding is often used as an illustration of the potentially adverse

effects of greenhouse-induced climate change on extreme events. There is

however, a paucity of studies that convert climate scenarios into changes in

flood damage. This account summarises the use of modelling techniques, for

three flood prone urban catchments in south eastern Australia, to assess

changes to urban flood losses for the ''most wet'' and ''most dry'' scenarios for

the year 2070. The most wet scenario indicates that annual average flood

damage could increase within the range of 2.5 to 10 times, under the most dry

scenario flood regimes would be similar to those experienced at present. The

socio-economic scenarios based on the changes to flood losses are used to

consider policy responses. It is unlikely that many local government

authorities will respond because of lack of interest and because of major

changes to the climate scenarios proposed over the last decade. Any response

is likely to be incremental and accord with the ''no regrets'' and the

precautionary principle''.

62

92 2006

STIGE, L.C., J. STAVE, K-S CHAN, L. CIANNELLI, N. PETTORELLI,

M.H. GLANTZ, H.R. HERREN, N.C. STENSETH

2006 ―The effect of climate variation on agro-pastoral production in

Africa‖, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, February 28,

vol. 103, no. 9, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0600057103 PNAS pp 3049-3053

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático


Productores de alimentos

AFRICANO

Varios países

Resumen: Using national crop and livestock production records from 1091-2003 and

satellite-derived data on pasture greenness from 1982-2003 we show that the

productivity of crops, livestock, and pastures in Africa is predictably

associated with El Niño Southern Oscilation and the North Atlantic

Oscillation. he causal relations of these results are partly understandable

through the associations between the atmospheric fluctuations and African

rainfall. The range of the explained among-year variation in crop production

in Africa as a whole corresponds to the nutritional requirements for ≈20

million people. Results suggest reduced African food production if the global

climate changes toward more El Niño-like conditions, as most climate

models predict. Maize production in southern Africa is most strongly affected

by El Niño events. Management measures include annual changes in crop

selection and storage strategies in response to El Niño Southern Oscillation-

based and North Atlantic Oscillation-based predictions for the next growing

season.

93 2002

TAURHULE, AONDOVER, MINK KO WOO

2002 ―Adaptations to the dynamics of rural water supply from natural

sources: A village example in semi-arid Nigeria‖ in Mitigation and

Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 215-237

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Recursos hídricos


AFRICANO

Nigeria

Resumen: Domestic and agro-economic activities in the semi-arid region of Nigeria rely

63

exclusively on rainfall, streamflow and groundwater in deep and alluvial

(fadama) aquifers. Such water supply systems are subject to considerable

seasonal and inter-annual variability. However, a combination of the various

sources may mitigate the effects of water scarcity. This study describes the

dynamics of the water sources for a village in northeastern Nigeria as an

example that demonstrates the linkages between rainfall, streamflow and

groundwater. Such linkages are important for developing strategies to

mitigate the effects of climatic variation. Long-term records of rainfall were

not available at the site so that the short-term data was interpreted in the

context of the long-term climatic experience of the region. The stratigraphic

profile of the aquifer was developed from resistivity methods, to supplement

information obtained from well level hydrographs. Field observations and

analysis of the data reveal that the beginning of the rainy season is a

precarious period because none of the water sources are reliable. Rainfall

infiltration recharges the shallow aquifers while lateral water flux from the

floodwater-saturated fadama also contributes to water level rises in the deep

wells. A study of the water level changes in response to deepening of the

wells suggests that the wells are fed by an assortment of water-bearing lenses,

separated by layers of low transmissivity. One major finding of this study is

that there exists a close association between the wells in this riparian

community and the recharge processes within the fadama. Upstream

diversion, abstraction or impoundment could therefore undermine the

viability of aquifer exploitation by the communities in the riparian zone.

Analysis of the interactions among the various sources of water leads to the

identification of several potential adaptation strategies for confronting the

problem of water scarcity.

94 2010

VALENCIA-SANDOVAL, CECILIA, DAVID N. FLANDERS, ROBERT

KOZAKA

2010 ―Participatory landscape planning and sustainable community

development: Methodological observations from a case study in rural

Mexico‖, in Landscape and Urban Planning 94 Elsevier, pp. 63-70

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Planeación territorial

población rural

2010 AMERICANO

México Jalisco Tapalpa

Resumen: Most local authorities in rural Mexico lack relevant resourse data at

appropriate scales to develop community plans, even though planning and

development decisions are made largely at this level of government. Many

resource planning studies have been conducted in less developed areas of

Mexico, but these are of limited applicability to economies in rapid transition

64

facing tremendous internal developmental pressure, such as in the state of

Jalisco. In order to assist such local rural communities in Mexico achieve a

sustainable balance, a landscape analyses, classification, mapping as well as

various qualitative research methods, is described and analyzed. A site

analysis across the case municipality of Tapalpa identified major landscape

units, and environmental and socioeconomic issues, which were grouped into

major themes. Following interviews with community members, a

participatory workshop charrete was conducted, where local and institutional

stakeholders discussed issues uncovered during the interviews and landscape

analysis. A final set of sustainable development recommendations and

visualizations demonstrating potential outcomes was assembled for

legistlation and implementation. This study showed that community

engagement through the use of participatory landscape planning is an

effective means of informing and impacting local policy related to

sustainable community development in rural Mexico. Furthermore, it

demonstrates the laco of planning in landscapes outside of major population

centers, and the limited utility of existing policies which lac appropriate

scale and applicability to rural areas.

95 1996

VENEMA, HENRY D., ERIC SCHILLER, BRAD BASS

1996 ―Factor Biases and Promoting Sustainable Development: Adaptation

to Drought in the Senegal River Basin‖, in Mitigation and Adaptation

Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol 1, number 2, pp. 139-165

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Sequía


Población rural

AFRICANO

Senegal

Resumen: The ongoing drought in the Sahel region of West Africa highlights the

vulnerability of food-producing systems to climate change and variability.

Adaptation to climate should therefore increase the sustainability of

agriculture under a long-term drought. Progress towards sustainability and

adaptation in the the Senegal River Basin is hampered by an existing set of

social and ecological relationships that define the control over the means of

production and how people interact with their environment. These

relationships are sensitive to the technological inputs and the administration

of food production, or the factor bias in the different policy alternatives for

rural development. One option is based on state-controlled, irrigated

plantations to provide rice (Oryza) for the capital, Dakar. This policy

emphasizes a top-down management approach, mechanized agriculture and a

reliance on external inputs which strengthens the relationships introduced

65

during the colonial period.

A time series decomposition of the annual flow in the Senegal River at Bakel

in Senegal suggests that water resources availability has been substantially

curtailed since 1960, and a review of the water resources budget or

availability in the basin suggests that this policy's food production system is

not sustainable under the current climate of the basin. Under these conditions,

this program is exacerbating existing problems of landscape degradation and

desertification, which increases rural poverty. A natural resource

management policy offers two adaptation strategies that favour decentralized

management and a reduction of external inputs. The first alternative,

ldquoLes Perimetres Irriguésrdquo, emphasizes village-scale irrigation, low

water consumption cereal crops and traditional socio-political structures. The

second alternative emphasizes farm-level irrigation and agro-forestry projects

to redress the primary effects of desertification.

The water requirements of both the rice import substitution program and the

natural resource management program are calculated. A water resources

simulation model/optimization analysis using dynamic programming is used

to compare these two alternatives to the rice import substitution programs.

Results indicate that the natural resource management policy could

potentially bring a large area into production while using far less water than

the rice import substitution program. The natural resource management

policy, in particular the second alternative with its emphasis on individual

ownership and ecological rehabiliation, defines a different set of social and

ecological relationships that appear to enhance the sustainability of food

production under a long-term drought.

96 2006

VENEVSKY, SERGEY

2006 ―A Method for Integrated Assessment of Vulnerability to Climate

Change in Siberian Forests: Example of Larch Area‖, in Mitigation and

Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change, Springer,vol 11, no. 1, January,

pp. 241-268

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Manejo de recursos forestales

Gobiernos

EUROPEO

Rusia

Resumen: The conceptual scheme of integrated assessment of vulnerability to climate

change in Siberian forests is elaborated and applied to the extensive area in

Siberia covered by Larch forests. Forest stakeholders on the provincial level

are identified to be the most relevant for an integrated impact assessment.

Organisation of the assessment study as a combination of 'top-down' and

66

'bottom-up' approaches is suggested. Major biophysical vulnerability indexes

and regional syndromes are identified as the growing stock and current

increment averaged by administrative unit. Models and data suitability and

quality for an analysis of biophysical vulnerability in conditions of climate

change are studied for Siberian forests and future development trends are

identified. An application of the elaborated conceptual scheme, which

employs two models of different type and forest inventory data, is presented

for the Larch area.

97 2006

WARNER, JEROEN, MARÍA TERESA AORÉ

2006 ―El Niño platforms: participatory disaster response in Peru‖ in

Disasters, 30(1), Overseas Development Institute, pp. 102-117

Continente

ED

EUROPEO REINO UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático; sequías e inundaciones asociadas con el fenómeno

climático El Niño

Implementación de políticas de manejo de recursos hídricos


1998 AMERICANO

Perú Ica y Ayacucho

Resumen: Climate change is expected to lead to greater extremes (droughts and floods)

in river regimes around the world. While the number of major calamities is

predicted to rise, the efforts of the public sector, experts and local

stakeholders are badly coordinated. Consecuently, aid does not reach target

groups, resulting in unnecessary losses. Hence, there is a need for more

participatory and integrative approaches. To ensure a more concerted

response to climate-induced disasters, stakeholders could coordinate and

negotiate within Multi-Stakeholders Platforms. Such roundtables are

increasingly being established for vision-building and integrated water

resource management, but could be employed in disaster management as

well. After discussing the advantages and disadvantages of participation, this

article trace the rise of and the problems facing two 'El Niño' platforms: one

in Ica, a city on the Peruvian coast that flooded unexpectedly in January

1998, and one in Ayacucho, which saw a climate change-induced drought

around the same time. The issue of internal and external legitimacy receives

particular emphasis.

98 1999

WHEATON, E.E., D.C. MACIVER

1999 ―A Framework and Key Questions for Adapting to Climate

Variability and Change‖, in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global

Change, Springer, vol 4, number 3-4, pp. 215-225

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

67

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Adaptación

Investigadores, líderes políticos y docentes

Resumen: There is a critical need to collectively understand, to develop adaptation

options to enhance the benefits, and to reduce the social and economic

vulnerabilities induced by climate variability and change. This paper uses key

questions to help build a framework for adaptation by first organizing the

questions into adaptation science, management and option components,

including their respective sub-categories. The process of adaptation depends

on many factors, including who or what adapts, what they adapt to, how they

adapt and what and how resources are used. This conceptual model is

designed to organize concepts regarding adaptation, to help stimulate ideas,

and to explore the linkages among parts of the adaptation cycle. Predictive

models need to be developed to determine the outcomes of planned

adaptation strategies. For the best and most realistic evaluation of climate

problems, adaptation and impacts should be considered together. This joint

approach improves the assessment of the significance and dangers of the

current and future climate, as well as the determination of solutions (e.g.,

how to prepare for a changing climate) and their priorities. Challenges of

adaptive management are discussed in terms of a framework with linkages to

adaptation science and options. Adaptation research and applications work

continue to build on the foundation of science and management frameworks

to address the risks and uncertainties in the decision-making process and to

identify adaptation options.

99 1997

WOLDE-GEORGIS, TSEGAY

1997 ―The Use of El Nino Information as Drought Early Warning in

Ethiopia‖, in Internet Journal of African Studies; No. 2 Department of Social

and Economic Studies, University of Bradford

Continente

ED

EUROPEO-REINO UNIDO

Estudio de

caso:

Sequía

Alerta temprana


AFRICANO

Ethiopía

Resumen: El Niño (EN) is the increase in the surface temperatures (SST) in the central

and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. EN results from changes in the pattern

and direction of winds and ocean currents in the region, which have

potentially catastrophic effects. There are also changes in atmospheric

pressure across the Pacific Basin between Darwin, Australia, and Tahiti

called the Southern Oscillation (SO). The SO is the seesaw "in atmospheric

68

mass involving exchanges of air between eastern and western hemispheres . .

. with centers of action located over Indonesia and the tropical Southern

Pacific Ocean" (Trenberth 1991, 13-14). Thus, El Niño-Southern Oscillation

(ENSO) is a coupled air and ocean phenomenon with global weather

implications. It is believed that ENSO is often associated with devastating

droughts in Northeast Brazil, Australia, parts of Africa, the failure of the

Indian monsoons, hurricanes along the east coast of North America, and so

forth (Glantz 1993, 4).

Many researchers now believe that the occurrence of various droughts in

Africa, especially in Southern Africa and the Horn, are caused by physical

processes related to the occurrence of ENSO events thousands of miles away.

If valid and reliable information about the linkages between these

occurrences becomes available, it could help to forecast Sub-Saharan African

droughts. Scientists believe that ENSO information can be useful for

developing regional drought early warning systems.

100 2001

WOLDE-GEORGIS, TSEGAY, D. AWEKE, Y. HAGOS

2001 ―Ethiopia country case study: Impacts and responses to the 1997-98

El Niño Event‖, in Glantz, M. H. (ed) Once Burned, Twice Shy? Lessons

Learned from the 1997-98 El Niño, United Nations University, Tokio

Continente

ED

ASIÁTICO-JAPÓN

Estudio de

caso:



Respuesta a amenazas climáticas


AFRICANO

Ethiopía

Resumen: The adage "once burned, twice shy" suggests that when someone has had a

bad experience, he or she is likely to shy away from being in the same

situation again, having better learned to deal with it. By analogy, do societies

that are forced to cope with recurring natural hazards learn from history?

This assessment reviews forecasts and societal impacts of the 1997-98 El

Niño. Underlying this review is a look at the climate-related early warning

and natural disaster preparedness systems in a number of countries with the

objective of improving their El Niño- and other climate-related coping

mechanisms. The following locations are targeted in this study: Bangladesh,

China, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Indonesia, Kenya,

Mozambique, Panama Canal, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,

Philippines, and Vietnam. Based on the lessons drawn from these studies, key

research and policy needs are identified in this book.

Several ideas are presented for developing regional and national natural

disaster preparedness plans for coping with the impacts of El Niño Southern

Oscillations's warm (El Niño) and cold (La Niña) events.

69

101 2009

WOLDE-GEORGIS, Tsegay, Michael H. GLANTZ

2009 ―Biofuels in Africa: A Pathway to Development?‖ in

(http://ccb.colorado.edu/pdf/Biofuels_in_Africa_ICEED_No.43_2009.pdf)

International Research Center for Energy and Economic Development.

Occasional Papers: #43

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio Climático

Economía-Energía

Agricultores

2009 AFRICANO

Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania

Resumen: This paper investigates biofuels pathways and the potential outcomes of

biofuels development for energy security and poverty alleviation in Africa. It

also examines various options for biofuels development and its potential roles

to improve or undermine the livelihoods of rural communities.

102 2009

WOLDE-GEORGIS, TSEGAY, MICHAEL H. GLANTZ

2009 ―Climate-based Malaria Early Warning System in Ethiopia.‖ in

Heads Up! Early Warning Systems for Climate, Water and Weather-related

Hazards. United Nations University, Tokio. ISBN: 978-92-8081169

Continente

ED

ASIÁTICO JAPÓN

Estudio de

caso:



Alerta temprana


AFRICANO

Ethiopía

Resumen: The forces of nature can have deadly and damaging consequences for

societies and ecosystems that stand in their path. Early warning systems offer

one of the best defenses against the adverse effects of climate, water, weather

and geologic hazards, although far too often this realization is made after

disaster strikes.

Heads Up! provides a useful review of early warning systems in operation

today, while exploring a range of hazards including hurricanes, heat waves,

floods, droughts, tsunami and volcanoes. With contributions from an

international team of scientists, this practical handbook serves as a valuable

contribution to our awareness and understanding of the role early warning

http://ccb.colorado.edu/pdf/Biofuels_in_Africa_ICEED_No.43_2009.pdf

70

systems play in disaster avoidance and reduction.

103 2005

YE, QIAN

2005 ―Living in between: Periurban and Wildland Interface Habitats‖, in

Know Risk, UNISDR-Tudor Rose, pp. 318-321

Continente

ED

Varios países

Estudio de

caso:

Riesgos en general

manejo de recursos naturales


Resumen: Knowing about risks that lead to disasters, understanding how they affect our

livelihoods and environment, and dedicating collective efforts to manage

those conditions are crucial to protect our lives, our possessions, our social

assets and indeed the land, water and natural resources on which human life

depends. This is the world of risk that Know Risk addresses.

Know Risk is a fully illustrated, 376 page book dealing with the risks

associated with natural hazards. Drawing on the experience of 160 authors it

is the product of an innovative public-private partnership between the ISDR

secretariat and Tudor Rose.

Resultado:

104 2003

YE, QIAN

2003 ―The Desert Affairs Program: An Initiative on Integrating Research,

Education, and Application for Sustainable Development in Arid and Semi-

arid Lands‖, in Proceedings, vol. 4890, pp. 230-266. DOI:

10.1117/12.465957 SPIE

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Sequía

Programas educativos interdisciplinarios

Investigadores, líderes políticos y docentes

Asia Central y Occidental

Resumen: By recognizing the issues related with drought, desertification, diversity and

development, (i.e., the 4 Ds) in arid and semi-arid lands in Central and

Western Asia, The need of developing an interdisciplinary and environment-

oriented education and training program, named ―Desert Affairs Program‖, is

discussed. Its aim is to train present and future researchers, policymakers and

educators for dealing with issues related to environmental science, impacts,

policy, economy and ethics in arid and semi-arid lands in Central and

Western Asia.

71

105 2005

YE, QIAN AND M. GLANTZ

2005 ―The 1998 Yangtze Floods: The use of short-term forecasts in the

context of seasonal to interannual water resource management‖, in Mitigation

and Adaptation Strategies of Global Change, 10(1), Springer, pp. 159-182

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Inundación

Sistema de pronóstico meteorológico


1998 ASIÁTICO

China

Resumen: This paper reviews changes in the use of short-term climate information for

water management in China after the 1998 Great Flood in the Yangtze River

basin. This devastating flood is now believed to have been caused mainly by

the 1997–98 El Niño event. Although the short-term climate forecasts and

weather forecasts are considered to be useful in planning for flood prevention

activities and for making key decisions during combating floods, the gap

between the meteorological services (producers of climate forecasts) and

water management agencies (users of climate forecasts) has grown in terms

of credibility given to climate forecasting: weather services put more efforts

on improving the technology for increasing forecast accuracy, whereas water

managers put their efforts and investment into upstream ecological

restoration and flood control systems. By reviewing the published and

lsquograyrsquo (unpublished) literature, we found that assessments of the

1998 Great Flood in the Yangtze River basin really helped the central

government and water resources agencies to recognize the weaknesses of the

existing flood control system, the mismanagement in the ecological systems,

and the need for developing a national water resource management plan to

deal with the problems of lsquotoo much water, too little water, and very

polluted waterrsquo.

106 1999

YOHE, G., H. DOWLATABADI

1999 ―Risk and Uncertainties, Analysis and Evaluation: Lessons for

Adaptation and Integration‖, in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for

Global Change, Springer, vol 4, number 3-5, pp. 319-329

Continente

ED

AMERICANO E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Cambio climático

Economía, Adaptación, Respuesta social


72

Resumen: This paper draws ten lessons from analyses of adaptation to climate change

under conditions of risk and uncertainty: (1) Socio-economic systems will

likely respond most to extreme realizations of climate change. (2) Systems

have been responding to variations in climate for centuries. (3) Future change

will effect future citizens and their institutions. (4) Human systems can be the

sources of surprise. (5) Perceptions of risk depend upon welfare valuations

that depend upon expectations. (6) Adaptive decisions will be made in

response to climate change and climate change policy. (7) Analysis of

adaptive decisions should recognize the second-best context of those

decisions. (8) Climate change offers opportunity as well as risk. (9) All

plausible futures should be explored. (10) Multiple methodological

approaches should be accommodated. These lessons support two pieces of

advice for the Third Assessment Report: (1) Work toward consensus, but not

at the expense of thorough examination and reporting of the "tails" of the

distributions of the future. (2) Integrated assessment is only one unifying

methodology; others that can better accommodate those tails should be

encouraged and embraced.

107 2002

ZOLETA-NANTES, DORACIE. B.

2002 ―Differential Impacts of Flood Hazards Among the Street Children,

the Urban Poor and Residents of Wealthy Neighborhoods in Metro Manila,

Phipippines‖, in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change,

Springer, vol 7, no. 3, pp. 239-266

Continente

ED

AMERICANO-E.U.A.

Estudio de

caso:

Inundación


Población urbana

ASIÁTICO

Filipinas Manila

Resumen: This paper presents thedifferential impacts of flood hazards amongstreet

children, the urban poor andresidents of wealthy neighborhoods in

MetroManila, Philippines. It argues that beingpoor is not the only reason why

certainsectors are more vulnerable to floods orany environmental hazards –

spatialisolation and lack of participation indecision making intensify their

presentand future vulnerability, as well. Archival research, interviews,

focusedgroup discussion, participant observationand surveys of populations

at risk areemployed to delineate the flood experiencesand coping strategies of

street childrenand residents of poor urban settlements andwealthy

neighborhoods in Metro Manila atthe household and community levels.

Theconcept of entitlement, the ContextualHazards Model, and the Access

Model areused in the data analysis andinterpretation. Several

policyrecommendations on hazard management anddisaster mitigation are

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identified toreduce flood losses in Metro Manila.

Social and ecological resilience: are they related? - Red sobre

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