Social Accountability Status Community Radios in … the year 2002, is the umbrella organization of...

Status StudyReport

Social Accountability Status

December 2012

Community Radios in Nepal

Publication Social Accountability Status of Community Radios in Nepal

Edition December 2012

Copyright© ACORAB Nepal & UNDEF

Supervision Executive Board of ACORAB Nepal President Board Members Mr. Min Bahadur Shahi Mr. Ramji Bhattarai Vice Presidents Mr.DwarikaKafle Mr. L. P. Banjara Mr. Nimesh Karna Ms. Shashikala Dahal Mr. Shivaji Gayak General Secretary Mr. Rajendra Kirati Mr. Khem Bhandari Mr. Jibachh Chaudhary Treasurer Mr. Pitamber Sigdel Mr. Subas Khatiwada Mr. Tula Adhikari Secretary Mr. Ganesh Chaudhary Mr. Govinda Devkota Ms. Pushpa Chaudhary Regional Vice Presidents Mr. Phul Man Bal Mr. Mohan Chapagain Mr. Dhurba Bahadur Shah Mr. Ngima Pakhrin Mr. Hariharsingh Rathour Coordination Mr. Rabindra Bhattarai

Review Ms Rita Bhadra, Mr. Sharad Neupane, Ms. Juliana Yonjan

Language Mr. Jaya Jung Mahat

Data Analysis Asian Academy for Peace, Research and Development Thapagaun, Nayabaneshwor, Kathmandu Email: [email protected], Tel: +977 1 4460860

ProgrammeManagement Mr. Baburam Khadka, Mr. Anil Prasad Khanal

Supported by United Nations Democracy Fund (UNDEF)

ISBN 978-9937-2-6491-4

Published by Association of Community Radio Broadcasters Chakupat, Lalitpur, Nepal Phone: +977 1 5260661, 5260671, Fax: +977 1 5260646 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.acorab.org.np

Designed &Printed By WPS (Worldwide Print Solution) [email protected], Phone: +977 1 5555989Published 500 copies

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Nepal has experienced a rapid growth of community media as one of the most effective modes of mass media in recent decade. The developpment of community radio in particular has not a long history in Nepal; however, this media has been most pervasive not only in Nepal but also in other South Asian nations. Community radios in Nepal are found to be most effective means to inform, educate, and communicate the community people within the communities and also to pass the messages from the external agencies that are working in favour of advancement of the community development in terms of physical as well as human development in a more sustainable development approach. However, the development of community radios itself suffers from many predicaments and barriers. Some of them are internal to the radios themselves and some are external that relate to the legal and policy environment as well as societal perceptions and understandings.

Association of Community Radio Broadcasters (ACORAB) Nepal, established in the year 2002, is the umbrella organization of 221 community radios in Nepal. Pushing for the application of democratic norms and accountability, professionalism, objectivity, gender sensitivity, inclusiveness and ethical standards of its members are some of the key objectives of ACORAB Nepal. Upholding and valuing human rights, democracy, and rule of law demand professional and ethical deliveries of community radios. Considered as a part of the fourth state of any nation, community radios are also civil scrutiny of all accountability bearers in the communities. As social institutions, community radios also have certain accountabilities to fulfil towards thecommunities they serve.

Forewords

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Therefore, ACORAB Nepal has emphasized institutional reforms of the community radios with their enhanced roles in the respective communities for making themselves and other stakeholders more accountable towards each other and the bigger communities where they exist and serve In order to properly empower the Nepalese community radios to promote accountability inNepalesecommunities,first itwasessential toassess thecurrent status of the accountability among community radios. However, there was a lack of the information that would help us to even estimate the general trend of the accountability of the radios. A study was essential to assess the status of social accountability of the community radios. ACORAB Nepal is happy to share this report as a product of the study carried out earlier for this purpose.

The study was supported by the United Nations Democracy Fund (UNDEF) which also supports ACORAB and Nepalese community radios to improve the accountability measures of the Nepalese community radios. I would like to express our sincere thanks to UNDEF for the support. The study was carried outsourcing the research support from a research institute, i.e., Asian Academy for Peace, Research and Development. Therefore, I would also like to appreciate the efforts made by the institute in carrying out the study, particularly Ms. Rita Bhadra and Mr. Sharad Neupane from the institution.

The research report would not be possible to get the present form without co-operation of 73 radios and their patience during the research phase. Despite their busy schedules, the broadcasters and staffs from those 73 radios provided valuable information to the research team through active participation and I express our sincere gratefulness to all of them. Similarly, I would also like to thank all the radios listeners, local civil society representatives and radio professionals in Ilam, Dhading, Palpa and Dang who actively attended the focus group discussions (FGDs) and provided

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their inputs, comments and feedbacks on the issues raised by the study team. They deserve our very high appreciations and thankfulness.

My special thanks to my colleagues in the Executive Board who helped tirelessly in framing out the indicators for facilitating the study by helping us to identify the indicators of social accountability of community radios. The coordination of the project activities along with providing inputs for design of thestudy,revisionandupdatingthestudyframeworkandgivingfinaltouchto the report in this publishable form was the effort made by Mr. Rabindra Bhattarai, Executive Director of ACORAB Nepal, who deserves my warmth admiration and to realize the research considerable efforts and endeavours were made by Mr. Baburam Khadka, Admin and Finance Officer and Mr. Anil Prasad Khanal, Programme Officer. I thank them for theircommendable works. Similarly, I would like to thank Mr. Soham Subedi, Coordinator of CIN and his subordinates at CIN. Similarly, I thank Ms. Ganga Timilsena and Ms. Pabitra Shrestha for their untiring support in managing communication and information relevant to this study.

The final report of the study is now in your hand and there arerecommendations made by the independent researchers to us. At this moment, I would like to ask all the community radio broadcasters to realize the facts and situations concluded by the study and request all of them to come forward in improving our system of institutional governance in order to promote accountability of community radios and making them the leading community institutions in maintaining accountability within themselves and also in observing the accountability of others.

Min Bahadur Shahi PresidentAssociation of Community Radio Broadcasters (ACORAB) Nepal

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Asian Academy for Peace, Research and Development would like to express gratitude to ACORAB Nepal for providing opportunity to conduct a study on ‘Social Accountability Status of Community Radios’. As ACORAB Nepal published a call for interest to conduct the study, we had submitted the proposal addressing the mentioned scope of the work. Our proposal was selected on the ground of the programme and technical cost analysis but we were worried as initially we had not enough literatures available on the accountability measures applicable to the community radios in particular.

When we accepted the assignment, our worry ended. The Executive Board of ACORAB Nepal expressed its interest to help in developing the indicators through a consultative process. A workshop was organized by ACORAB Nepal where we were invited to take part as the key implementers. The participantsintheworkshopdiscussedalotandfinallyprescribedindicatorsof social accountability of community radios. Acknowledgements We furthered the research process based on the indicators developed and adopted by the workshop where the policy level leadership of ACORAB Nepal had the crucial role in shaping them. I would like to mention the names of Mr. Min Bahadur Shahi, Mr. L. P. Banjara. Ms. Shashikala Dahal, Mr. Khem Bhandari, Mr. Subas Khatiwada. Mr. Govinda Devkota, Mr. Mohan Chapagain, Mr. Nimesh Karna and Mr. Pitambar Sigdel who deserve high regards and appreciation from the research team for their time and their support in policy issues when we asked for. The research team express sincere thankfulness to them.

Acknowledgements

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The officials representing 73 community radios provided the neededinformationandcooperatedduringtheentirefieldvisitindifferent19districtsof Nepal as we asked for. The listeners and other stakeholders provided information and shared their feedback and feeling towards focal group discussion in Illam, Dhadhing, Palpa and Dang. Therefore, we are indebted to all of them for their invaluable support and express our sincere gratitude to them. Asian Academy for Peace, Research and Development expresses sincerethankstoalltheindividuals,communityradioofficialswhoendowwith their time for interview or send the information through email without which this report would never have taken its shape.

Special thanks go to Mr. Rabindra Bhattarai, Executive Director of ACORAB Nepal,forprovidingprofessionalinputsforfinalizingtheresearchdesignaswell as finalizing the report.Our thankfulness is also to theentire staffs ofACORAB including Mr. Soham Subedi, Mr. Baburam Khadka, Mr. Anil Khanal, and Mr. Jaya Jung Mahat who provided support and suggestions in rolling outandfinalizingtheresearch.Finally,itwouldbeinjusticetomycolleaguesMr. Sharad Neupane and Ms. Juliyana Yonjon who worked hard in carrying out tirelessly and with full compassion in a capacity of Research Coordinator and Researcher respectively. I thank them for their valuable contributions.

Rita Shrestha BhadraTeam leaderAsian Academy for PeaceResearch and Development

Table of Content

Forewords iAcknowledgements ivTable of Content viiExecutive Summary xChapter 1 1About Report Itself 1About Report Itself 2

1.1 Introduction 21.2 Objective and Rationale of the Review of Status 41.3 Structure 6

Chapter 2 7Community Radio and Social Accountability 8

2.1 Democracy, Media and Community Radio 82.2 Public Identity of Community Radio 102.3 What exactly is a Community Radio? 112.4 Social Accountability in the Context 122.5 Major Measures and Tools of Social Accountability 152.6 Social Accountability in Context of Nepalese Community Radios 17Number of ACORAB member radios in the district of Nepal 19

Chapter 3 23Method and Design of the Status Review Work 24

3.1 Development of Social Accountability Indicators 243.2 Documentation Template Developed and Applied 283.3 Design of the Status Review and Data Collection Techniques 29

3.4 Methods of Data Entry, Coding, Presentation and Interpretation 303.5 Drafting, Sharing and Report Writing 31

Chapter 4 33Presentation and Interpretation of Information Gathered 34

4.1 Explanation and Interpretation 344.2 Legitimacy of Governance and Management 364.3 Participation of Constituency in Governance 384.4 Reception of the Complaints and Grievances ofBeneficiaries 404.5 ParticipationofBeneficentStakeholdersin Radio Programming 404.6 Social Responsiveness in terms of Undertaking Dialogues with the Community Concerned 414.7 Conducting Monitoring and Evaluating Radio Programme by Radios 424.8 Responding the Local Languages of the Community 424.9 Conducted Social Audit 444.10 Maintaining Service Charter 454.11 Maintaining Notice Board for Public Information 454.12 Beneficiaries’ResponsesonRadio’sAccountability 464.13 Radios Impacts on Causing Community Institutions Accountable 48

Chapter 5 51Findings 52

5.1 Social Accountability of Frameworks Radios 525.2 Application of Measures within Institution 535.3 Sense of Ownership on Radios by Communities 545.4 Radios Caused other Community Institutions Accountable 55

Chapter 6 57Recommendations 58

Annex 1A 61Information Documentation Template 62

Annex 1B 77Instruction to Enumerators 78

1. Introduction and Request 782. Brief Guidelines 793. Section wise questionnaire completion guidelines 804. Index 1 82

Annex 2A 85List of Radios Visited and Surveyed 86

1. List of visited Community Radio 862. List of Community Radio information through Email 88

Annex 2B 91List of Participants of Focus Group Discussions 92

1. FDG List of Participants Illam 922. FDG List of participants Dhading 933. List of Participants in Palpa 93

Bibliography 95

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Association of Community Radio Broadcasters (ACORAB) Nepal, established in the year 2002, is the umbrella organization of 221 community radios spread in 74 districts in Nepal. ACORAB Nepal aims at enhancing democratic norms and accountability, professionalism, objectivity, gender sensitivity, inclusiveness and ethical standards of its member community radios. Human rights, democracy, and rule of law correspondingly demand for professional and ethical institutional deliveries and the accountability comes as an unavoidable element for enhancing impacts of media institutions like those of the community radios. Therefore, ACORAB Nepal has been putting emphasis on institutional reforms of the community radios targeted at enhancing their roles maintaining accountability among themselves and the other respective stakeholders. With above background, ACORAB Nepal felt a need of baseline information on the status of social accountability of the operational community Executive Summary radios. This study report serves as a review of the accountability status of the community radios operational in Nepal.

Social Accountability Status of Community Radio in Nepal seeks to answer the following questions: • What is current status of community radios in terms of social

accountability measures?• To whom are they accountable and whether their activities alienating

or galvanizing the democratic ideals of accountability?

Therearesomesignificantfindings regardingsocialaccountability.Abouthalf of the community radios have set their Strategic Plan and Annual Budget System in place. Out of eight such institutional documents, the

Executive Summary

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majority of radios have at least six of them and fewer of them are yet to set these frameworks.

Radios are found to be socially inclusive. Though there is unavailability of the comparable database of the compositions of the ethnicities in each respective community which respective community radio represents, the present engagement of the people in terms of their roles and responsibilities in organization’s governing bodies as well as in operational staff human resource category, clearly shows that the radios have been able to demonstrate diverse ethnic representation in all their organizational bodies. Annual general meeting and the meetings of the governing bodies are found to be held in desirable time and time periods and these show internal control mechanism of the community radios are in operation. Therefore, it can be inferred that majority of the radios do have their own operational social accountability framework.

On the contrary, the radios are found to be weak in programme planning and implementation as majority of them do not involve community people in those processes. Very few radios have earned trust of the listeners which can be inferred from the research fact that only 19 radios have organized listeners’ clubs. Radios are deemed to be strict even in engaging more community people in popular opinion polls. The community radios news, special programmes and Public Service Announcements are generated in more than 30 local languages. The trend of applying social accountability measures such as organizing social audit, maintaining service charter, notice board for public information has been found to be increasing in the community radios.

Communities are found to be positive towards the roles played by radios in terms of information dissemination through which they address the need of the community people to the information. There is conformation of roles playedbytheradiosascivilscrutinyofgovernmentalofficesinthedistrictor at local level, however, the communities have pointed out the radios’ failure in maintaining social accountability measures among themselves.

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The judgmental opinion of community representatives, stating that there is low participation of communities in the radio management and policy as the radios have not given priority to engage them in policy and management level, seems tobevalidand the researchfindingsalsoverifies theearliergeneral perception existent among the people. The radio listeners’ clubs are helpfultogenerateseveralsocialeventsforthebenefitofthecommunity.Itcan be taken as an empowering contribution of the radios to the respective communities. However, very less number of radios have been able to make thiseffort.Thoughthereisnosufficientparticipationofthesociallyexcludedsections of the societies in institution’s governance and management structures, through radio programmes voices of voiceless people have been addressed, taken care, and channelled to concerned policy makers and the decision makers. Contents of radio programmes are aimed at social changes and are responsible to make attempts of penetrating healthy messages to the listeners, however, the community representatives were found to be complaining such radio contents to interest of particular political parties.

In spite of promoting positive news reporting, patterns of negative news reporting by community radios are on rise. Moreover, the communities thrust for the news reports that are fact based and are covered by the professionals with right sensitivity. Community radio is playing a role as a facilitator in terms of promoting social accountability in the community and also as an institutional social accountability practitioner in community by empowering people to come together for the common cause in terms of rule of law, institutional governance, and democratic practice.

The radios are found to be attempting to hold accountable the relevant public,governmentand socialauthorities to theirbeneficiariesby raisingthe voices, conducting observation and social auditing activities. The major area and issues of such interventions included load shedding, market for the product, environmental and ecological conservations, agriculture, protection of human rights of vulnerable groups and individuals, mainstreaming of marginalized groups, preserving local resources, infrastructure construction, and ethical practices of the service providers.

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The study team finally recommended that there shouldbeaclear statepolicy to provide scope and limitation of service delivery by the radio which accounts as social obligation of the community radio. Similarly, it also suggest the concerned external stakeholder to support community radios in building capacity for proper maintenance of institutional systems corresponding to social accountability. Similarly, the research team also recommended the concerned authorities and the radios themselves to work towards bringing into practice innovative methods of social marketing for their sustain ability.

Chapter 1About Report Itself

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About Report Itself

About Report Itself

1.1 IntroductionAssociation of Community Radio Broadcasters (ACORAB) Nepal, established in 2002, is the umbrella organization of community radios in Nepal. Above 230 radio stations spread in communities across 74 districts of Nepal form the core membership of the association. It works to advance the cause of community radios, facilitates sharing of knowledge and resources, and speaks with one voice for the community that it represents. As a sole organization of Nepalese community radio broadcasters, it envisions sound, professional and ethical operations of community radios across Nepal in legal, institutional, managerial, and technical aspects of radio service deliveries.

ACORAB Nepal is non-partisan legal entity which values pluralistic and inclusive democracy, human rights including right to information and institutional secularity based on rule of law. It believes that safeguarding the rights of the community radios in particular and other media in general, rests and relies upon stability and promotion of democracy and good governance. Its efforts are focused in protecting, promoting and capacitating community

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About Report Itself

radios in getting them established as a fundamental means of information and knowledge for community people and catalysts of democratization, development and social transformation.

ACORAB Nepal aims at enhancing democratic norms and accountability, professionalism, objectivity, gender sensitivity, inclusiveness and ethical standards of its member community radios. Therefore, since its inception, it has been endeavouring to improve the radio service quality by ensuring technical and thematic support to its member organizations. For further facilitating this goal, ACORAB has started operating the Community Information Network (CIN) in 2009 which facilitates inter-community radio information sharing to promote their quality delivery of radio services not only limited to their own community but across the community nationwide or even transnational community clusters.

Sincetheestablishmentof thefirstcommunity radio inNepal in1997andits popularity, creation of such model of radios had gained a momentum which ultimately resulted into the increase in number of such radios across different parts of Nepal. In Nepal, they established themselves as a credible, fair, and socially-responsive form of media that has substantially changed the landscape of the media by allowing for more pluralism and freedom of expression.

In many rural areas, these radios are the only forms of media available and they have been providing services to the marginalized and disadvantaged that have been ignored by mainstream media. The radios havedemonstratedatagloballevelthattheyareveryefficienttoreachthe remote areas, raise awareness, provide information and mobilize rural communities, promote democratic culture, protect human rights, enhance participatory development, promote equitable society and contribute to the overall transformation process of the nation. As a result, the community radios have gained social legitimacy and have become integral part of the communities they serve.

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About Report Itself

Human rights, democracy, and rule of law correspondingly demand for professional and ethical institutional deliveries and accountability comes as an unavoidable element for all the media institutions like community radio. Therefore, ACORAB Nepal has been putting emphasis on institutional reforms of the community radios with their roles in the community to be accountable and to cause the others to become accountable simultaneously.

However, the community radios are labelled as weak institutions in terms of consistent application of community radio principles, following rule of law and maintaining proper institutional governance. The allegations against community radios include: domination by the elite groups, increased politicization and loss of local control and contents in radio programmes, absence of official standards and application of accountability norms,lacking inclusive and representative decision-making with adherence to community accountability.

With above background, ACORAB Nepal felt a need of baseline information on the status of social accountability of the community radios that are currently operational in Nepal. This study report serves as a review of the accountability status of the community radios operational in Nepal. The study was carried out under financial support from the United NationsDemocracy Fund (UNDEF) and research study activities were done by Asian Academy for Peace and Development as an outsourced consultant.

1.2 Objective and Rationale of the Review of Status

Under the felt need of strengthening institutional governance of community radios, ACORAB has designed and has been implementing a project on

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About Report Itself

Institutionalization Social Accountability of Community Radio in Nepal Project funded by the United Nation Democracy Fund (UNDEF). The objective of the project is to strengthen the institutional capacity to effectively serve as a legitimate watchdog on social accountability issues, ensuring that they work as agents of social transformation at the community levels while themselves operating within the parameters of social accountability principles. The project, specifically intended to improve the situation by having freshunderstanding on the status of the accountability practices that community radio are currently undertaking.

The objective of the study was to identify demonstrable information concerning accountability maintenance by the respective community radio to their respective community and catch up a real picture of the status of accountability practices by reviewing and assessing institutional governance status of community radios. The study also aimed at identifying the key areas of institutional governance of community radios that require reforms and improvements for ensuring delivery of proper social accountability to the respective communities of the radios. In this respect, present study, Social Accountability Status of Community Radio in Nepal, seeks to answer the following questions: • What is current status of community radios, in terms of social

accountability measures?• To whom are they accountable and whether their activities are

alienating or galvanizing the democratic ideals of accountability?

As ACORAB Nepal is aiming at enhancing democratic norms and accountability, professionalism, objectivity, gender sensitivity, inclusiveness, and ethical standards of its member community radios, the review of the status is rationale to serve the urgency of strengthening institutional capacity of its members in terms of accountability to their constituents and legitimate public norms.

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About Report Itself

1.3 StructureThe status review study was carried out during August 2012 to October 2012 and the report was furnished between November 2012 and December 2012. Of 220 operational ACORAB member community radios, institutional information of 73 Radios is covered by this study. The methods adopted in the review and assessment of the radio information is provided in details in each respective chapter.

This report of the review and assessment is divided into six chapters. First chapter provides introductory outlines accompanied by a background which explains the necessity behind undertaking this study. It also discusses on why the study was carried out and it also talks about the objectives and other desired study outcomes. It also gives the overall outline of the research structure.

Second chapter gives outline of some of the available literatures relevant to the subject matter. This chapter gives clear background on the conceptual aspects of community radios and their service to the communities. It also shares idea on the social accountability contextualized in terms of a community radio for making it easier to understand the interface between role of the community radios and their social accountability tasks.

Third chapter deals with the methods, tools, and techniques applied during the research study. Fourth chapter provides analytical presentation of the collected data on social accountability status of Nepalese community radios. Fifth chapter gives findingswith assessing the analysis and of thereview work and sixth chapter offers with conclusions and recommendations of the study.

Chapter 2Community Radio and Social Accountability

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Community Radio and Social Accountability2.1 Democracy, Media and

Community RadioPopular participation is perceived, since centuries, as the foundation of democratic performance. There were renewed hopes that "democracy would become a facilitator of development and allow popular participation of decision making processes" (AMARCAPSA 1998:10). Democracy is not just casting votes to elect political leadership; it also encompasses the accountability, economic justice, development and social transformation along with the informed and empowered people at large. Socio-economic justice with development is over politicized with partisan politics resulting over-centralization of power though the slogans of decentralization are in surface.

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Community Radio and Social Accountability

This led to impediments to the effective participation of the overwhelming majority of the people in social, political, and economic development initiatives. As a result, the motivation of the majority of the people and their organizations to contribute their best to the development process and own well-being are constrained. These have been resulting undervaluing and underutilizing collective and individual creativity of the grassroots population.

The most beautiful and strongest aspect of democracy is expression of opinions and ideas by citizens freely. Freedom of speech of citizen is ensured constitutionally in democratic country. This freedom is exercised by the citizens through media. In democratic system, media has more freedoms. Democracy and media strengthen each other mutually (Martin Chautari 2012: 1). Therefore, role of media is very important in promotion of democratic system and democratization of societies.

Media as an important source of public information could be expected to be a vehicle to encourage the promotion of the principles of governance, transparency, accountability, and participation. "The mass media must be able to perform the functions to criticize, discuss, and suggest on matters of public concerns, for example on the issue of corruption at various levels of government. Media coverage should strive to give an accurate, independent, and critical account of a news story which will have the effect of promoting transparency (Zakaria, 2012).

Modern media include communications, understood in various ways as mass media, public media, private media, community media, and social media. The media is not to be taken as a medium for information dissemination if consolidation of democracy is intended. Provoking and generating public opinion is a crucial task to encourage democratic process within the societal entities. Access to information, freedom of the press, and an umbrella legal instrument will together support the processes of democracy, rule of law-based governance and human rights.

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Modern technology of communications has great role in affecting the lives of the people and also facilitating understandings among states, societies, communities and individuals. Unfortunately, a great part of the mediaisnotfullyindependent,andissubjecttotheinfluencesofparticularinterests. Further, traditionally practiced media emphasis on the use of mass communicationsflowingmessagesinthetoptobottomapproachorcapitalto periphery only allowed the community people to get limited information and thus were hindered to be heard as source of authority or information, even theoretical democracy they were considered to be sovereign source of authority of the state itself.

However,emergenceofcommunityradiohasfilledthegapandnowthecommunity voice may be channelled from bottom to top, from community people to governors, policy and decision makers. Community radios are in between the source of popular powers, i.e., people in communities and the executors. Community radio is the audio mode of community media as a part of mass media. Community radio "represents the democratization of communications" (AMARCAPSA 1998: 9). These developments have given global recognition of the community radio development.

2.2 Public Identity of Community RadioAfter the downfall of cold war and emerge of new mode of democratization in many developing countries, communication activities are serving as effective basis for promoter of popular participations in public affairs and facilitator for voicing of the voiceless communities. Even in current democratization processes, challenges are arisen such as how can it become possible for populations, in all their diversity, to determine priorities and modes development they wish for themselves? or how to foster democratic culture in enabling population to take responsibilities for securing and managing political, economic and social protections?

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In this connection, community radio signifies a two-way process, whichentails the exchange of views from various sources and is the adaptation of media for use by communities. In an ideal world, community radio allows members of a community to gain access to information, education, and entertainment. Communities participate as planners, producers, and performers of the programming in the community radios and serves as means of expression of the community, rather than for the community. Therefore, community radio adds value to the notion of democracy at root with grassroots perspective. Consequently, community radios are recognized as public interest entities that are socially accountable on their own and a watchdog for others social accountabilities.

2.3 What exactly is a Community Radio?Community radio is one of the most effective community media that has been emerged. The term ‘community’ refers to a collective or a group of people sharing common characters and/or interests. Therefore, term ‘community’caneitherbedefinedas:"(a)ageographicallybasedgroupof persons and/or; (b) a social group or sector of the public who have commonorspecificinterests"(AMARCAPSA1998:13).

"AMARCEurope(1994:4)labelsacommunityradiostationas‘a“non-profit”station, currently broadcasting, which offers a service to the community in which it is located, or to which it broadcasts, while promoting the participation of this community in the radio’" (Carpentier, Lie & Servaes 2001).Community radio is one that is operated in the community, for the community, about the community and by the community. The community can be territorial or geographical - a township, village, district. It can also be a group of people with common interests, who are not necessarily living in onedefinedterritory.

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NationalassociationofcommunityradiobroadcastersinNepalhasdefinedcommunity radio as radio station that has received license of operating from theauthorityprescribedbygovernmentofNepal; runbynon-profitsharing local organization or cooperative; producing and broadcasting informative programmes on education, health and development for at least 40 percent of its airtime; and producing and broadcasting 60 percent of total programmes locally (ACORAB 2009:4).

Consequently, managed or controlled by one group, by combined groups, or of people such as women, children, farmers, ethnic groups, or senior citizens. Community radio is an audio broadcasting. Therefore, community radio is community broadcasting which is referred to as a broadcasting service not for profit, owned and controlled by a particular communityunder an association, trust, or foundation (AMARCAPSA 1998). In some instances it can be managed by non-governmental organizations or non-profitcooperativesworkingincommunities.Ascommunityradiofallsunderthe community broadcasting category, it also refers to a radio station ownedandcontrolledbyacommunitydefinedeithergeographicallyoras a community of interest. Therefore, community radio is institutional entity that has to be abiding by the law and be operated in accordance with the principles of rule of law, institutional governance, and human rights.

2.4 Social Accountability in the ContextIn an open and pluralistic democratic society, public or social service are not limited within the purview of government's performance. Service provision takes a dominant position in institutional governance of every legal entity including constitutional or statutory bodies, professional or socially obligated civil society institutions, social and community organizations.

The application of the principles and standards of governance/democracy, rule of law and human rights are required in each of such legal entities to sustaintheconfidenceoftheirconstituencies.Thishaspusheduptheneed

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and application of the accountability measures to improve institutional governance any legal entity. Accountability is being taken as one of the crucial issues of governance and rule of law from the perspectives of legitimacy and trustworthiness.

The word ‘Accountable’ seems to have come into usage in the English language forthefirsttimein1583inthefinancialcontext(Win,2012)andatpresent,hasbeen expanded to cover every walk of operations of the entities. These days, accountability is taking liabilities of the action done or its consequences.

Accountability is a contextual term in bilateral or multilateral relationships. It relates the relationship in terms of ownership, participation, fairness, exchange or transfer of powers and visibility of the governance. It comes in reference of relationships of an individual to an organized unit, an organized unit to an individual and between or among various forms of public and social entities. It operates on such relations where their performance of tasks or functions are subject to another’s oversight, direction or request that they provideinformationorjustificationfortheiractions.

Therefore, the concept of accountability involves two distinct stages: answerability and enforcement. Answerability refers to the obligation of the organizedunitortheentity,itsagenciesandofficialstoprovideinformationabout their decisions and actions and to justify them to the public and other relevant accountability oversight institutions. Enforcement suggests that the accountability oversight wing or organ can sanction the offending party or remedy the contravening behaviour.

Accountability comes as an issue in terms of implementation of the policies and programmes and attainment of the assigned task. It has been an agreed rule of institutional governance that the goals must be spelt out, targets and milestonesmustbefixed,functionsmustbeassigned,theneededdecisionmaking power must be delegated, and performance must be periodically monitored. The strength of accountability and transparency in a system is expressed by its efficiencies and effectiveness, which in turn may bemeasuredbytheextentandqualityaccruedbythetargetbeneficiaries.

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In the words of Christopher Politt, "accountability is the relationship between two (or more) parties in which one recognizes an obligation to give an account of its actions to the others. Some form of public accountability is fundamental to most conceptions of democracy. Without an acceptance and understanding of these both sides, it is extremely doubtful whether the maximum requirements for democratic governance can be met" (Christopher Politt, cited in Obaidullah, 2001). Therefore, accountability may be simply defined as objectively answering or responding to political orpolicyauthoritiesandsovereignconstituents,beneficiaries/owners.

Aucoin and Heintzmann 1999, cited in (Obaidullah, 2001) point out that accountability relationship may aim at:1. Control of Abuse, Corruption, and Misuse of Powers: assurance that resources are being used in accordance with publicly

stated intentions and police, and that service values are being adhered to.

2. ImprovementofEfficiencyandEffectivenessofProgramme: The visible and credible pursuit of each of these three objectives

contributes to a fourth - the enhancement of the legitimacy and trust.3. AccountabilityandEfficiency: Formal Control and Performance Management

Social accountability is a "measure of an organization's state of being mindful of the emerging social concerns and priorities of internal and external stakeholders" (Business Dictionary, 2012). Community, employees, governmental and nongovernmental organizations, management, and owners are considered to be the stakeholders in terms of such social accountability.Socialaccountabilityisviewedasreflectionoforganization’sverifiablecommitmentto certainfactorssuch as (1) willing compliancewith employment, health and hygiene, safety, and environment laws, (2) respect for basic civil and human rights, and (3) betterment of community and surrounding. Therefore, social accountability is a part of general accountability as a component of social compliance.

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Social accountability is also taken as civic engagement. It relates with theparticipation, transparency, confidence, fairness, andbroader socialcompliance. It is believed that social accountability helps to ensure that power-holders are more responsive to needs and demands of people; and this enables more effective public service delivery and policy design; rights-holders are empowered by the expansion of freedom, agency and choice, which are key elements of effective development and in turn contribute to greater democratization, effective development and reduced leakages, corruption and misallocation of resources (ACFID 2009: 5).

2.5 Major Measures and Tools of Social Accountability

Participatoryandprofessionalperformance;periodicshiftingof theofficeof the authority; access to information; visible and transparent institutional operation; planned, controlled, monitored and information disseminating system, budgetary system; internal and external exits for settlement of institutional disputes are considered to be the fundamental social accountability measures. Following indicators may serve the main indicators of social accountability measures:

Legality, participation and ownership• Legitimacy ensured by statutory authority/Legal recognition of entity,• Definedandpubliclyannouncedasainstitutionalentity,• Openness and non-discrimination in membership measures,• Periodicity of term of office of the authorities and renewal of

authority,• Inclusion and participation at various level, and• System of institutional information sharing with members.

16


Governance• Separation of powers between the organs of the organization,• Defined role and responsibilities of officials, departments and

employees,• Hierarchy of decision making process,• Periodic strategic visioning and plan,• Internalinformationflowmechanism,• Monitoring and evaluation system,• Financial and accounting system,• Audit and other institutional oversight mechanism, and• Operation regulatory system.

Public Relation and Information Dissemination to Outsiders• Measures of institutional information dissemination to public,• Declared forms of maintaining social accountability measures,• Communication complain disposal mechanism• Collaboration with other social accountability oversight entity• External communication• Institutional measures to satisfy right to information of outsiders.

Looking at the current practices around the world targeted at measuring social accountability, several tools are found to be developed and implemented. Those tools address different aspects of the aforementioned social accountability measures. The forms of social accountability measures are known as participatory budgeting, independent budget analysis, expenditure tracking survey, ombudsman, citizens' charter, citizens' juries, social audit, and public hearings are popular tools of measuring social accountability of public or social entities. Participatory budgeting, independent budget analysis, expenditure tracking survey, social audit, public hearing, and even citizens' juries may be applicable in terms of measuring social accountability of institutional entities and organizations mandated as the public interest institutions. Other forms, including these, are applicable in broader public service state or government bodies as well.

17


2.6 Social Accountability in Context of Nepalese Community Radios

Community Radio movement in Nepal is relatively a recent phenomenon. However, community radios have been one of the most effective means to social changes in the areas of health, sanitation, education, agricultural development, micro financial advancement, ecological preservation,and eco-friendly infrastructure development. These radios enhance equity focused social practices by demystifying existent superstitious traditional beliefs among Nepalese societies and thus promote practicing of scientificallymoreappropriateandeffectivepracticeswhichfurtherimpartmore benefits to the targeted audiences. Community radios effectivelyeducate people on diverse social issues through airing relevant information at the local people's easy reach and thus help them make aware of issues that affect them.

Similarly,thecommunityradioshaveplayedsignificantrolesinpastinbringingawareness among citizens on major social issues including human rights promotion, rule of law, national unity, social security, ethnic harmony, good governance,peacebuildingandconflicttransformationatlocal,national,regional and global levels. Positive impacts of contributions made by such radios are also observed in promoting gender equality, girls' education, nutrition, and in issues of youths and adolescents. Additionally, community radioshavealsoefficientlyaddressedtheimplicationsofpublicandsocialperformances by various publicly responsible institutions like governmental andnongovernmentalorganizations,localauthorities,andprivatefirms.

The relevance of community radio in the current landscape of Nepal is crucial. The introduction of community radio has many advantages for Nepal as it addresses language issues in many matters given the larger numbers of different local languages and vernaculars; plays role as a media educator for remote populations, empowers communities for ownerships in

18


developmental initiatives as it provides a platform for debate, exchange of ideas and reactions to plans and projects. It can accommodate people's ideas and satisfy their spiritual and psychological wellbeing much better than any other form of media.

19


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20


Perceivably, Nepal has poor performance of public sector stakeholders due to minimal accountability of them to the people in general and also due to the rampant corrupt practices. Right to Information Act-2007 incorporates provisions of 'Social Audit' to ensure citizen's right to information on public expenditures. The Good Governance Act 2064 BS recognizes Social Audit for each organization's programs and activities. It has envisioned to make public administration people oriented, accountable, transparent, inclusive, withruleoflaw,freefromcorruption,decentralization,financialdisciplineandalso to have service oriented administration with effective service delivery mechanisms. Despite presence of the vibrant media sector, especially the community radios, civil surveillance of democratic and accountable operation of public sector is surrounded by various discrepancies. Also, as civil society organizations, they are still young entities; and they lack internal good governance, accountability, and transparency norms.

Even being a great publicity in the country and abroad that Nepal stepped very highly in community radio sector, there is no clarity in broadcasting law and practice on commercial and community radio (Martin Chautari 2012: 4). Due to such gaps and lack of proper governing state policy and oversight system to the entities like community radios, community radios face a number of governance and accountability related challenges including: inconsistent application of community radio principles, domination by elite groups, increased politicization and loss of local control and content. Despite large numbers of stations that use the label ‘community radio’, many of these stations would score low or fail if a well researched set of criteria– including those principles espoused by Nepal’s own community radio groups – were applied to their operations. If not the direct result of the lack of regulation, this inconsistency is certainly exacerbated by the absenceofofficialstandardstowhichstationsareaccountable.

From the view points of institutional governance integrity, unbelievably perceived as strong force of change, the community radios are not running like institutionalized legal personality. They simply operate, not well managed, the radio – the zeal and drive of the founders and volunteers, not system and process, run the radio station without having clear long-

21


term institutional visibility strategies and plans to guide the station. The situation represent that they are rightly labelled as being in the infant stage of organization development (ACORAB, 2009:50).

There was a consistent concern expressed in past that community radio had been dominated and ‘captured’ by the elite ethnic and caste groups, both atthenationalandthelocallevels,arealitywhichisreflectedinlimitedstationownership and the absence of democratic or proportional representation in decision-making or mechanisms for real community accountability. The issue of ‘elite capture’ raises the question of community radio’s role in social change and development and whether it tends to reinforce inequities and re-empower the earlier empowered people. The extent to which traditionally under-represented groups participate in community radio in management and as a staff is limited (Ian and Subba 2007).

The rapid growth in number, influence and effectiveness of communityradios in recent years has produced greater demands for accountability of the radios; accountability to its stakeholders and to the society as a whole. The very fact that the radios aspire to empower their respective communities means they have committed themselves in some manner to perform activities on behalf of others; their ability to accomplish what is expected and promised is fundamental and necessary to their relationship with others as well as to the community. As the radios interact with a number of other institutions, and individuals in a number of different ways, they have multiple accountabilities. They are accountable to the funding agencies, communities for which they work, to other media and civil society organizations which they associate and lastly the radios must be accountable to their own internal governance.

Though the radios have been serving as autonomous agents of accountability, they are not immune from operating within parameters of the accountability principles. They should not only hold politicians, public officialsandinstitutionsaccountable,buttheythemselvesbeaccountablefor their actions and improve their capacity to effectively serve as legitimate watchdog and work as agent of social transformation.

Chapter 3Method and Design of the Status Review Work

24

Method and Design of the Status Review Work3.1 Development of Social

Accountability IndicatorsAtfirsttheprojectdocumentwasapprovedbyUNDEFandbasedontheproject document, ACORAB Nepal developed the scope of the work of the study to be carried out on existing social accountability community radios. Scopeofthestudywasspecifiedtoanalyzethefollowingmajorthematicresponsibilities of community radio organizations:a. Awareness/realization: How far the radio is aware of, realizes and

convincedoftheimportanceandbenefitsofsocialaccountability;b. Adoption/practice: Whether or not and how far the radio has been

addressing accountability in practice corresponding to the area of institution’s organization and the management;

c. Accountability framework: How the radio has arranged for, or is practicing, whether the policies, systems and practices are implemented or not;

d. Good practices and gaps: What are the good practices adopted by a radio that others can emulate, and what are the gaps or the areas of improvement needed.

25

Method and Design of the Status Review Work

After the determination of the scope of the study, project team prepared a draft of the indicators of the social accountability measures that could be applicable in the context of community radios considering them as the community institutions working on issues of public interests. A workshop was organized on 14th August in 2012 which held a rigorous discussion on the draft of the indicators prepared by project team. The workshop, attended by the ACORAB Nepal board members, community radios representatives and the projectteam,finalizedtheindictorsasconceptualframeworkapplicableforthe review task in the name of Indicators of Social Accountability Framework of Community Radio applicable in general framework of Governance and Accountability.Thethusidentifiedfinalindicatorsareasfollows:

a. Participation and ownership

Indicators MeansofVerificationl Definedandpublicly

announced as a community broadcasting

l Openness of membership (all citizens in the community are eligible)

l Inclusion and participation at various level

l Complaints handling mechanism

l Accessibility of listeners

l License, legislation, by-law, websites, board decision, communication methods to its members

l Membership criteria and restrictive clauses in statute and methods applied in renewal and making new members; membership fees and minimum quantities of share to be purchased

l Disintegrated data of General Members, Board Members, Staff and programming; and electoral and selection policies

l Procedure of receiving complaints, suggestions and feedbacks from among the members and other people regarding ownership, independence and impartiality

l Existence of correspondence, No. listeners clubs/groups

26


b. Governance

Indicators MeansofVerificationl Decision making processl Definedroleand

responsibility of employees and departments

l Separate editorial policy with independence of newsroom

l Periodic strategic visioning and plan

l Sharing of internal info-rmation

l Monitoring and evaluation system

l Defined authoritative policy and regulatory norms withdefinedauthoritytotakedecisionwithininstitution; frequencies of board meeting and staffmeeting,termsofserviceandsocialbenefits

l Different policy, Job Descriptions, Terms of service

l Definededitorialpolicy/Stylebookl Periodic and annual plansl Employment policies and regulations l Dissemination methods of sharing major policy

decisions, budgetary situations (quarterly, half yearly) and audit reports to members and staffs

l No. of programme review, action plan, audit report, news event, news clipping

c. Maintenance of Social Accountability

Indicators MeansofVerificationl Public dissemination of

institutional statusl Maintenance of local

programme at least 60 percent of the total

l Status of audience survey

l Sharing of the upco-ming programmes on local affairs in periodic basis

l External communication

l Means and methods of disclosing the information of a. and b. to audience; social audit events organized in a year; through publication in papers; periodic, display at institutional premises; upload in website etc.

l Program schedule, case stories; analysis of communications received from stakeholders

l Audience survey report, Changes brought after receiving feedback and comments; Number, nature and contents and timing of aired programme; language and dialects applied in the programmes; surveys conducted; their periodicity; documentation and assessment and responding system on received feedbacks and comments from audience,

l Notificationinadvanceabouttheupcomingprogrammes in planned manner including inviting suggestions for making them effective,

l Focal person, phone

27


d. Networking

Indicators MeansofVerificationl Dissemination of

social accountability information of other public and community organizations through radio programmes

l Partnerships with social accountability promoters

l invitation and participation in social accountability events

l Number of organizations and programmes broadcasted; programme produced and broadcasted on the social accountability issues of the public and community organizations,

l Number, period and natures of partnership programmes

l No. of social audit, public hearing, knowledge building training

A notice, in order to call for the Expression of Interest from the eligible and qualified consulting firms, was circulated through member stations andother public notice forums. Through competitive bidding process, the Asian Academy for Peace, Research and Development was selected to undertake the study as an outsourced consultant agency. An agreement was entered between ACORAB Nepal and Asian Academy for Peace, Research and Development on 27 August 2012 for the research study project ‘Review of Social Accountability of Community Radios’.

With effect to the agreement and based upon the review of the conceptual literatures on accountability philosophy, a team comprising representatives from both the organizations having expertise in law, media and research had developed a draft conceptual framework of the applicable social accountability standards for a community radio. The draft conceptual framework was given the name as ‘Social Accountability Indicators Applicable for Community Radio’ and was presented to the policy advisersandtheExecutiveBoardMembersfortheirfinalconsiderationandapproval.

28


3.2 Documentation Template Developed and Applied

Following the approval of the indicators applicable for conduct study, the consultant agency came up with a template in the form of an interview question schedule for the documentation of data and information through fieldworks and through communicatingwithmember community radioswherethefieldworkofthestudywouldnotbecarriedout.Thetemplate,usedasinterviewscheduleinthefieldvisitsbythemembersofthestudyteamandinstitutionalprofiledocumentationofcommunityradiobyresourcecentreof ACORAB Nepal, provided framework for taking important information about the community radios including those on institutional details and legality of the radios, human resource engagements in the governing and management, frequency and watt capacity, memberships, approximation of audience and geographical coverage, broadcasting hours, time allocated for local programmes, languages, policy and other institutional legal documents, plan and budget system, monitoring and evaluation system, system of general assembly and tenure and positional change of policyofficials,complaintandgrievancehandlingsystem,communicationsfrom audience, types of programme having special effects, system of interacting with communities and opinion polling and other institutional information.

The draft documentation template was initially used in six radios in Kathmandu valley in order to test the suitability of the questionnaire for the research purpose. Revision in the template was done based on the feedback and felt required improvements by the pre-test. Revision had givenpracticalconsiderationofthedatagatheringbyshort-timefieldvisitinterviewwiththeofficials/representativesofthecommunityradiostations.Enumeration guidelines were also prepared to facilitate documentation process in interviews in the field and also for institutional documentationat ACOARB Nepal’s resource centre. The template is attached to present report as Annex 1A and the Enumeration Guidelines as Annex 1B.

29


3.3 Design of the Status Review and Data Collection Techniques

The study was designed with a view to capture both the quantitative and qualitative information which might be applicable for the purpose of the study.Therefore,personalinterview,questionnairefillingthroughinstitutionalcorrespondence, observation and FGDs were chosen as techniques of data collection.

Of the total 219 on air community radios in Nepal, 50 radios from 17 districts wereidentifiedthekeyplacestobeobservedinthefieldandinterviewedthe respective officials in person. The districts were purposively selectedgiving the representative coverage of geographical distribution, population density, ethnic distribution and language, frequency-watt, nature of legal personality of operating organization and closeness and remoteness from the district headquarters. List of the radios visited for interviews and physical observation are annexed as Annex 2A.

69%

27%

3%

NGO

Cooperative

Local governance

Others (Collage & library)

Sample Radios

1%

Number of FM

30


Four locations were selected for FGDs to collect qualitative information which would not be possible through carrying out personal interviews and observation. FGDs were conducted in Ilam (Eastern Region), Dang (Mid Western Region), Palpa (Western Region) and Dhading (in Central region). The FGDs were mainly attended by local community radio representatives, other media persons and the listeners of the community radio. Four FGDs grasped information from 15 community radio representatives, radio listeners and other stakeholders including those from Bar Associations, NGOs. The lists of the participants of the focus group discussion are attached as Annex 2B.

3.4 Methods of Data Entry, Coding, Presentation and Interpretation

The information thus gathered through personal interview and institutional documentation, by applying individual documentation templates, was entered into a computer system with coding and decoding processes. Information gathered through observations and FGDs were documented, classifiedandanalysedmanually.Chapter4ofthisreportprovidesanalysis,presentation and interpretation of the thus collected and processed data and information.

Photo: Participants of the FGD Discussing the Issues Madampokhara, Palpa

31


3.5 Drafting, Sharing and Report WritingThe final findings of the research study were presented at the NationalWorkshop on Social Accountability of Community Radios of Nepal on December 14 in Kathmandu, Nepal. The final report is prepared byincorporating all the inputs made by the participants at the workshop.

Chapter 4Presentation and Interpretation of Information Gathered

34

Presentation and Interpretation of Information Gathered4.1 Explanation and InterpretationInformation collected from 73 community radios through interview schedule, observation of 50 radios and four focus group discussion with representation of 15 community radios listeners and stakeholders was tabulated in structured data form. Structured framework of the data showed that 50 sampled radios are operated by cooperatives, 20 are operated by nongovernmental organizations, and three others are operated by either local body or educational institution. The capacity of the sampled radios varies from 30 to 2000 Watts. Table 1 shows the orientation of the distribution of radios on the basis of Watts. It was found that radios with more than 100 Watts dominate the studied list of radios.

35

Presentation and Interpretation of Information Gathered

Capacity of Community Radio Number of FMBetween 100 to 500 Watts 33

Above 500 watts 10

Total 73

Among these radios, 24 radios operate for 18 to 21 hours a day; 27 radios operate 14 to 18 hours daily; nine radios continue their broadcast for 10 hours a day; only two radios remain on air for less than 10 hours a day; and only two radios remain on air for more than 21 hours a day.

Table 1: Distribution of Sampled Radio by their Watt Capacities

On Air

18-21 hrs per day

14-18 hrs per day

10 hrsper day

24 hrsper day

24 radios

27 radios

9 radios2 radios

Time Duration of Broadcasting

36


Table 2 gives an orientation of the weekly airing times and their respective frequency distributions.

Capacity Weekly Airing TimeBelow 75 hrs 75-100 hrs 100-125 hrs 125-150 hrs Above 150 hrs

Up to 100 2 8 8 3 0100 to 500 0 1 16 15 1Above 500 0 0 3 6 1Total 2 9 27 24 2

4.2 Legitimacy of Governance and Management

As governing system of institution constitutes a core social accountability indicator, inquiry was made in terms of existence of institutional legal framework including Charter/Statute, governance By-laws including policies onadministration,finance,genderandediting.Furthermore,existenceofstrategic plan, annual plan and budget was taken into consideration while carrying out the survey.

Table 2: Time Duration of Radio Broadcasting

Table 3: Existence of Legal and Policy Documents

51

42

22

32

46 47

37

22

31

51

41

27 26

36

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

AdminPo licy

Fi nancialPo licy

G enderPo licy

Inclus ionPo licy

Ed itorialPo licy

Annual Pl anand B udget

StrategicPl an

Yes No

37


The study found that 54 community radios are running with separate charter or statute to get recognition of radio station as legal entities. Similarly, other 19 radios do not have separate statutory frame and their legal identity is lined with broader legal entities. Among 73 radios, only 51 radios have their administrative policy.

Similarly,only42communityradioshavefinancialpoliciesindeclaredform.Only 22 community radios have gender policies in declared form and 51 radios lack gender policies. Inclusion policy is possessed by 32 community radios and others have not yet felt the need of separate inclusion policy. There are 46 community radios that currently have separate editorial policies and 27 community radios were found to be running their newsroom without a formal declared editorial policy in place. About half of the community radios have set their Strategic Plan and Annual Budget System, .i.e., 37 radios have strategic plans and 47 are running with annual budget plan and projection. The study also found out that 36 radios do not have their strategic plans and other 26 radios do not have their annual plans and budget plans.

Another aspect of institutional governance accountability rests in the responsiveness of the governing bodies to their constituencies. From that perspective, annual general assembly was held by 67 radios. Though the radios have been holding their annual AGMs on time, in past five yearsthe responsibilities of the key positions including president, secretary and treasurers in 50 radios have been looked after by the personnel.

Governance in Operation

General Assembly by 67 radios annually

31 radios hold 1-4 meeting

annually

27 radios hold 5-8 meeting

annually

23 radios has changed the key position in

last 5 years.

9 radios hold more than 9 meeting annually

38


In response to the query on the frequency of meeting held by the institution’s governing bodies on an annual basis, 31 radios were found to be holding 1-4 such meetings per year, followed by 27 radios holding 5-8 meetings and only nine radios were found to hold such meeting more than nine time per year.

Following table indicates the number of the meetings held and the decision taken by the board and sub-committees in last three years:

Executive Board Radio Managing Sub-CommitteeMeetings Major Issues Meetings Major Issues

8 meetings per annum per radio

l Developing the strategic plan

l Exploring the land for radio

l Delegation of authorityl Increase the

membershipsl Personnel Policiesl Marketing Policiesl Radio equipment

purchasel New leadership

19 meetings per annum per radio

l Staff appointment and hiring

l Developing Personnel Policies

l Evaluation of Radio Programmes

l Collecting Feedbacks from communities

4.3 Participation of Constituency in Governance

It is ideal that the governing structures and the power exercising bodies should represent the composition of its constituencies. Therefore, the survey tried to study the status of the inclusion patterns in the community radios. Radios were asked to provide composition of the governing board and human resources engaged in the management based on their ethnicity, gender, and topographical origins. The cumulative aggregate of responses indicated the following composition:

Table 4: Numbers and Issues of Decision Making Meetings

39


The openness in while giving access to interested individual to be a member of the constituency is a condition of inclusiveness as well as an ensured participation, to study the situation a question was asked to the respondents on the procedures involved, existent limitations and other related issues on acquiring memberships. The following responses were received from the respondents:

Promoted by Open Close TotalNGO 31 19 50

Cooperative 14 6 20

Local governance 1 1

Others 1 1 2

Total 47 26 73

Table 5: Ethnographic Compositions

Table 6: Membership Distribution

0

50

100

150

200

250

Da lit J ana jati BC Da lit J ana jati BC Newa Da lit J ana jati BC Da lit J ana jati BC Newa

Madhe sh P ahad i Madhe sh P ahad i

Male Fe male

20

20

37

431

3 50 017 11

1 3

39 273 3

63

204 193

122

514

613

0 1011

16

913

11 34 60

5 222

626

3

58

9

98

259 7 2 53

Executive Board Operation Sub Committee Paid staff full Volunteers

40


The responses show that of total number of radios visited for the study, 47 radios are open in giving memberships and the openness ranges from 60 to 70 percent of the existing radios.

4.4 Reception of the Complaints and GrievancesofBeneficiaries

Institutional responses of the governing bodies and management to the complaintsandgrievancesofthebeneficiariesisanimportantcomponentof the social accountability of a radio. To know the means and patterns of complaint receiving techniques by the radios, a question was set seeking answers on the means of receiving complaints and suggestions.

Capacity Radios

Mode of Communicating Complaints and SuggestionsLetter Email SMS Phone

Less

than

50

50-

250

Above

250

Less

than

50

50-

250

Above

250

Less

than

50

50-

250

Above

250

Less

than

50

50-

250

Above

250

Up To 100 30 6 17 7 14 13 3 10 2 18 3 1 26100 to 500 33 6 20 7 10 21 2 7 4 22 2 31Above 500 10 4 4 2 6 2 2 3 7 1 9Total 73 16 41 16 30 36 7 20 6 47 6 1 56

4.5 ParticipationofBeneficentStakeholders in Radio Programming

Meaningful engagement of beneficiaries and concerned stakeholdersin radio programming could be a vital social accountability measure in overall social accountability of community radios. To identify the situation oftheengagementofthebeneficentstakeholders inspecificcommunitiesandinradioprogramming,aquestionwasaskedwithspecificfocusputoninvolvement of community people in radio programming, in radio programme

Table 7: Means of Complaints, Grievances, and Feedbacks

41


preparation and production, in process of constituting listeners’ clubs, in making appreciation of the participation of listeners and the opinion poll. Responses showed that only 15 radios engage listeners in radio programming, 32 in preparations of programme, and 19 in formation of listeners’ club. Of all the 73 radios, 45 radios were found to be appreciative towards their listeners by providing awards and prizes to the listeners on frequent basis. Similarly, 32 radios were found to involve people through opinions pool.

Capacityin Watt

Radios ProgrammePreparation

of programme

Formation of Listeners

club

Prize and appreciation

Opinion poll

Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes NoUp to 100 30 7 23 10 20 8 22 18 12 12 18100 to 500 33 7 26 16 17 8 25 18 15 19 14Above 500 10 1 9 6 4 3 7 9 1 1 9Total 73 15 58 32 41 19 54 45 28 32 41

4.6 Social Responsiveness in terms of Undertaking Dialogues with the Community Concerned

Social responsiveness of the community institutions, like community radios, may be measured by the measuring frequencies that they dialogue and interact with their respective communities. To assess the situation on how community radios take this issue, a question was asked to the respondents and responses show that of total of 73 radios, 41 radios were found to be interacting with their respective communities. Of those 41 radios, the majority of the radios indicated that they interact with their community people up to 25 times a year. The study also suggested that most radios conduct interaction with their communities to get familiar with the local issues and thus raise those issues among the local authorities. Additionally, it was also found that some of the interactions were held by radios to inform communities about their respective programmes.

Table no 8: Number of community radio that involve people in different area

42


Capacity of Community radio

Number of FMs

Interaction with community people annuallyHaving No Interaction

1-5 6-25 above 25

Up to 100 30 13 9 1 7100 to 500 33 15 5 9 5Above 500 10 4 2 3Total 73 32 16 13 12

4.7 Conducting Monitoring and Evaluating Radio Programme by Radios

The social accountability of any public interest institution is also measured by looking at and making critical analysis of the institution’s monitoring and evaluation system and the related periodic activities. In a response to study the radios monitoring and evaluation system and activities, it was found that of all the radios contacted for the study only 60 of them were conducting relevant monitoring and evaluation activities of their radio programmes.

Capacity M & E SystemYes No

Up to 100 24 6100 to 500 30 3Above 500 6 4Total 60 13

4.8 Responding the Local Languages of the Community

Radio is a means of communication used to communicate with large mass of people at once. For effective communication and also for making radios

Table 9: Number of Interactions between Radios and Communities

Table no 10: Monitoring and Evaluation of Radio Programmes

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more accountable and local in their respective communities, tongues of the people have to be taken into consideration. Therefore, local languages are the preferred languages for radio programmes in all the respective community Medias; however, the radios also have to give considerable space for radio programmes of other mutual languages for meeting the demands of people with different language groups and also for dissemination of information on local, national and global affairs. To assess this, the study team asked respondents on the languages the radio programmes mainly uses while airing on weekly hour basis.

According to the respondents, it was found that 30 languages are used by 73 radios for radio programming; news and current affairs gets broadcasted in 23languages.Inalltheradios,specificradioprogrammesarebroadcastedin 30 languages, where as Public Service Announcements (PSAs) are broadcasted in 22 languages and advertisements are broadcasted in 21 languages. Table bellow gives an overview of the distribution of the languages in radios:

SN Language Number of Radios BroadcastingNews Program PSA Advertisement

1 Nepali 73 73 63 622 Maithili 14 15 11 113 Nepal Bhasha 4 5 3 24 Tamang 6 10 5 55 Magar 10 14 9 56 Bhojpuri 7 11 6 57 Rai 3 4 3 28 Bantawa Rai 4 5 3 39 Limbu 5 7 4 210 Hindi 4 6 4 611 Urdu 2 7 1 212 Tharu 22 27 23 1913 English 4 3 0 314 Rajbanshi 1 2 2 015 Satar 1 1 0 016 Doteli 5 5 3 217 Rana tharu 2 2 1 018 Avadi 7 8 7 419 Gurung 3 3 1 0

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SN Language Number of Radios BroadcastingNews Program PSA Advertisement

20 Chepang 1 1 2 121 Achami 1 1 1 122 Bejuki 1 1 1 123 Majhi 1 2 1 024 Marwari 0 2 0 125 Bengali 0 1 0 126 Sunuwar 0 1 0 027 Danuwar 0 1 0 028 Sherpa 0 2 0 029 Dura 0 3 1 130 Chaudhari 0 1 0 0

4.9 Conducted Social Audit

Conducting social audit is one of the recognized forms of deliberation of social accountability for any institution obligated to its constituencies, beneficiariesandstakeholders.Toassessthisaspectofthecommunityradios,the respondents were asked whether their radio stations are having system of conducting social audit on periodic basis or not. Additionally, they were also asked whether their radios are engaged in causing or encouraging social audit of other social institution.

Table 11: Radio Programme in Languages

119

4

19

24

6

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Up to 100 100 to 500 A bove 5 00

Social Audit

Number of Community Radios Social Audit ConductedNumber of Community Radios Social Audit Not Conducted

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The study found that only 24 radios were having a system of arranging social audit events. The study also found that despite radios’ efforts in conducting social audit events, they are not organized in the organized ways. Of total respondents, 5 radios mentioned airing of income and expenditure of their radios during annual function events. One of the radios also mentioned that they display their radio’s annual income and expenditure on the notice boards and also do share with their listeners’ clubs. The study also found that few radios inviting stakeholders, government officials and listeners during their annualprogrammes where their annual income and expenditure are shared.

4.10 Maintaining Service CharterWhat services an institution provides to the service recipients, the processes involved and time to get such services are listed in organization’s Citizen’s Charter. In case of radios, it is reasonable to desire by the outsiders to know about the forms of services being provided by the individual radio, associatedapplicablecostsandtheprocessesinvolved.Inordertofindoutthis fact, the research team had visited 50 radios and the team found that the radios displaying such information in the form of their daily programme schedules and in remaining 10 radio stations, there were no such systems. However, the study also found that still there is lack of local radio initiated permanent ways or plans of placing Service Charter Boards in the premises of the radios and also the information about the nature of services being provided by the institution are posted in notice boards.

4.11 Maintaining Notice Board for Public Information

Maintaining public notice board is a pre-requisite of any corporate institution. As one of the community institutions, community radios also required to

46


maintain this system in their station premises and other available business offices.Amongallthe50radiosobservedforthispurpose,only40ofthemhad established this system in their institutions.

4.12Beneficiaries’ResponsesonRadio’sAccountability

Qualitative information was gathered from the local communities through organizing FGDs in four places. Such events were aimed at getting the information on how the communities have been perceiving community radio’s social accountability status. Participants of the discussion were asked to concentrate each FGD on identifying how the status of social accountability of community radio is understood and taken by the respective communities and stakeholders? And, it also provided enough discussion session on improving the social accountability status of community radios?The inputs of participants on perception of local communities and respective stakeholders about the social accountability of community radios are found to be as follows: • Still, community radios do not fully represent the communities that they

belong to;• Issues of public concerns; those which are intended to be concealed

by the government agencies are made and exposed among people and they are better informed on these issues;

• Community radio are facilitating communities on information exchange and communication based on the need of the respective communities;

• Community radios are effective in playing roles as a civil or citizen scrutiny of governmental offices in the concerneddistrict or at thelocal levels, however, they themselves are not able to demonstrate their own institutional accountably through maintenance of social accountability measures;

• Very low level of community participation exists in the radio management and policy levels due to the lack of priority setting by the concerned

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radio to engage locals in the policy and in the management levels;• The radio listeners’ clubs are helpful to generate several social

eventsforthebenefitofthecommunitieswhichcanbetakenastheempowering contribution of radios to the respective communities;

• Efforts of radios in disclosing information on mismanagement or wrong governance of social agencies, such as cooperatives, in Ilam have contributed a lot in promotion and practice of social accountability among local social institutions at the local levels in Ilam and the vicinity;

• Though there is no sufficient participation of the socially excludedsections of the societies at institution’s governance and management structures, through airing of radio programmes on relevant issues the voices of voiceless people have been addressed, taken care and channelled to corresponding policy and decision makers;

• Social accountability of community radios are adversely affected by lack of proper regulatory legislative framework providing clear definition and demarcation of the Community Radio and theCommercial Radio;

• Ownership by respective communities on the contents of the radio programme is yet to be expanded;

• Contents of the radio programmes of community radios are intended at causing or facilitating social changes at the local levels which further are more accountable with attempts made at penetrating healthy messages to the listeners;

• Contents on holistic community development have been promoted and the languages used in programme delivery and relevant explanations are understandable by local communities;

• An inclusive and participative organizational structure of a radio facilitates social accountability practices by the radio and other stakeholders;

• Information on radios themselves is shared to the communities through their radio programmes, annual meetings and events. However, execution of social accountability tools like social audit and public hearing would aid radios in enhancing responsiveness elements of the individual radio;

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• Some of the radios are found to be more attached to the interest of the political parties;

• The radios have not shared the idea of their ethical codes among the listeners due to which the concerned listeners are not aware on the proper roles and responsibilities of the radios. Additionally, there is not established system of social auditing of the radios themselves;

• Instead of promoting positive news reporting pattern, the patterns of negative news reporting were found to be on rise;

• Reporting and programming on ritualistic festivals that are empowered by commercial media to be more extravagant are to be discouraged bysharingfactualandscientificinformation;and

• Community radios should be more responsible to the rights of the victims in cases where cases are related to the violation of human rights and on crimes.

4.13 Radios Impacts on Causing Community Institutions Accountable

Community radio has empowered people to come together for the common cause in terms of rule of law, institutional governance, and democratic practice. One of the examples is the promotion of accountability of local Cooperatives in Ilam through providing institutional progress report to their constituent members through radio notice.

Radios have not only informed farmers to get the real price for their products, but also helped them to demand fertilizers and technical assistance from the government’s agricultural offices. In results, government employees’accountability to the service recipients has been found to be promoted by these practices which also helped in holding accountable the agro-product traders which resulted in situation where the farmers were able to have enough bargaining capacity for their products.

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Community radios have always raised the issues of voiceless people. They impacted people’s lives starting from the individual level to the highest possible level. For example, in Ilam it is found that radio programme had provided justice to two innocent families who were blamed for a murder case. Many cases on educational scholarships designed to offer to the Dalit students were not offered to them by the schools which was also advocated by the local community radio and the local stakeholders were madeaccountabletotheiractualrolesinidentifyingtherealbeneficiariesand distributing the prize toi them.

Many radios have also started a programme targeted at observing performance of the government officials. Under this initiative, the radioreporters visits government offices at 10:00 am in themorning to checkwhether the respective employee has arrived at their place to perform the roles given to them by the Government of Nepal. Similarly, if the reporters findanythingwrongthentheygototheheadofthedepartmenttodiscussabout thus found out misbehaviour. The name of the programme is “10 O’clock”.Thisisaweeklyliveradioprogrammewherethereportersgotoeachgovernmentofficeonceaweek.Thishasmadetheofficialstobemorefocusedintheirworkandheldaccountabletotheirservicebeneficiaries.

Chapter 5Findings

52

Findings

5.1 Social Accountability of Frameworks Radios

he majority of the community radios are run as the independent and self-governed community institutions which was also supported by the study which found 54 radios were having separate institutional legal identity documents; including the Charter, bylaws and policies; which are essential frameworks for a socially accountable institution. Similarly, about half of the community radios have set their Strategic Plan and Annual Budget System in place and out of eight such institutional documents, the majority radios have at least six with them. The study also concluded that few radios were sort of these frameworks.

Radios are found to be socially inclusive. Though there is no availability of the comparable database of the compositions of the ethnicities in the respective communities which these radios represent, the present engagement of the people in terms of their governing bodies as well as operational human resources, the radios have been able to demonstrate diverse ethnic representation within their institutional structures.

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Findings

Furthermore, the study also found that more than 80 percent of the radios do have their monitoring and evaluation system in place. Moreover, the Annual General Meetings and the meetings of the governing bodies are found to be organized on suitable time and tenures which support the fact that the internal control mechanisms of these radios are in operation which finally impliesthatthesocialaccountabilityframeworksexist inmajorityofthe Nepalese community radios.

5.2 Application of Measures within Institution

Community participation in the programming of the radios is one of the good measures that ensure application of social accountability. In this context, the radios are found to be weak as majority of the radios do not involve community people in preparation and implementation of their radio programmes. Very few radios have earned trust of the listeners and only 19 radios have organized listeners' clubs. Radios are also deemed to be strict while it comes to engaging more community people in popular opinion pollswhichwasalsosupportedbythestudyfindingwhichstatethatonly32radios were found to be engaging community people in their opinion polls. Similarly, there is a marginal equilibrium in the statistics of the radios those holding the interaction with communities to those not holding such events, i.e., 43 percent (32 out of 73).

Radios are found to be very responsive towards their respective communities in terms of applying local languages in radio programming. It was found that more than 30 languages are used by the surveyed 73 radios in preparation of radios news, special programmes and Public Service Announcements.Finally, the trend of applying social accountability measures such as organizing social audit, maintaining service charter, notice board for public information has been found to be increasing among the community radios.

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Findings

5.3 Sense of Ownership on Radios by Communities

The respective communities of the radios are found to be receptive to the respectiveradiosastheirownmediaeveniftheyarenotfullysatisfiedwiththe services being provided by the community radios and on whether they represent the real interests of the communities or not. Radios also helped in making public the information on issues of public concerns and those are intended to be concealed by the government agencies which helped the public agencies to become more accountable to the citizens. Similarly, the communities were found to be positive towards the roles played by the radios in terms of information dissemination.

There is conformation of the roles played by the radios as civil scrutiny of government offices in the districts or at the local levels, however, thecommunities have pointed out that the radios themselves are not been able to establish and maintain accountably within their institution.

The judgmental opinions of community representatives stating that there is low participation of communities in the radio management and policy and radios' failure in giving priority to engage them in policy and management levelseemstobevalidandthestudyfindingsalsocorrespondstothisfact.The radio listeners clubs are helpful to generate several social events for the benefitofthecommunitieswhichcanbetakenasempow-eringcontributionof radios towards respective communities. However, only few radios have made this effort institutionally.

Efforts of radios in disclosing the misman-agement or wrong governance of social agencies have contributed in maintenance of social accountability of social institutions at the local levels. Though there is no sufficientparticipation of the socially excluded sectors of the societies in institution's governance and management structures, the voices of voiceless people have been addressed, taken care and channelled to the concerned policy and decision makers through radio programmes.

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Findings

Social accountability of community radio is adversely affected by the lack of proper regulatory legislative framework which clearly defines and setdemarcations of the Community Radio and Commercial Radio. Contents of the radio programmes are primarily aimed at causing or facilitating social changes and are more accountable at making attempts to penetrate healthy messages to the listeners, however, the community representatives are found to be worried about the inclinations of the radios towards interests of the particular political parties. The community representatives were found to be interested in receiving ethical codes of radio operators and the engaged professionals.

Finally, in spite of promoting reporting of positive news, the radios were found to be giving more time for reporting of negative news. Similarly, the community people were found to be interested in receiving more fact based information for which right sensitivity of the radio workers is seen as a necessary component.

5.4 Radios Caused other Community Institutions Accountable

Community radios have been playing the roles as a facilitator in terms of promoting social accountability and as an institutional social accountability practitioner in community by empowering people to come together for the common cause in terms of rule of law, institutional governance and democratic practice. They are found to be one of the key social accountability practitioners in the community in institutional capacity.

Community radios are found to be acting as an intermediary between the government agencies and the local communities. Local people channel their grievances to the government through radios. The radios are found to be attempting to hold accountable the relevant public, government and social authorities to their beneficiaries by raising the voices of the

56

Findings

voiceless people, conducting observation and social auditing activities in the respective communities. The major area of such interventions included load-shedding, market for the product, environmental and ecological conservations, agriculture, protection of human rights of vulnerable groups and individuals, mainstreaming of marginalized groups, preserving local resources, infrastructure construction, and ethical practices of the service providers.

Chapter 6Recommendations

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Recommendations

Based on the overview of the legal system and the framework of the presentstudyandthepresentationandfindingsabove,thestudyteam offers following recommendations to improve institutional social accountability of community radios and to promote institutional social accountability of other service providing institutions in the localities of the community radios:

• In Nepal there has been the lack of legal framework and no clear definitionofwhatcommunityradiosactuallyare,andhowtheydifferfrom the privately or government owned radio stations. Government needs to make it clear so that the work of community radios will be distinct from other forms of radio services. It is recommended that there should be clear state policy to provide scope and limitation of service delivery by the radio that accounts as social obligation of the community radio.

• Community Radio derives its strength and popularity from community participation. In practice, participation is harder than it seems, because it is labour intensive, requires the right attitude, skills and motivation. There needs to be external support in building the capacity of the radios in maintaining institutional systems corresponding to the

59

Recommendations

principles of social accountability.• Without proper management skills, as well as some knowledge of

financial management and income generation, it is very hard forCommunity Radio to survive. There is an urgent need of organizational developmentsupportfromtheperspectiveoffinancialsustainabilityof the community radios.

• Ascommunityradios'financialaspectsarerelieduponthecontributionsmade by the communities they serve for and the social marketing, community radios are in need of assistance in skill development on social marketing and fund raising within community and also on strategies to tap resources from outside. It is recommended to donors and national organizations working to support radios to assist radios in these aspects.

• Community radios have provided valuable inputs for bringing changes in terms of democratization of the communities, social transformation of the local practices and promotion of sense of social accountability; however, the efforts made by them in these respects are not found valued and brought to broader public notice by the concerned Government Ministries and development agencies. Therefore, it is recommended to the government agencies to highlight the roles played by the community radios in community development.

• There is growing number of radios, even in a single community, and the community itself is found to be divided for this reason and emergence of a sense of enmity within the community seems to be potential in near future. Even the plurality in information dissemination is important, considering the costs and other aspects, the community radios working in the same communities are advised to promote joint programming endeavour by sharing thematic leads.

Annex 1AInformation Documentation Template

62

Assessment of Social Accountability Status of Community Radio 2069 BS1. Name of the radio: Capacity: Frequency: 2. Address: Registration No.: Establishment date:

3. Name of the owner organization:

Information Documentation Template

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4. Address: Registration No.: Establishment date:

5. Radio manager and the working human resources

5.1 Number of employed people at the station

Total Madhesi Hill

Janajati Dalit Chettri/ Brahmin Janajati Dalit Chettri/

Brahmin Newar

FT PT V FT PT V FT PT V FT PT V FT PT V FT PT V FT PT V

Female

Male

Total

FT: Full Time, PT: Part Time, V: Volunteer Note: Please state if the human resource also composed of disabled or third gender individuals.

5.2 Organizational Working Committee/ Number of committee members

Position GenderMadhesi Hill

Janajati Dalit Chettri/ Brahmin Janajati Dalit Chettri/

Brahmin Newar

President

Vice President

Secretary General

Treasurer

Members

Note: Please state if the human resource also composed of disabled or third gender individuals.

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5.3 Details of Sub-Committee (If you have one)

Position GenderMadhesi Hill

Janajati DalitChettri/ Brahmin

Janajati DalitChettri/ Brahmin

Newar

President

Vice President

Secretary General

Treasurer

Members

Note: Please state if the human resource also composed of disabled or third gender individuals.

6. Provision of membership: a. Open to all b. Limited to the selected If membership is limited to the selected ones, who are they and

how membership request is approved?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Estimated number of listeners: ……….................................................………..

8. Areas of coverage: ………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………….......................................................………

9. On air time (weekly in hours): ……………………….……………..........................................................................................................................………………………

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10. Local production (weekly in hours): ………………………................................................................................................................………..................................................................……………………………

11. On air time of programmes produced by other than CIN (weekly in hours): ………………….................................………………………………………….

12. In languages the radio programmes are broadcasted? (Weekly in hours)

Language News Programme PSAs Commercial clips

13. Is there any documentary radio operation guidelines? a. Constitution/ Operation bylaws: Yes No

b. Administration regulations: Yes No

c. Economic regulations: Yes No

d. Gender Policy: Yes No

e. Inclusion Policy: Yes No

f. Editorial Policy: Yes No

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14. Do you have your radio's strategic plans:

a. Yes b. No

If yes, when was it formulated and for how long?

………..............................................................…………………………………..

15. Do you prepare radio's annual plan and budget plan?

a. Yes b. No

If yes, how is it prepared and who participates in this process?

a. Community b. Community and community organization

c. Only staff d. Staff and the sub-committee

e. Staff and other organization's members

16. Do you perform Monitoring and Evaluation of the radio programmes?

Yes No

If yes, when is monitoring and evaluation is done?

a. Monthly b. Once in three month c. twice a year d. Annually d. As per the requirements

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16.1 How do you implement suggestions received through monitoring and evaluation?

………………………………………………………………...……………………………

17. How many General Assembly events have been held earlier?:

............…………………………..........................................................................…….

When was the last General Assembly held?:

.....................................................………………..………………………………………

IftheGeneralAssemblyhaselectedtheofficials,providethedetails:

General Assembly

Held Year

Names of the main members of the working committee

President General Secretary Treasurer

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Annex

18. Please provide the details of meeting held between Radio working committee, sub-committee abd the Manager

YearWorking Committee Sub-Committee

Meeting No.

Main outcome of the meeting

Meeting No.

Main outcome of the meeting

19. How do you collect listeners' comments and recommendations? a. Letters b. Telephone c. Email d. SMS e. Facebook f. Face-to-face g. Others interactions

20. What kinds of listeners' comments and recommendations do you receive? a.

b.

c.

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20.1 What was the toughest comment or recommendation you have ever received and how you dealt with it?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........................................................………………………

21. What is the monthly frequency of listeners' letters, emails and phone calls?

Letters: a. < 50 b. 50-100 c. >100 Email: a. < 50 b. 50-100 c. >100

SMS: a. < 50 b. 50-100 c. >100

Phone: a. < 50 b. 50-100 c. >100

22.Doyouhaveyouraffiliatedlisteners'club?

a. Yes b. No

If yes, how many such clubs do you have?

a. 1-5 b. 6-10 c. 11-15 d. 16-20 e. >20

23.Didyourbroadcastedprogrammesbringanysignificantsocialtransformation in that area?

a. Yes b. No

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Annex

If yes, provide details of such examples: …………………………………………………………………………………………

…………....………....................................…………………………………………

Social Accountability towards the Community

24. Does your radio conduct any discussions and interactions through visiting local communities?

a. Yes b. No

If yes, what is the frequency of such programmes?

Programme Conduction Timeline Frequency of Programmes

a. Weekly …………………………….......................

b. Bi-monthly …………………………......................….

c. Quarterly …………………………......................….

d. Bi-annually ………………………......................…….

e. Annually ……………………......................……….

25. What is the main purpose of such interactions?Please tick:

a. To advocate local issues for stakeholders' concern

b. To receive local complaints

c. To inform community of the radio programme

d. Others (please provide details)

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Annex

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...............................................................................…

26. Does your radio perform voting on locally prevalent disputable issues?

a. Yes b. No

Ifyes,fillupthefollowingtable:

Method Time Issue of Concern

SMS

Radio Voting Survey

Selection of a Radio Programme

Phone

Email

27. What you do to promote community participation?………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….........................................................................................................………

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Annex

28. On the monthly basis, how often do you include community people in your programmes?

Method of Promoting Participation Average Number of Participants

Participation through live interaction with the radio listenersEncouraging participation during programme productionParticipation through radio clubs establishmentParticipation through engaging in formal award ceremonies organized to award or to honor listeners and supporters Others (please specify)

29. Within past one year, did your radio broadcast programmes produced by other organizations?

a. Yes b. No If yes, how many: Local (…………..) and of the network (………)

Local Network

Name of the programme

Duration Name of the programme

Duration

Broadcast Agreement Broadcast Agreement

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Annex

Expansion of the Working Network

30. Are there any other joint partner organizations for programme production?

a. Yes b. No

If yes, how many? Local (…………..) and from the network (…………..)

31.Doyouinvolvedifferentthematicareaspecificorganizationsorprofessionals during programme production?

a. Yes b. No

If yes, in which thematic areas they were involved in? 1.

2.

3.

32.DoesyourradiotheaffiliatedbranchesofFNJorofotherprofessionalfederations?

a. Yes b. No

33. Does your radio perform its own social audit?

a. Yes b. No

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Annex

If yes, please provide details on methodologies employed and duration of the audit period:

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....................................……………

34. Does your radio perform social audit of other organizations?

a. Yes b. No If yes, please provide details on methodologies employed and duration

of the audit period: …………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................

35. For correspondence purpose, please provide the following details:

Management/ Administration CommitteeSN Name Position Telephone Mobile Email1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.

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Annex

Human Resources at the Radio Station

Contact Person Name Position Telephone Mobile Email

Station Manager

News Chief

Programme Chief

Account/ Administration Chief

Marketing Chief

Technical Chief

Annex 1BInstruction to Enumerators

78

Association of Community Radio Broadcasters Nepal Guidelines for Completing Social Accountability Survey Questionnaire

1. Introduction and RequestAssociation of Community Radio Broadcasters Nepal (ACORAB), in partnership with Asian Academy for Peace Research and Development andwithfinancialsupportfromUNFundforDemocracy(UNDEF),hasbeenconducting an assessment survey on baseline social accountability status of community radios in Nepal for proper knowledge management. The

Instruction to Enumerators

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Annex

required information for designing a survey questionnaire for this purpose has been accomplished by collecting relevant information from all the radios andafterprocessingallthecollecteddata,afinalsurveyquestionnairehasbeen designed accordingly.

Besides information collected through this questionnaire, the research team has also been collecting additional information on geological diversity, capacity of the radios and diversity of radio owner institutions from 40 different community radios employing participatory and non-participatory observation methods, individual informal interviews and consultations.

Forbringinguniformityandverifiabilityinallthecollecteddataandalsoforassisting stakeholders to complete the questionnaire, following guidelines have been designed.

2. Brief GuidelinesThe survey questionnaire has been prepared simple for making it easily understandable by all the respondents and brief completion guidelines have been also included in every respective sections of the document. This document has been supplemented with additional information and guidelines required while completing the questionnaire.

While completing the questionnaire, please clearly put a mark () on an empty box which corresponds to your matching answer. Similarly, in case of descriptive answers please write down your answers in legible letters and numbers.

All the collected details and information from this survey will be studied and analyzedcollectivelyandinformationonspecificradioorinstitutionswillnotbepublishedwhileproducingthefinalstudyreport.Thus,allthedetailsandinformation should be completed as per the demand of the questionnaire.

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3. Section wise questionnaire completion guidelines

1. Please write down the details of community radio in questions 1 & 2.2. Please write down the details of either the license holder social

organization, or cooperative or respective institution of the community radio.

3. In question 5.1, provide the details of human resources at the radio. PleasefillthedetailsofpeoplefromdifferentbackgroundsfromTeraiandHill accordingly. While completing this part of the questionnaire, take the reference of categorization attached herewith this guidelines. In case ofNewar,filltheirdetailsintheirspecifiedplaces.Pleasedulymentionthe number of males and females from different backgrounds.

4. While filling the details of management committee, administrationcommittee or sub- committees of the radio, please also mention about the organizational structure and authority given to others of the respectiveinstitution.Ifthecompleteddetailsdeemtobeinsufficient,please attach photocopies of additional respective documents.

5. Please complete the details of estimated radio listeners under question number 7 by taking the reference of active radio listeners in the radio coverage area and also the letters and emails sent by the listeners, radio listeners' club and their members. Please try to mention those aspects as clearly as possible.

6. In question number 8, please mention the radio coverage districts and areas.

7. While completing questions through 9-12, please write the details in weekly basis by calculating weekly broadcasting time duration unless theyarespecifiedtobecompletedonthedailybasis.

8. Questions through 13-16 are based on the details of the institutions that run the radios. While completing these questions, please be sure to write the already published details and which the radio employees are already aware of and are being under operation. If you mark the assertive answer (YES) while completing these questions, ACORAB may ask you to provide details in the form of photocopied documents during the study period.

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9. Question number 17 assesses the status of democratic practices and leadership development in the radio. Thus, please mention the details of all the previous general assembly including the number of the assembly, the year when it was held and the elected main members of the working committee.

10. Question number 18 is meant to collect details on which kinds of decisions were taken by the radio owner institution within past three years with the objectives of making radio more responsible towards communities and also making radio operation as transparent as possible. So, please provide the details of the number of meetings held in one year and the major decisions made from those meetings to make radio more transparent, socially responsible and good governing.

11. In question number, please provide the details of the most complicated comments and recommendations received from the listeners and how they were resolved.

12. In question number 21, if your response exceeds the number of alternatives provided, mark the answer (C) and mention the number accordingly.

13. While providing the details in question number 24, please mention the issues which were accomplished by visiting the local communities. Also, please DO NOT mention if community people were called in for a radio programme.

14. While answering question number 30, please provide details of the participation made for programme production only.

15. In question number 31, while providing details of the availability of subject specialists as content advisors for producing programmes in relatedfields.Forexample,theavailabilityofagriculturalspecialistsforproducing agriculture based programmes.

16. In question number 33 & 34, provide the requested information only if your radio itself conducts social audit events on radio's progress and income – expenses reports. Other simple events like general assembly are not needed to be mentioned here.

17 While providing the personal details in question number 35, please provide name and other details which will also help to reveal the gender and backgrounds of the individuals.

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Index 1

Janajatis and Indigenous nationalities in Nepal (CBS, 2001)

Himal 18

Bhote, Sherpa, Dolpo. Lhome (Shing Sawa), Lwopa, Larke (Nupriya), Siyar (Chumba), Mugali, Barhagaule, Balung, Thudam, Tangbe, Tapkegola (Dhokya), Tingaule Thakali, Barhagaule Thakali, Marfalai Thaklai, Chairotan, Byasi

Pahad 24Chepang, Gurung, Jirel, Lepcha, Limbu, Newar, Magar, Rai, Sunuwar, Tamang, Thami, Dura, Hayu, Chyantal, Hoyolmo, Pahari, Bhujel/Gharti, Baramo, Surel, Kusunda, Fre, Kushwadia (Kuhawadia), Bankaria

Inner Terai

Bhote, Danuwar, Kumai, Darai, Majhi, Raji, Raute

TeraiDhanuk (Rajbansi), Dhimal, Gangai, Rajbansi (Koch), Tharu, Meche (Bodo), Kisan, Satar (Santhal), Tajpuriya, Jhangad

DalitCategoriesasidentifiedbyNationalDalitCommission

Pahadi Dalit 5

Gandarva (Gaine), Pariyar (Damai, Darji, Suchikar, Nagarchi, Dholi, Hudke), Badi, Bishwokarma (Kami, Lohar, Sunar, Uud, Chunara, Parki, Tamata)

Madhesi Dalit 17

Kalar, Kakaihiya, Kori, Khatik, Khatoe (Mandal, Khank), Chamar (Ram, Mochi, Harijan, Rabidas), Chidimar, Dom (Marich), Tatma (Tanti, Dras), Dusadh (Paswan, Hajara), Dhobi (Hindurajak), Pattarkatta, Pasi, Bantar, Mushar, Mestar (Halkhor), Sarwonga (Sarbariya)

Note: Dalits are the people who despite the legal provisions against discrimination on them face discrimination. Sunar, Sonar, Lohar from Madhes are not the dalits however, Dhaula, Pode, Chyame from Newar communities can be included in the list as well.

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100ClassifiedSocialGroups(CBS,2001)Janjati Groups

11groupsbasedonJati/Janjati(Classificationof100SocialGroups)(Number of sub-groups)

1. Brahmin/ Chettri

1.1 Brahmin from Pahad (1) : Brahmin from Pahad

1.2 Chettri from Pahad (3): Chettri, Thakuri and Sanyasi

1.3 Chettri/ Brahmin from Madhes (4): Brahmin from Madhes, Nurang, Rajput, Kayastha, (Bhumihari)

2. Others from Madhes

2.1 Other groups from Madhes (26): Yadav, Teli, Koiri/Kushhawa, Kurmi, Sonar, Baniya, Kalwar, Thakur/Hajam, Kanu, Sudhi, Kumhar, Haluwai,Badhai, Barai, Bhediyar/Gadari, Kewat. Mallaha, Lohar, Nuniya, Kahar, Lodha, Raajbhar, Wing/Vinda, Dhuniya, Kamar, Mali

3. Dalit

3.1 Dalits from Pahadii (6): Kami, Damai/ Dholi, Sarki, Badi, Gaine, Non- IdentifiedDalits

3.2 Dalits from Madhes (10): Chamar, Mushhar, Dusad/ Paswan, Tatma, Khatwe, Dhobi, Banttar, Chidimar, Dom, Halkhor

4. Newar 4. Newariii (1)

5. Janajati

5.1 Janjati from Pahad/ Himal (31): Magar, Chantyal, Rai, Sherpa, Bhujel/Gharti, Yakya, Thakalai, Limbu, Lapchha/Rong, Bhote, Byasi/Sauka, Jirel, Hyolmyo, Balung, Gurung, Dura, Tamang, Kumal, Sunuwar, Majhi, Danuwar, Thami/Thangmi, Darai, Bote, Baramu, Pahari, Hyau, Kusunda, Chepang, Raji, Raute

5.2 Janajati from Terai (15): Tharu, Jhangad/ Ghangad, Dhanuk, Rajbansi, Gangai, Santhyal/ Satar, Dhimal, Tajpuriya, Meche, Koche, Kisan,Munda,Kusbadiya/Pattarkatta,Non-IdentifiedIndigenousGroup Janajati

6. Muslim 6. Muslim (1): Muslim

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i As Bhumihar is not mentioned in the population census, it is enlisted in a box. However, due to their inclusion in the Population Health Survey, they are included under Brahmin/Chettri from Madhes.

ii ClassifiedunderDalitsofPahadcategoryduetothehigherprevalenceof non-identifieddalits in Pahad. Similarly, non-identified indigenouspeople are found in Terai, they are enlisted under indigenous group people from Terai.

iii Khadgim Kapali/Jogi, Dayola and Raj from Newar communities used to fall under untouchables (kfgL grNg]) group. Also Chyame & Pode also used to fall under the category of untouchables which is not mentioned in the population census.

Annex 2AList of Radios Visited and Surveyed

86

1. List of visited Community Radio

SN Name of Radio Frequency Address1 Radio nepal bani 94.9 Ilam municipality-22 Ilam FM 93 Ilam-23 Phulbari Samudaik Radio 105.4 Grahmin Chowk, Lahan 10

4 Radio Salhesh FM 88.8Hanumannagar, Bhaluwaha, Siraha

5 Radio Samagra FM 107 Lahan Na. Pa. 66 Samad FM 102.6 Krishna Tole, Lahan 17 Radio Saugat 88.1 Lahan- 78 Radio Purbanchal 104.4 Paanchali, Biratnagar 169 Radio Paribartan 89.4 Itahari-5, Sunsari10 Gantantra FM 95.1 Dharan-11, Sunsari11 Radio Makalu 92.2 Bahrdhan Tole, Dhankuta-712 Radio Dhankuta 106.2 Chuliban Dhankuta-713 Nagrik FM 107.5 Bhadrapur-4, Jhapa14 Radio Sargham 88.8 Mechi Nagar-1

List of Radios Visited and Surveyed

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Annex

SN Name of Radio Frequency Address15 Radio Sandesh 103.9 Surunga-5, Jhapa16 Mero FM 93.5 Kathmandu-3317 Radio Sagarmatha 102.4 Lalitpur-418 Grace FM 107.6 Dhulikhel-619 Radio Namo Buddha 106.7 Kavre Gabisha-220 Radio Upatyaka 87.6 Kathmandu-21, Yangal

21 Radio Mahakali 96.2Bhi. Na. Pa. 18, Katan, Mahendranagar

22 Radio Swargadwari 102.8 Ghorai Nagarpalika 11, Dang

23 Jagran FM 90.8Birendranagar 6, New road, Surkhet

24 Radio Bheri 102.7 Birendranagar 8, Surkhet25 Radio Tulsipur 100.2 Tulsipur 5, Ghorahi road, Dang26 Radio Deukhuri 105.8 Chaulahi Ga B Sa 2, Lamahi27 Radio Highway 103.5 Chaulahi Ga B Sa 2, Lamahi28 Rey Paschim Today 88.8 Red cross bhawan, Dhangadi - 5

29 Bulbule FM 103.4Birendranagar 6, New road, Surkhet

30 Radio Surkhet 90.2 Birendranagar 6, Surkhet31 Radio Saryu Ganga 104 Ka line, Birendra Chowk, Tulsipur 532 Gandaki FM 90.2 Pokhara 133 Radio Nayayug 107.3 Chailare Ga B Sa-234 Radio Hamro Pahuch 89 Tulsipur, Dang35 Bheri FM 105.4 Shantipath36 Gorkhali Radio 106 Shimal chour-8, Pohkara37 Sunaulo FM 102.2 Chipledhunga, Pokhara 438 Radio Dhading 106 Nilkantha 5, Dhading

39Samudaik Radio Madanpokhara

106.9 Madanpokhara 9, Palpa

40 Radio Mukti 95.5 Laxminagar, Butwal 641 Radio Lumbini 96.8 Manigram, Rupanehi42 Community Radio, Muktinat 90.8 Tansen, Palpa43 Suklaphata FM 99.9 Nachanthali, -8, Kailali

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SN Name of Radio Frequency Address44 Community Radio, Rampur Rampur, 3, Palpa45 Tikapur FM 101 Tiakapur, Kailali46 Radio Bheri Awaj 95.6 Karkando-5, Surkhet47 Radio Jan Aawaj 97.3 Puspalal Chowk, Nepaljung48 Radio Rubaru 104.5 Nepaljung, Banke49 Radio Krisnasar 94 Nepaljung, Banke50 Radio Prakriti Tulsipur, Dang

2. List of Community Radio information through Email

SN Name Frequency Address1 Samudaik Radio Adhi Khola 105.4 Walling 4, Syangjha2 Appan Mithila 94.4 Jaleshwor 5, Mahotari3 Baglung FM 96.4 Baglung Nagarpalika 2, Majkot4 Radio Rudraksh 98.8 Jaleshwor 5, Mahotari5 Samudaik Radio Parbat 103.6 Khanigaun 2, Phalewas Parbat6 Radio Rajmarg 92.1 Goganpani 4, Ranimala7 Shakti FM Hetauda, Makwanpur8 Radio Buddha Aawaz 89.6 Banganga 8, Bairiya9 Radio Deurali 101 Khan 4, Argakhachi10 Radio Ramarosan FM 92 Mangalsain 6, Aacham11 Radio Rapti FM 104.8 Khala 5, Dardagaun12 Radio Sanskriti 98.2 Bidhyapatinagar, Gaur, Rautahut13 Sumhatalung FM 104.2 Phidim 4, Pachthar14 Radio Sungava FM 107 Gauridarda, Bardibas, Mahotari15 Radio Mustang 89 jomsom VDC-6, Mustang16 Afno FM 104.8 Amargadhi, Daheldhura17 Afno FM okhaldhunga 104.8 Okhaldhunga18 Radio Salyan 101 Khalaga 5 Salyan19 Radio Madhyabind FM 101 Kawasoti, Nawalparasi

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SN Name Frequency Address20 Rupako Radio 96.6 Diktel 6 Khotang21 Radio Jagaran 93.6 Butwal11 Rupandehi22 Solu FM 101.2 Salleri 7, Dorpu Bazar, Solukhumbu23 Janaki FM 106 Janakpur Na. Pa. 1124 Samudaik Radio Adhi Khola 105.4 Walling 4, Syangjha25 Appan Mithila 94.4 Jaleshwor 5, Mahotari26 Baglung FM 96.4 Baglung Nagarpalika 2, Majkot27 Radio Rudraksh 98.8 Jaleshwor 5, Mahotari28 Samudaik Radio Parbat 103.6 Khanigaun 2, Phalewas Parbat29 Radio Rajmarg 92.1 Goganpani 4, Ranimala30 Shakti FM Hetauda, Makwanpur31 Radio Buddha Aawaz 89.6 Banganga 8, Bairiya32 Radio Deurali 101 Khan 4, Argakhachi33 Radio Ramarosan FM 92 Mangalsain 6, Aacham34 Radio Rapti FM 104.8 Khala 5, Dardagaun35 Radio Sanskriti 98.2 Bidhyapatinagar, Gaur, Rautahut36 Sumhatalung FM 104.2 Phidim 4, Pachthar37 Radio Sungava FM 107 Gauridarda, Bardibas, Mahotari38 Radio Mustang 89 jomsom VDC-6, Mustang39 Afno FM 104.8 Amargadhi, Daheldhura40 Afno FM okhaldhunga 104.8 Okhaldhunga41 Radio Salyan 101 Khalaga 5 Salyan42 Radio Madhyabind FM 101 Kawasoti, Nawalparasi43 Rupako Radio 96.6 Diktel 6 Khotang44 Radio Jagaran 93.6 Butwal11 Rupandehi45 Solu FM 101.2 Salleri 7, Dorpu Bazar, Solukhumbu46 Janaki FM 106 Janakpur Na. Pa. 1147 Samudaik Radio Adhi Khola 105.4 Walling 4, Syangjha48 Appan Mithila 94.4 Jaleshwor 5, Mahotari49 Baglung FM 96.4 Baglung Nagarpalika 2, Majkot50 Radio Rudraksh 98.8 Jaleshwor 5, Mahotari

Annex 2BList of Participants of Focus Group Discussions

92

1. FDG List of Participants IllamSN Name Organization SN Name Organization1. Som Nath Suseli Nepal Bani FM 2. Sagar Rijal Student3. Narwada Subedi Shanti Dada 4. Devendra Rimal Nepal Bani FM

5.Khagendra Sapkota

Ilam FM 6. Devi Adhikari Nepal Bani FM

7. Mahes Basnet Ilam FM 8. Nawaraj Sankar Student

9.Narendra Khadga

Ilam FM 10. Satendra Jabeju Student

11.Chudamani Khanal

Ilam FM 12. Khyam Bhujel Student

13.Gyanendra Niraura

Radio Sargam 14. Buddhi Chhety Hamropost Daily

15. Ashok ChhetriPunarabedan Bar Unit

16. Dilli Chapagai Ilam FM

17. Indira Gimire Ilam Post Dainik 18. Tika Khatiwada Sandakpur Daily

19. Bibas Capagai Student 20.Dipendra Chapagai

Student

21. Yadav Bhattrai Student

List of Participants of Focus Group Discussions

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2. FDG List of participants DhadingSN Name Organization SN Name Organization1. Sarita Shrestha Radio Rajmarga 2. Susil Gurung Radio Loktantra3. Laxmi Shrestha 4. Hari Prasad Risal Radio Loktantra

5. Manish Duwadi Radio Loktantra 6.Mahindra WAiba

Radio Loktantra

7. Rita Shrestha Asian Peace 8.Kamal Ale Magar

Radio Rajmarga

9. Anil Khanal ACORAB 10. Susila BhandariNari Jagaran Kendra

11.Sanu Babu Timilsina

Radio Dhading 12. Muna Simkhada Radio Loktantra

13.Subahas Khatiwada

ACORAB 14.Ambika Rupaketi

Sahes

15.Rabindra Bhattarai

ACORAB 16. Bhawana Thapa Radio Bihani

17. Krishna Shisir Radio Dhading 18. Gita Adhikari Radio Bihani

19. Sharad NeupaneAsian Peace Academy

20. Urmila Koirala Radio Dhading

21. Upendra Adhikari Krishi Radio 22.Shanker Shrestha

Radio Dhading

23. Saroj Poudyel Krishi Radio 24. Rajaram Sharma Radio Dhading

25.Narayan Chandra Subedi

Radio Rajmarga 26. Thakur Guring Radio Bihani

27.Bhumiraman Nepal

Ban Tatha Batawaran

28.Santosh Shrestha

Radio Bihani

3. List of Participants in PalpaSN Name Address SN Name Address

1.Manoj Kumar Khanal

Madanpokhara - 9 Palpa

2. Kamal Palli Madanpokhara-1 Palpa

3.Toyashwor Chaudhary

Karahiya - 8 Rupandehi

4.Chhabilal Bhattrai

Madanpokhara-7 Palpa

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Annex

5. Yamuna SaruJhayase – 8 Palpa

6. Binita LuintelMadanpokhara-6 Palpa

7. Bindu KCMadanpokhara – 5 Palpa

8.Suresh Kumar Pokhrel

Rampur 5- Mohari

9. Narayan PandeTansen municipality 14 Kunsare Palpa

10. Sukadev Pokhrel Rampur -5 Palpa

11. Radha BhusalMadanpokhara-6 Palpa

12.Yagya Bahadur Pande Chhetri


13. Shanti Gahatraj Madanpokhara-1 Palpa

14. Rita ShresthaKathmandu, Sitapaila

15.Deepak Bishwokarma

Tansen - 12 Palpa 16. Khem BhandariKTM, Buddha Nagar

17. Shiva Khand Madanpokhara -4 Palpa

18.Rabindra Bhattrai

Kathmandu

19.Som Bahadur Hitunga


20. Birendra GhimireMadanpokhara-5 Palpa

21. Sujan NeupaneMadanpokhara-5 Palpa

22. Juna GhimireMadanpokhara-5 Palpa

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Annex

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Broadcasters (ACORAB) Nepal 2058 BS (with third amendment, Nepali version). Lalitpur: ACORAB.

2. ..................... (2009b). The Status of Community Radio in Nepal (A study report from Institutional Perspective). Lalitpur: Association of Community Radio Broadcasters, Nepal.

3. ACFID (2009). Promoting Voice and Choice exploring innovations in Australian NGO accountability for development effectiveness. Deakin ACT(Australia): Australian Council for International Development (ACFID).

4. AMARCAPSA (1998). What is Community Radio? A Resource Guide. AMARC Africa and Panos Southern Africa; available at www.amarc.org/documents/manuals

5. Business Dictionary (2012). Businessdictionary.com, retrieved from http://www.businessdictionary.com on 02 November 2012.

6. Carpentier, Lie & Servaes (2001). Carpentier, Nico, Lie, Rico & Servaes, Jan (2001). Community media – Muting the democratic media discourse? Belgium: Centre for Critical Studies in Communication and Culture; available at http://homepages.vub.ac.be.

7. Martin Chautari (2012). Need of Citizen Centric Radio Policy. Policy Paper, Issue 7, 2069 Kartic (2012). Kathmandu: Martin Chautari.

8. Obaidullah, A.T. M. (2001). Democracy and Good Governance: The Role of Ombudsman. Dhaka: Bangladesh Institute of Parliamentary Studies. Available at www.undp.org.bd/projects/prodocs/SPD/Obaidullah retrieved on 08 November 2012.

9. Ian, P. and Subba B. (2007). Ten Years On: The State of Community Radio in Nepal. Kathmandu: UNESCO.

10. Win (2012). Dream Dare Win. Accountability and Control. Retrieved from www.jeywin.com on 08 November 2012.

11. Zakaria,Nazli (2012). Role of Media and Good Governance, retrieved from http://www.aibd.org.my on 04 November 2012.

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Social Accountability Status of Community Radios in NepalStatus Study Report | December 2012

Chakupat , Lalitpur, P.O. Box: 19324, Kathmandu, Nepal,

Tel: +977-1-5260661 / 5260671Fax: +977-1-5260646,

www.acorab.org.np, Email: [email protected]

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