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G.S. MOCK TEST PAPER I (SERIES C - KEY AND EXPLANATION)

1. (b) Explanation : Statement 1:

Railings added during Sunga period. Gateways added by Satavahana Additional points: The Stupa has several chambers, which contains the relics of Buddha. The Sanchi Stupa was constructed in the honour of Lord Buddha by Emperor Ashoka

in 3rd century BC. The height of the Great Stupa is around 54 feet. The Great Stupa at Sanchi is crowned by a chhatra, a parasol-like structure, intended to honour and protect the precious relics inside. The dome of the Stupa is a symbol of Dharma, the Wheel of Law. Most of the Buddha statues at the Sanchi Stupa were said to be painted with a

legendary Mauryan polish that made them shine like glass in the erstwhile days. The Stupa actually symbolises the life of Buddha and his final release from the cycle of birth and rebirth (Moksha). The last addition to the Stupa was done during the rule of the Guptas, prior to 450 AD. The Stupa is surrounded by four gateways that represent various scenes from the life of Lord Buddha and the Jataka tales. The national emblem of India was derived

from the Ashoka Pillar of Sanchi Stupa. Sanchi Stupa is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

2. (b) Explanation : The origins of the microplastics might be

attributed to two main sources: (a) direct introduction with runoff and (b) weathering breakdown of meso- and macroplastics debris. Some microplastics,

especially the manufactured micro- and

nanoparticles of plastics used in consumer products (Maynard, 2006), are introduced directly into the oceans via runoff. These include the micron-sized plastic particles are typically used as exfoliants in cosmetic formulations, those generated in ship-breaking industry and industrial abrasives in synthetic ‘sandblasting’ media (beads of acrylic plastics and polyester). These can easily reach the oceans via runoff.

The likely mechanism for generation of a majority of microplastics, however, is the in situ weathering of mesoplastics and larger fragments of plastic litter in the beach environment. Plastic litter occurs on beaches, surface water and deep water environments but as already pointed out the rates of weathering in these three sites will be very different. Unlike those floating in water, plastics litter lying on beaches is subjected to very high temperatures. Given

the relatively low specific heat of sand (664 J/kg-C), sandy beach surfaces and the plastic litter on it can heat up to temperatures of ∼40 °C in Summer. Where the plastic debris is pigmented dark, the heat build-up due to solar infra-red absorption can raise its temperature even higher. The same degradation does not occur in plastics exposed while floating in water. As pointed out already, the low water temperature and foulant effects retard the

process dramatically. Filter feeders in the ocean ranging from the nano-zooplanktons to Balleen Whales, routinely interact with these without any apparent ill effect. As no enzymatic pathways available to break down the synthetic polymers in any of these organisms, ingested of microplastics are also never digested or absorbed and should therefore be bio-inert. Ingestion of microplastics by microbiota, however,

presents a very different problem. The

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concern is their potential for delivery of concentrated POPS, mainly those picked up from sea water, to the organisms. It is this dissolved POPs that yield the toxic outcomes.

3. (d)

Explanation : Statement 1: Geysers are located in areas where an underground water source can heat up enough to explode through an entrance to the surface. The presence of

geothermal energy and fissures in the earth near tectonic plate boundaries create the ideal locations for geysers. It is not confined to only thermal and volcanic regions. Statement 2: Greater distance the wave travelled the destruction is less. The tsunami waves become compressed near the coast, the wavelength is shortened and the wave energy is directed upward—thus increasing their heights considerably.

4. (c)

Explanation : Right against Exploitation includes Article 23 and Article 24 only Art 23. (1) says “Traffic in human beings

and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law”. Art 23(2) says “Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from imposing

compulsory service for public purposes, and in imposing such service the State shall not make any discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste or class or any of them. 24. No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment”

5. (c)

Explanation :

EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), formed by the Inner Six countries in 1951 and 1958, respectively ECSC was formally established in 1951 by the Treaty of Paris, which was signed by Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. The ECSC was the first international organisation to be based on the principles of supranationalism

EEC ‘s initial aim was to bring about economic integration, including a common market and customs union, among its six founding members: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany. In 1957, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome, which created the European Economic Community (EEC) and established a customs union.

They also signed another pact creating the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) for co-operation in developing nuclear energy. Both treaties came into force in 1958 The European Union was formally

established when the Maastricht Treaty came into force on 1 November 1993. Treaty of Lisbon (initially known as the Reform Treaty) is an international agreement which amends the two treaties which form the constitutional basis of the

European Union (EU). The Treaty of Lisbon was signed by the EU member states on 13 December 2007, and entered into force on 1 December 2009.

6. (a)

Explanation : Forest Survey of India (FSI) is a government organization in India under the union Ministry of Environment and Forests for conducting forest surveys and studies. The

organization came into being in June, 1981.

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It is headquartered at Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. The objective of the organization is monitoring periodically the changing situation of land and forest resources and present the data for national planning; conservation and management of environmental preservation and implementation of social forestry projects. The objectives of Forest Survey of India are, To prepare State of Forest Report biennially, providing assessment of latest forest cover in the country and monitoring

changes in these. To conduct inventory in forest and non-forest areas and develop database on forest tree resources. The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) is an autonomous organisation or governmental agency under the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. Headquartered in Dehradun, its functions are to conduct forestry research; transfer the technologies

developed to the states of India and other user agencies; and to impart forestry education.

7. (c)

8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d)

Explanation :

Gilt-edged securities are a high-grade investment with very low risk. Typically, these are issued by blue chip companies that dependably meet dividend or interest payments because they are well-established and financially stable . Government security” means a security created and issued by the Government for the purpose of raising a public loan or for any other purpose as may be notified by the Government in the Official Gazette and

having one of the forms mentioned in the Government Securities Act, 2006. Depending upon the expiry date, government securities are divided into short term and long term securities. Short term government securities are Treasury bills. They have a maturity of less than one year. There are three main treasury bills in India – 91 day, 182 day and 364 day. Long term government securities are known as government bonds or dated

securities. They have a maturity period of five years, ten years, fifteen years etc. Now, government securities are popular investment assets for most of the financial institutions especially commercial banks. They prefer government securities because of many features unique to them. Since financial institutions are bulk dealers of investable resources, government securities simultaneously provide the advantages of safety, liquidity

and bulk investment opportunity. They thus possess the three unbelievably good qualities for a financial asset. The following features of government securities earned them the name of gilt edged securities.

The first feature indicates that if we make investment in G secs, we will not loss our money. This is because, government rarely fails financially and there is no risk for losing our money or there is zero income default.

Second feature is that they have a reasonably high rate of interest. In India, the G secs are allocated among the buyers through auction method. This auction ensures competitive interest rate for government securities. Given their zero risk default nature, the interest rate is very good for Gsecs.

Third feature of G secs is that they are very liquid. This is because the Gsecs are tradable in the stock m market. This means,

to get money, the holder can sell it in the

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stock market. High marketability and tradability gives high liquidity for Gsecs. For commercial banks, by pledging government securities with RBI, it can avail a one day loan known as repo. Whenever a bank need money it can approach the RBI to take loans by pledging the g secs.

Because of the collective existence of these three features, government securities are known as ‘gilt edged securities.’

11. (b)

12. (a)

Explanation : Article 61. (1) says “When a President is to be impeached for violation of the Constitution, the charge shall be preferred by either House of Parliament. Article 61 (2) No such charge shall be preferred unless— (a) the proposal to prefer such charge is

contained in a resolution which has

been moved after at least fourteen days’ notice in writing signed by not less than one-fourth of the total number of members of the House has been given of their intention to move the resolution, and

(b) such resolution has been passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the House.

Article 61 (3) says “When a charge has been so preferred by either House of Parliament, the other House shall

investigate the charge or cause the charge to be investigated and the President shall have the right to appear and to be represented at such investigation. Article (4) says If as a result of the investigation a resolution is passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the House by which the charge was investigated or caused to be investigated, declaring that the charge preferred against the President has been

sustained, such resolution shall have the

effect of removing the President from his office as from the date on which the resolution is so passed.

13. (a)

Explanation : Particles made up of three quarks are called baryons; the two best known baryons are the proton (made up of two up quarks and one down) and the neutron (two down quarks and one up). Together with the mesons – particles comprised of a quark

and an antiquark – baryons form the hadrons. Because they’re made up of quarks, baryons ‘feel’ the strong force (or strong nuclear force as it is also called), which is mediated by gluons.

14. (d) 15. (a)

16. (b) Explanation : Frozen Smoke , also known as Silica Aerogel is developed by ISRO.

17. (a)

Explanation : Teaser loans are home loans offered as adjustable-rate loans, in which the borrower pays a very low initial interest rate, which increases after a few years. This is the unofficial term used to describe

housing loans that carry ultra-low fixed rates in the initial years, but charge market-linked rates thereafter. RBI has been cautioning that teaser loans tend to be highly risky and gullible customers may be caught in a financial trap, wherein in the initial period, they may be happy with lower EMIs, but soon after initial period of discounted interest rates end, they may not be able to service higher EMIs. Increased defaults may create

financial stress in the system.

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At a recent banking conclave, SBI chairperson Arundathi Bhattacharya wondered if banks could re-launch discounted home loans to revive the floundering property market. RBI governor Raghuram Rajan neatly fielded this by saying that it would be better if builders dropped their prices instead.

18. (d)

Explanation : Statement 2: On March 2, 1930, Gandhi

informed the viceroy of his plan of action. According to this plan (few realised its significance when it was first announced), Gandhi, along with a band of seventy-eight members of Sabarmati Ashram, was to march from his headquarters in Ahmedabad through the villages of Gujarat for 240 miles002E

19. (c)

Explanation :

The founding president of Ghadar Party was Sohan Singh Bhakna and Lala Hardayal was the co-founder of this party.

The first issue of The Ghadar, was published from San Francisco on

November 1, 1913. 20. (c)

Explanation: In U.P. Avas Vikas Parishad v. Friends Coop. Housing Society Limited, the right

to shelter has been held to be a fundamental right which springs from the right to residence secured in article 19(1)(e) and the right to life guaranteed by article 21. To make the right meaningful to the poor, the state has to provide facilities and opportunities to build houses. Upholding the importance of the right to a decent environment and a reasonable accommodation, in Shantistar Builders v. Narayan Khimalal Totam, the Court held

that

“The right to life would take within its sweep the right to food, the right to clothing, the right to decent environment and a reasonable accommodation to live in. The difference between the need of an animal and a human being for shelter has to be kept in view. For the animal it is the bare protection of the body, for a human being it has to be a suitable accommodation, which would allow him to grow in every aspect – physical, mental and intellectual. The Constitution aims at ensuring fuller

development of every child. That would be possible only if the child is in a proper home. It is not necessary that every citizen must be ensured of living in a well-built comfortable house but a reasonable home particularly for people in India can even be mud-built thatched house or a mud-built fireproof accommodation.”

21. (c)

Explanation :

The Indus River System includes the following 6 major rivers:

Rivers Origin End

Indus

Originates in Tibetan plateau, Enters India in J&K

Merges into Arabina sea near Sindh

Chenab

Upper Himalayas in the Spiti district of

Himachal Pradesh

Merges with Indus

Jhelum

Tributary of Chenub river, Punjab

Merges with Chenab at Jhang (Pakistan)

Ravi

Starts from Bara Bhangal, Kangra district, Hima

chal Pradesh

Joins Chenab in

Pakistan

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Sutlej

Tributary of Indus river, originates at Rakshastal, Tibet

Meets Beas river in Pakistan and ends at Arabian sea

22. (d)

Explanation : Statement 1: Panch Mahal is a five-story palace in Fatehpur Sikri not red fort agra. Statement 2:

Built Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri in commemoration of his Gujarat victory in 1572-1573. Not against Rana Pratap.

23. (c)

Explanation : Pascal's law states that when there is an increase in pressure at any point in a confined fluid, there is an equal increase at every other point in the container.Hydraulic systems use a incompressible fluid, such as oil or water, to transmit forces from one

location to another within the fluid. Most aircraft use hydraulics in the braking systems and landing gear. Pneumatic systems use compressible fluid, such as air, in their operation. Some aircraft utilize pneumatic systems for their brakes, landing gear and movement of flaps. In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's

potential energy.Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of energy. This states that, in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline. This requires that the sum of kinetic energy, potential energy and internal energy remains constant. One of the most common everyday applications of Bernoulli's principle is in air flight.

Baseball is an example of where Bernoulli's principle is very visible in everyday life A carburetor works on a similar principle, though in that case the lower pressure at the top draws air rather than liquid. Likewise, a chimney draws air upward, and this explains why a windy day outside makes for a better fire inside. With wind blowing over the top of the chimney, the air pressure at the top is reduced, and tends to draw higher-pressure air from down below.

24. (c) 25. (d) 26. (d)

Explanation : Article 169. (1) says “Notwithstanding anything in article 168, Parliament may by law provide for the abolition of the Legislative Council of a State having such a Council or for the creation of such a Council

in a State having no such Council, if the Legislative Assembly of the State passes a resolution to that effect by a majority of the total membership of the Assembly and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of the Assembly present and

voting”. 27. (d)

Explanation : Statement 1 is wrong as head of the Union Executive is the President and head of the

Council of Ministers is the Prime Minister. Article 74 (1) says “There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice”. Statement 2 is correct as Article 56 (1) says “The President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office: Provided that—

the President may, by writing under his

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hand addressed to the Vice-President, resign his office” Statement 3 is wrong as Article 53 (1) says “The executive power of the Union shall be vested in the President and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution”.

28. (b)

Explanation : BG-II contains two genes from the

bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, which is what Bt denotes, and BG-I contains only one gene. They are supposed to provide immunity to the plant primarily from pink bollworms. GM seeds are mostly either pest-resistant or herbicide-tolerant. While genetic modification technology in plants is more than three decades old, it was first commercialised in the US, Argentina, China, Mexico, Canada and Australia in 1996, and in India in 2002, with

the release of BG-I, during the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)-led government. Four years later, BG-II was approved.Bt cotton, the only GM crop that is now commercially cultivated in India, was responsible for a huge leap in India's cotton production.

Between 2002-03 and 2014-15, India's cotton acreage rose by 65% and yields increased 78%, and production nearly trebled, making India the world's largest producer of cotton. Currently, around 95% of India's cotton farmers use Bt cotton,

which has also halved insecticide use."Bt cotton in India has been a runaway success, but we can't ascribe the entire cotton revolution in India to it. Only about 20% of the increase in yields is because of Bt cotton," says former environment minister Jairam Ramesh, referring to a study done by the International Food Policy Research Institute. The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) is the apex body

constituted in the Ministry of Environment

and Forests under 'Rules for Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Microorganisms/Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells 1989', under the Environment Protection Act, 1986. Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) established under MoEFCC is the apex body to accord notified under Rules 1989. For approval of activities involving large scale use of hazardous microorganisms and recombinants in research and industrial production from the

environmental angle. The GEAC is also responsible for approval of proposals relating to release of genetically engineered organisms and products into the environment including experimental field trials (Biosafety Research Level trial-I and II known as BRL-I and BRL-II).

29. (b)

Explanation: The preamble begins with the words “We

the people of India…” thus clearly indicating the source of all authority of the constitution. At the dawn of independence, we were 350 million (approximately). This figure constituted 1/6th of the humanity. The words “We, the people of India”

declares in umabmiguios terms that the Constitution has been adopted, enacted and given to themselves by the people of India. It emphasizes the sovereignty of the people and the fact that all powers of government flow from the people. It is the people of

India on whose authority the Constitution rests. The preamble surmises that it is the people of India who are the authors of the constitution. Although the constitution was not directly voted upon by the people of the country as it was practically impossible for four hundred million people to take part in the voting, it is clear from the Preamble that the framers of the constitution has been promulgated in the name of the people, attached

importance to the sovereignty of the people

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and the constitution. The constitution is not based on the mandate of several states which constitute the units of the Union. In this sense also, the constitution is one, given by the people of the country to themselves. Jawahar Lal Nehru in the constituent assembly stated that the word ‘People’ indicated that the constitution was not created by the States, nor by the people of the several States but by the people of India in their aggregate capacity. By analogy, even the Constitution of U.S.A., in

spite of the fact that it was actually born out of the agreement between the number of independent states, professes to be established by the people of the United States, and not by the federating states in their sovereign capacities. The words “we the people of India” echo in the opening words in the preamble to the constitutions of the United States and of Ireland. It is emphasized that the constitution is founded on the authority of

the people, in whom is vested the ultimate sovereignty. The Supreme Court in Union of India v. Madangopal, referred to these words in the preamble while recognizing the power of the Indian legislatures, to enact laws with retrospective operation

beyond the commencement of the constitution itself. The court observed that “our constitution as appears from the preamble derives its authority from the people of India” The Preamble is not a source of power or a

source of limitations or prohibitions 30. (a) 31. (a)

Explanation : It is under Ministry of Chemicls and fertilizers. http://janaushadhi.gov.in/about_jan_aushadhi.html

32. (d)

Explanation:

In Krishna Singh case, Supreme Cour

has said that fundamental rights do not

touch upon the personal law of the

parties. Art.25 thus involves a

separation between regigious activities

on the one had, and “Secular”and

“Social” activities, on the other. While

the former are protected the latter are

not.

The Haryana Legislature disqualified

persons having more than two children

from holding the position of a sarpanch,

up-sarpanch or a panch of a gram

panchayat. The provision was

challenged on the ground that it violates

the personal law of the Mohammedans.

The Haryana High Court has upheld the

provision on two grounds:

(a) Religious freedom is subject to “health”

[Art.25(1)]. The provision can be regarded

as one for the health of the females.

(b) Under Art. 25(2), religious freedom is

subject to laws made for social welfare and

reform. The provision in question is a

measure of social reform. The Provision in

question does not interfere in professing

their religion, Practice or propagating the

same by the Muslims. This view was also

expressed by the Supreme Court when it

upheld a statutory provision dis-qualifying

persons having more than two children

from contesting or holding an elective

office, as not violative of Art.25 of the

Constitution.

(c) The state can throw open Hindu

religious institutions of a public character

to all sections of the Hindus.

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Article 25(2)(b) enables the state to

take steps to remove the scourge of

untouchability from amongst the

Hindus. The word “Public” here includes

any section of the public. Public

institutions would thus mean not

merely temples dedicated to the public

as a whole, but even those which are

founded for the benefit of sections

thereof, and denominational temples

would thus fall within the scope of this

clause.

Article 25 (2) (b) protects the right to

enter into a temple for purposes of

worship. This, however, is not an

unlimited right. Thus, for instance, no

Hindu can claim, as part of the right

protected by Art.25(2) (b), that a temple

must be kept open for worship at all

hours of the day and night or that he

should personally perform those

religious services in a temple which the

pujaris alone are entitled to perform.

33. (d)

Explanation : National Domestic product = Gross Domestic Product-Depreciation. NDP of an economy has to always lower than way to cut the depreciation to zero.

Hence, statement 1 is wrong. Gross National Product = GDP + Net factor income from abroad. Net factor income from abroad can be positive or negative depending on the balance of three components of Net factor income from abroad i.e. Trade Balance, interest on external loans and private remittances. Therefore, the national product can be greater than or lesser than domestic product. Hence, statement 2 is

wrong.

34. (d)

Explanation : Condition for Growth of Corals: Need submarine shallow platform for

sunlight (50 meter deep) Temperature: 25-27 degree Warm, tropical and low latitude waters Salinity: 33 ppt No turbulent water: Seaward side

[Constantly moving wave, tides, currents]

Need circulating nutrient rich water 35. (a)

Explanation : Patent: A patent is granted for an

invention which is a new product or process, that meets conditions of novelty, non-obviousness and industrial use. Inventive step is the feature(s) of the invention that involve-s technical advance as compared to existing

knowledge and that makes the invention not obvious to a person skilled in the art. Industrial use means that the invention is capable of being made or used in an industry. Ministry administering the IPR: Ministry of

Commerce and Industry. Trademark: A trademark means a mark

capable of being represented graphically and which is capable of 'distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those- of other

undertakings, shall be capable of constituting a trademark. A Trade Mark can be a device, brand, heading, label ticket name, packaging, sign, word, letter, number, drawing, picture, emblem, colour or combination of colours, shape- of goods, signature or a combination thereof. Ministry administering the IFFY : Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

Copyright: Copyright is a right given by

the law to creators of literary, dramatic,

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musical and artistic works and producers of cinematograph films and sound recordings. In fact, it is a bundle of rights including, inter alia, rights of reproduction, communication to the public, adaptation and translation of the work. Ministry administering the IPR: Ministry of Human Resource Development.

36. (d)

Explanation :

Lack of experienced leader: Marathas had inexperienced leaders like Sadashivrao Bhau and Vishwasrao. Commander Sadashivrao Bhau was mainly into administration. He was never into wars.

New warfare strategy: Marathas were experienced in guerilla warfare. Panipat was fought on flat terrain at a war site 1000 miles away from Maratha Capital (Pune).

Lack of allies: Shuja-ud-Daula of Oudh, a Shia Muslim sided Abdali. Again Rajputs and Sikhs did not help Marathas. Surajmal Jat also left Marathas because of difference of opinion on warfare.

37. (a) Explanation : Article 243 M(1) says Nothing in Part IX shall apply to the Scheduled Areas referred to in clause (1), and the tribal areas referred to in clause (2), of article 244.

(2) Nothing in this Part shall apply to— (a) the States of Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram; (b) the hill areas in the State of Manipur for which District Councils exist under any law for the time being in force. (3) Nothing in this Part— (a) relating to Panchayats at the district level shall

apply to the hill areas of the District of Darjeeling in the State of West Bengal for which Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council exists under any law for the time being in force; (b) shall be construed to affect the functions and powers of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council constituted under such law.

Nothing in article 243D, relating to reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes, shall apply to the State of Arunachal Pradesh. Article 244. (1) -The provisions of the Fifth Schedule shall apply to the administration and control of the Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in any State other than 2[the States of Assam,Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.

Article 244(2)- The provisions of the Sixth Schedule shall apply to the administration of the tribal areas in the States of Assam ,Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram

38. (c)

39. (d)

Explanation : Polygraphs popularly referred to as a “lie detectors”, measure and record several physiologicalindices such as blood

pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity. It is a belief that during use of the polygraph, a deceptive answer will produce physiological responses which will be different than during normal situations.

40. (c) 41. (c) 42. (d)

Explanation :

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Near money is a concept closely related to liquidity some financial assets may not be as liquid as the currency notes and chequable deposits. For example, the time deposits, Bankers Acceptances, Bills of Exchanges, Government and Private Bonds, Saving certificates, Shares etc. though possess the power of money but are not able to immediately perform the economic activities but still they are highly liquid and can be easily converted into money. Thus,

these are called “Near Money”. The difference between money and near money is of liquidity.

43. (c) 44. (a)

Explanation : The sources of pollution of Ganga or for that matter any other river can be classified broadly into two categories name

(i) Point sources - these are organised sources of pollution where the pollution load can be measured e.g. surface drains carrying municipal sewage or industrial effluents, sewage pumping stations and sewerage systems, trade effluents from

industries etc. (ii) Non-point sources - these are non-measurable sources of pollution such as run-off from agricultural fields carrying chemicals and fertilizers, run-off from areas used for dumping of solid waste and open

defecation, dumping of unburnt/half burnt dead bodies and animal carcasses, dhobi ghats, cattle wallowing, mass bathing, floral offerings etc.

45. (d)

Explanation : 1) Ashgabat is a capital of Turkmenistan. 2) Ashgabat agreement aims to Connect Central Asia with Irani and Omani Ports. Not with Iraqi Ports.

46. (c) Explanation : Anchor banks refer to public sector banks that will drive the consolidation process among the state-owned banks. The Government will identify six to ten public sector banks by October 31, 2016. Merger between the banks will be based on geographical and technological synergies, human resourceds and business profile, among others. There are many banks which will find it

difficult to survive without capital infusion from Government. If a bank remains weak, then it will lose business. In such a situation, merging with a realatively stronger bank seems to be the only option.

47. (d)

Explanation : Part XVI – Special provisions relate to SC,ST ,OBC and Anglo-Indians Reservation of seat in legislative election

also applies to Union Territories

48. (b) Explanation : The SHG – Bank Linkage Programme was started as an Action Research Project in

1989 which was the offshoot of a NABARD initiative during 1987 through sanctioning Rs. 10 lakh to MYRADA as seed money assistance for experimenting Credit Management Groups. In the same year the Ministry of Rural Development provided

PRADAN with support to establish self-help groups in Rajasthan. The experiences of these early efforts led to the approval of a pilot project by NABARD in 1992. The pilot project was designed as a partnership model between three agencies, viz., the SHGs, banks and NGOs. This was reviewed by a working group in 1995 that led to the evolution of a streamlined set of RBI approved guidelines to banks to enable SHGs to open bank accounts, based on a

simple “inter se” agreement. This was

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coupled with a commitment by NABARD to provide refinance and promotional support to banks for the SHG - Bank Linkage Programme.

49. (a) 50. (c)

Explanation : Statement 1 is correct due to the following

reasons : For contesting an election as a candidate

a person must be registered as a voter. Sec 4 (d) of Representation People Act,

1951 precludes a person from contesting unless he is an elector in any parliamentary constituency.

Section 5 (c) of R. P. Act, 1951 has a similar provision for Assembly Constituencies.

So if you are a registered voter in Delhi, you can contest an election to Lok Sabha from any constituency in the country

except Assam, Lakshadweep and Sikkim, as per Section 4 (c), 4 (cc) and 4 (ccc) of the R. P. Act, 1951.

Statement 2 is correct due to the following reasons :

Section 8 (3) of the RPA says that "a

person convicted of any offence and sentenced to imprisonment for not less than two years shall be disqualified from the date of such conviction and shall continue to be disqualified for a further period six years since his

release." 51. (a) 52. (a) 53. (c)

Explanation : Statement 2: v shaped valley is erosional

feature of rivers. Lakes formed by glaciations:

Cirque lake :

Kettle lakes : Depression in the outwash plain left by the melting of masses of stagnant ice.

Rock hollow lakes 54. (c)

Explanation : The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 (No. 18 of 2003) was notified by the Government of India on 5thFebruary, 2003. The Act extends to the whole of India and reaffirms the sovereign rights of the countryover its

biological resources. Subsequently the Government of India published Biological Diversity Rules,2004 (15thApril, 2004). The Rules under section 22 states that ‘every local body shall constitute aBiodiversity Management Committee (BMC’s) within its area of jurisdiction’. The National Biodiversity Authority shall provide guidance and technical support to the BiodiversityManagement Committee (BMC) for preparing People’s Biodiversity

Register. 55. (d) Explanation The Only 5 Marine National Park and

Water Sanctuaries of India

India boasts of several marine national parks which are hotspots of bio-diversity and home to number of marine creatures including Olive Ridley sea turtles,saltwater crocodile and a medium-sized marine mammal known as Dugong. Water

Sanctuaries of India includes Bhitarkanika National Park, Sundarbans National Park and Rani Jhansi Marine National Park, These are swamp or large mangroves forest in India.

Marine National Park in Gulf of Kutch is situated on the southern shore of the Gulf of in the Jamnagar of Gujarat. It is the first national marine park of India with 42 islands on the Jamnagar coast in the Marine National Park.

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Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park is a national park of India on the Andaman Islands, Situated 29 km. from Port Blair. Most of the coral reefs in the park are fringing reefs and the park is an important breeding ground for turtles. Gahirmatha is the first and the only Marine Sanctuary of Orissa, number of marvelous creatures including Olive Ridley sea turtles migrate in huge numbers. Gahirmatha Beach separates the Bhitarkanika mangroves from the Bay of Bengal is the

world’s most important nesting beach for Olive Ridley Sea Turtles. Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park consist of 21 small islands and coral reefs in the Gulf of Mannar in the Indian Ocean of Tamil Nadu. The park has a high diversity of plants and animals in its marine and shore habitats, Dugong, a vulnerable marine mammal also found here. Malvan Marine Sanctuary is the only marine sanctuary is located in Malvan Taluka of

Sindhudurg district in Konkan region of Maharashtra. The Malvan Wildlife Sanctuary includes Padamged island and other submerged rocky structures.

56. (b)

Explanation : Sir Charles Wilkins was an English typographer and Orientalist, and founding member of the The Asiatic Society. He translated the Bhagavadgita into English in 1785, deciphered a number of Sanskrit

inscriptions published a translation of Hitopadesa (1787) and a Grammar of the Sanskrit Language. Sir William Jones translated Kalidasa's Abhijnana books (1789), Jayadeva's Gitagovinda (1789) and Manusamhita (1794), and edited Ritusamhara (1792). Jones also translated a Persian work Laila Majnu to English.

57. (d)

Explanation :

All the diseases are caused by Flavivirus 58. (b)

Explanation : The Vinaya Pitaka (Discipline Basket) was recalled by a monk named Upali. It deals with rules and regulations for the monastic community (the sangha), including 227 rules for monks, further regulations for nuns, and guidelines for the interaction between the sangha and the laity. Most of these rules derive from the

Buddha's responses to specific situations in the community. The Sutra Pitaka (Discourse Basket) was recited by Ananda, Buddha's cousin and closest companion. It contains the Buddha's teachings on doctrine and behavior, focusing especially on meditation techniques. The Abhidharma Pitaka (Higher Knowledge or Special Teachings Basket) was recited by Mahakashyapa, the Buddha's

successor. It is essentially a collection of miscellaneous writings, including songs, poetry, and stories of the Buddha and his past lives.

59. (c)

Explanation According to Art. 12, the term ‘state’ includes – 1) The Government and Parliament of India; 2) The Government and the Legislature of

a State; 3) All local authorities

4) Other authorities within the territory of India, or under the control of the Central Government. Judiciary is also subject to fundamental rights: Article 12 does not expressly exclude the judiciary, and though Art. 12 does not expressly include judiciary, it is submitted that the judiciary, with the legislature and

the executive, is included in the ordinary

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meaning of ‘State’ as one of the three main departments of a State; and that the ordinary meaning is not outside the inclusive definition of the ‘State’ given in Art. 12. D.D. Basu argues that the analogous assumption that a court has the jurisdiction to decide rightly or wrongly is an obsession following from the English notion about the status and functions of the Court. But the position must have changed after the adoption of the written Constitution with a

Bill of Rights. The courts, like any other organ of the State, are limited by the mandatory provisions of the Constitution and they can hardly be allowed to override the fundamental rights under the shield that they have within there jurisdiction, the right to make an erroneous decision. The jurisdiction of a Court is limited by the Constitution; it cannot, therefore, have the jurisdiction to decide contrary to the provisions of the Constitution.

60. (b)

Explanation : South Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network (SAWEN) is an inter-governmental wildlife law enforcement support body of South

Asian countries namely - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. SAWEN was officially launched in January, 2011 in Paro Bhutan. It promotes regional cooperation to combat wildlife crime in South Asia. It

focuses on policy harmonization; institutional capacity strengthening through knowledge and intelligence sharing; and collaboration with regional and international partners to enhance wildlife law enforcement in the member countries. SAWEN operates its activities from the Secretariat based in Kathmandu, Nepal. A major milestone towards the establishment of SAWEN was marked

during the 11th Meeting of the Governing

Council of the South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme (SACEP) held in May 2008 in Jaipur, India. This ministerial meeting announced the support for the formation of SAWEN through the 'Jaipur Declaration'. SAWEN was formally launched during the Second Meeting of the South Asia Experts Group on Illegal Wildlife Trade held on January 29-30, 2011 in Paro, Bhutan.

61. (d)

Explanation : Chishti Silsilah

Introduced in India by Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti.

The heads of the Chishti order had independent lives and sought no favour from the rulers. Most of the Chishti saints belonged to the liberal school of thought.

They laid much emphasis upon service to mankind.

Major teachers of the Chishti Silsilah are:

o Shaikh Muinuddin Sijzi. o Khwaja Qutbuddin Baktiyar Kaki. o Sheikh Fariduddin Ganj-i Shaker. o Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya. o Sheikh Nasiruddin Chiragh-i Delhi.

62. (a) Expalanation

Sweated Labour Those who are employed for long hours, at low pay and in poor working conditions. This can be common for workers in many

poor countries. In more developed countries this is less common, and those classified as Sweated Labour are often categorised by factors such as poor education, and language differences. Nike, for example, has been accused of using child labour in Cambodia; Adidas of using prison labour in China; Benetton of using child workers in Turkey Demographic gap is the difference

between birth rate and death rate that

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develops when a country undergoes demographic transition In a demographic cycle, as the country develops and the living conditions improve, there is first a decrease in the death rate in the population.But the birth rate continues to remain at a high level.This results in a demographic gap and a resultant increase in the total size of population The demographic gap is maintained till the birth rate and death rates become equal and the population size becomes stable

63. (c)

Fundamental Rights is to check the use of arbitrary powers by the government

64. (a)

The Rig Vedic gods were classified into three categories : Terrestrial Deities: Agni, Soma, Prithvi

Atmospheric Deities: Indra, Rudra, Vayu, Marut, Parjanya

Celestial Deities: Surya, Usha, Vishnu, Varuna, Savitri, Dyaus, Asvins, Mitra, Pushan

65. (b) Explanation : Fiscal Slippage: When the fiscal deficit is more than what was expected. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.

66. (a) 67. (c) 68. (d)

Explanation : Article 64 says “ The Vice-President shall be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States and shall not hold any other office of profit:Provided that during any period when the VicePresident acts as President or

discharges the functions of the President

under article 65, he shall not perform the duties of the office of Chairman of the Council of States and shall not be entitled to any salary or allowance payable to the Chairman of the Council of States under article 97”.

69. (b)

Explanation : Project Tiger is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Government of India which was launched on the 1st of April, 1973 for in-

situ conservation of wild tigers in designated tiger reserves. Wild tigers are found in 18 of our States, viz. Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Mizoram, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Project Tiger is being implemented in these States in collaboration with the respective State

Governments. Broadly, the strategy involves exclusive tiger agenda in the core/critical tiger habitat, inclusive people-wildlife agenda in the outer buffer, besides fostering the latter agenda in the corridors. This strategy /

roadmap is reflected in a tiger reserve specific Tiger Conservation Plan for each reserve prepared under section 38V of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. The All India tiger estimation is carried out once in every four years. Based on the

Tiger Task Force approval, a refined double sampling method using camera traps in a statistical framework was first used in 2006 country level tiger assessment. The second round of such an assessment was completed in 2010.

Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam is the largest tiger reserve in terms of Area.

Pench Tiger Reserve in Maharastra is minimum in area.

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As per website of NTCA, Sunderbans in West Bengal has the largest number of Tigers.

Manas (Assam), Similipal (Orissa), Sunderbans (West Bengal) are Biosphere Tiger reserves.

Manas Tiger Reserve and Kudremukh are the only tiger reserve which is also a World Heritage Site.

In 2002-03, Madhya Pradesh was home to maximum number of Tigers.

70. (d) 71. (c)

Explanation : Capital goods are those goods that are used in producing other goods, rather than being bought by consumers. The Union government has unveiled a national capital goods policy 2016 to give an impetus to the capital goods sector and the make in India initiative. It was unveiled

by union minister of heavy industry and Public enterprise. This is for the first time, Union government has framed such national policy for the capital goods sector.

72. (b) Explanation: Time Deposits with the banks cannot be converted immediately into cash. They are least liquid among the given options. Demand Deposits include Savings as well as

Current Account. Current account deposits are more liquid than savings account deposits. Hence Demand Deposits are more liquid than savings deposits in banks. Currency - most liquid.

73. (d)

Explanation : Swami DayanandSaraswathi and the

Arya Samaj

The Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswathi at Bombay in 1875.

His motto was “Back to the Vedas”. He was against idol worship, child

marriage and caste system based on birth. He encouraged intercaste marriages and widow remarriage.

He started the Suddhi Important works of Dayanand are

SatyarthaPrakash,VedaBhasya, Veda Bhasya Bhumika.

The first Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) School founded in 1886 at Lahore. Many more schools came up in other parts of India in later years.

The Arya Samaj set up the Gurukula Pathsala at Hardwar in 1902 by Munshi Ram.

74. (a)

Explanation :

Statement 3: He did not ban royal band. Additional points: He ended the celebration of Nauroz

festival and Jharokha Darsha (Personal appearance by emperor). He forbade

music in court. Jizyah was re-introdued.

75. (d)

Explanation :

Boundary Commission, consultative committee created in July 1947 to recommend how the Punjab and Bengal regions of the Indian subcontinent were to be divided between India and Pakistan.

The commission—appointed by Lord Mountbatten.

On 17th august 1947 the report was released.

76. (c)

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77. (b)

Explanation : Tribal uprisings in India: Chuar Uprising (1766 to 1772) Bhil uprising (1817-19, 1825, 1836 and

1846) Ahom Revolt (1828) Koli Risings (1829, 1839 and 1844-48.) Khasi Uprising (1830s) Ho Rising (1820, 1830, 1831) Ramosi Risings (1822, 1825-26, 1839)

Kol Mutiny (1831) Munda Revolt (1831, 1899-1900) Khond Uprisings (1837-1856) Santhal revolt (1855) Rampa Revolt (1879) Koya rebellion (1879-80, 1886)

Sanyasi Uprising (1763 0nwards): The Hindu Nagas and Giri armed

sanyasis once formed a part of the armies of the nawabs of awadh and Bengal and also of the Maratha and

rajput chiefs. The immediate cause of the rebellion

was the restrictions imposed on the pilgrims visiting holy places.

The sanyasis raided the English factories and collected contributions

from the towns, leading to a serias of conflicts between the large bands of sanyasis and british forces.

78. (c)

Explanation :

They can’t offer loans but can raise deposits of upto Rs. 1 lakh, and pay interest on these balances just like a savings bank account does. Hence statement 1 is incorrect. They can enable transfers and remittances through a mobile phone. They can offer services such as automatic payments of bills, and purchases in cashless, chequeless transactions through a phone.

They can issue debit cards and ATM cards usable on ATM networks of all banks. They can transfer money directly to bank accounts at nearly no cost being a part of the gateway that connects banks. They can provide forex cards to travellers, usable again as a debit or ATM card all over India. They can offer forex services at charges lower than banks.

This will lead to Financial Inclusion directly and indirectly.

Payment banks can't accept NRI deposits, which makes sense considering the goal of financial inclusion.

The real effect will come to remittances within the country, as it will become easier for people to send money home to smaller towns and villages while working in the city.

79. (b)

Explanation :

Expertise in managing information andtechnology varies enormously from country tocountry. For this reason, the Convention hasestablished a “clearing-house mechanism” to ensurethat all governments have access to the

informationand technologies they need for their work on biodiversity.

Promote and facilitate technical and scientific cooperation, within and between countries

Develop a global mechanism for exchanging

and integrating information on biodiversity Develop the necessary human and

technological network 80. (c) Explanation : Before in summer the northern pole

experience sunlight for 6 months. Even in midnight sun is present.

81. (c)

Explanation : Rabindranath Tagore

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In 1901, Rabindranath Tagore started a school at Shantiniketan. After he received the Nobel Prize, the school was expanded into an International University. It was renamed Visva Bharati.

Composed amar sona bangle dueing Bengal partition movement.

82. (d)

Explanation: Statement 1: Deficit financing leads to inflation and inflation affects the habit of voluntary saving adversely. Infect it is not possible for the people to maintain the previous rate of saving in the state of rising prices. Statement 2: Deficit financing effects investment adversely when there is inflation in the economy trade unions make demand for higher wages for that they go for strikes and lock outs which decreases the efficiency of Labour and creates uncertainty in the business which a decreases the level of investment of the country. Statement 3: In case of deficit financing income distribution becomes unequal. During deficit financing deflationary pressure can be seen on the economy which make the rich richer and the poor, poorer. The fix wage earners are badly effected and their standard of living deteriorates thus no gap b/w rich & poor increases. Statement 4: Deficit financing leads to inflation. A high price level as compared to other countries will make the exports more expensive and thus they start declining. On the other hand rise in domestic income and price may encourage people to import more commodities from abroad. This will create a deficit in balance of payment and the balance of payment will become unfavourable.

83. (d)

Explanation :

‘Terrestrial carbon stocks’ is the term used for the C stored in terrestrialecosystems, as living or dead plant biomass (aboveground andbelowground) and in the soil, along with usually negligible quantities asanimal biomass. Aboveground plant biomass comprisesall woody stems, branches and leaves of living trees, creepers, climbersand epiphytes as well as understory plants and herbaceous growth.For agricultural lands, this includes trees (if any), crops and weedbiomass. The dead organic matter pool (necromass) includes deadfallen trees and stumps, other coarse woody debris, the litter layer and charcoal (or partially charred organic matter) above the soil surface. The belowground biomass comprises living and dead roots, soil faunaand the microbial community. There also is a large pool of organic C invarious forms of humus and other soil organic C pools. Other forms ofsoil C are charcoal from fires and consolidated C in the form of iron-humuspans and concretions. For peatland, the largest C pool is found in soil. Peat soils can store 10–100 times more carbon perunit area than other areas and are thus of special interest for the globalC cycle.

84. (c) Explanation : A large number of people’s organizations in the Princely States were established in Mysore, Hyderabad, Baroda, Kathiawad, Jamnagar, Indore, Nawanagar, etc. Praja Mandals or States’ People’s Conferences were established.

First conference: In December 1927, an All India States’ People’s Conference was held and attended by about 700 delegates from different States. Balwantrai Mehta, Maniklal Kothari and G.R. Abhayankar assumed the leadership of the movement. The Congress, for the first time at its

Nagpur Session in 1920, enunciated its policy towards the peoples’ movement in the Princely States.

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85. (d) 86. (a)

Explanation : Statement 2: The court language of Mauryan rulers was Prakrit.

87. (b)

Explanation : Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

Article 131 says Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Supreme Court shall, to the exclusion of any other court, have original jurisdiction in any dispute— (a) between the Government of India and

one or more States; or (b) between the Government of India and

any State or States on one side and one or more other States on the other; or

(c) between two or more States, if and in so far as the dispute involves any question

(whether of law or fact) on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends:

1[Provided that the said jurisdiction shall not extend to a dispute arising out of any treaty, agreement, covenant,

engagement, sanad or other similar instrument which, having been entered into or executed before the commencement of this Constitution, continues in operation after such commencement, or which provides that

the said jurisdiction shall not extend to such a dispute.

88. (c)

Explanation : Strait of Messina – Mediterranean Sea and Tyrrhenian sea

89. (d)

Explanation : The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

of India is a statutory organisation under

the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). It was established in 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act, 1974. CPCB is also entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. It serves as a field formation and also provides technical services to the Ministry of Environment and Forests under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. It Co-ordinates the activities of

the State Pollution Control Boards by providing technical assistance and guidance and also resolves disputes among them. It is the apex organisation in country in the field of pollution control, as a technical wing of MoEF. The board is led by its chairman, who is nominated by the Central Government. CPCB has the responsibility to regulate and control noise producing and generating sources with the objective of maintaining the ambient air quality standards.

Urban area programs (EcoCity Program): CPCB programs for urban areas, also known as EcoCity Program comes under X Plan to improve environment through implementation of identified environmental improvement projects in the selected towns

and cities. Municipal Solid Waste rules : Every municipal authority comes under the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 (MSW rules,2000) and responsible for collection, segregation,

storage, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid. CPCB collects necessary information form municipal authorities and provide them technical assistance.

90. (a)

Explanation : Statement 2: Barani says that the stability of prices under Alauddin, which was a cause of wonder,

was due to Alauddin’s strictness. The Sultan

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kept himself informed of the prices through a series of informers, even sending small boys to the market to see that the shopkeepers did not cheat them by under-weighing. Barani tells us that if a shop-keeper under-weighed, twice the amount of flesh would be cut off from his body. Alauddin Khalji (1269-1316 AD) Introduction of ‘Dagh’ (branding of

horses) and ‘Chahra’ (descriptive roll of soldiers).

Abolition of ‘Iqtas’

Creation of new department ‘Diwan-I-Mustakhraj’ to enquire into the revenue arrears and to collect them.

A new department ‘Diwani-I-Riyasat’ was created to control Market.

His theory of kingship was based on ‘Kingship knows no kinship’.

Reduction of prices for essential articles. Built Alai Darwaza, Siri (a new city in

Delhi). 91. (d)

Explanation : Battle (war) of Chausa (June 26,1539) Took place between Mughal Emperor

Humayun and Sher Shah Suri (Sher Khan).

Humayun was defeated in Chausa War by Sher Shah Suri.

Battle of Kannuj (1950) Between Humayun and Sher Shah.

Sher Shah Suri (1540-1545) Original name Farid. In 1539, Battle of Chausa near Buxar he

defeated Mughals. His administrative works were roughly

divided into various departments called Diwans.

He built four roads 1. Chittagong to Kabul 2. Agra to Jodhpur 3. Agra to Burhanpur 4. Lahore to Multan Dastur – price list. Each and every

commodity had price list under his administration.

He introduced two documents called Patta (the amount each peasant had to pay) and Qabuliyat (deed agreement), which fixed peasants rights and taxes.

92. (c)

Explanation : Mercosur is a sub-regional Economic bloc. Its full members are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela.

93. (c)

Explanation: Right to Freedom includes Article 19 to Art 22 only Right to Freedom of Religion includes Art 25 to 28

94. (b) 95. (d) 96. (b) 97. (c)

Explanation : The Government on march 2016 released a new categorization of industries based on their pollution load. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has developed the criteria of categorization of industrial sectors based on the Pollution Index which is a function of the emissions (air pollutants), effluents (water pollutants), hazardous wastes generated and consumption of resources. For this purpose the references are taken from the the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess (Amendment) Act, 2003, Standards so far prescribed for various pollutants under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and Doon Valley Notification, 1989 issued by MoEFCC. The Pollution Index PI of any industrial sector is a number from 0 to 100 and the increasing value of PI denotes the increasing degree of pollution load from the industrial sector. Based on the series of brain storming sessions among CPCB, SPCBs and MoEFCC , the following criteria

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela

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on ‘Range of Pollution Index ‘for the purpose of categorization of industrial sectors is finalized. Industrial Sectors having Pollution

Index score of 60 and above - Red category

Industrial Sectors having Pollution Index score of 41 to 59 – Orange category

Industrial Sectors having Pollution Index score of 21 to 40 – Green category

Industrial Sectors having Pollution Index score incl.&upto 20 - White category

98. (c)

99. (a)

Explanation : Statement 2: The bora is a strong, cold and gusty north-easterly wind which descends to the Adriatic Sea from the Dinaric Alps, the mountains behind the Dalmatian coast (the coast of Croatia). It is a winter phenomenon. Khansin: A hot, dry, dust-laden, southerly wind over Egypt, the Red Sea and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea ahead of eastward-moving depressions.

100. (b)

Explanation : Pangolins, often called “scaly anteaters,” are covered in tough, overlapping scales. These

burrowing mammals eat ants and termites using an extraordinarily long, sticky tongue, and are able to quickly roll themselves up into a tight ball when threatened. Eight different pangolin species can be found across Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Poaching for illegal wildlife trade and habitat loss have made these incredible creatures one of the most endangered groups of mammals in the world. Four pangolin species occur across Asia: the Indian pangolin, the Chinese or Formosan pangolin, the Malayan or Sunda pangolin,

and the Palawan pangolin. Four species are found in Africa south of the Sahara Desert: the Cape or ground pangolin, the tree pangolin, the giant pangolin, and the long-tailed pangolin. The four Asian pangolins are distinguished from the African species by the presence of bristles which emerge from between the scales. All 8 species of pangolins are threatened with extinction, according to the International Union for Conservation of

Nature (IUCN). All 8 species of Asian and African pangolins are listed under Appendix II of CITES, which means trade is regulated and monitored under CITES, permits are required from exporting countries for any trade activity. Chinese pangolin and sunda pangolin are critically endangered.

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