Smart Data Webinar (SLIDES): Agile Enterprise Ontology
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Transcript of Smart Data Webinar (SLIDES): Agile Enterprise Ontology
Agile Enterprise OntologyAgile Enterprise OntologyAgile Enterprise OntologyAgile Enterprise Ontology
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
Dave McCombDave McCombDave McCombDave McComb
Semantic ArtsSemantic ArtsSemantic ArtsSemantic Arts
May 14, 2015May 14, 2015May 14, 2015May 14, 2015
DataversityDataversityDataversityDataversity
ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives
•Two Target AudiencesTwo Target AudiencesTwo Target AudiencesTwo Target AudiencesoThose who want to know that it’s possible to build an enterprise Those who want to know that it’s possible to build an enterprise Those who want to know that it’s possible to build an enterprise Those who want to know that it’s possible to build an enterprise ontology in a limited amount of timeontology in a limited amount of timeontology in a limited amount of timeontology in a limited amount of time
oThose who want to know howThose who want to know howThose who want to know howThose who want to know how
•Goal: Provide insights to improve ontology development to Goal: Provide insights to improve ontology development to
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
•Goal: Provide insights to improve ontology development to Goal: Provide insights to improve ontology development to Goal: Provide insights to improve ontology development to Goal: Provide insights to improve ontology development to make your ontology:make your ontology:make your ontology:make your ontology:oEasier to extendEasier to extendEasier to extendEasier to extend
oStable in the face of changeStable in the face of changeStable in the face of changeStable in the face of change
oSimpler for others to understand Simpler for others to understand Simpler for others to understand Simpler for others to understand
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Our JourneyOur JourneyOur JourneyOur Journey•Over the last 15 years we’ve been designing and building Over the last 15 years we’ve been designing and building Over the last 15 years we’ve been designing and building Over the last 15 years we’ve been designing and building ontologiesontologiesontologiesontologies for a number of large firms in many different for a number of large firms in many different for a number of large firms in many different for a number of large firms in many different industriesindustriesindustriesindustries
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc. 3
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Enterprise OntologyEnterprise OntologyEnterprise OntologyEnterprise Ontology
•Analogous to an Enterprise Data ModelAnalogous to an Enterprise Data ModelAnalogous to an Enterprise Data ModelAnalogous to an Enterprise Data Model
• Important distinctions stem from being rooted in Semantic Important distinctions stem from being rooted in Semantic Important distinctions stem from being rooted in Semantic Important distinctions stem from being rooted in Semantic Technology:Technology:Technology:Technology:oA comprehensive model can be much, much simplerA comprehensive model can be much, much simplerA comprehensive model can be much, much simplerA comprehensive model can be much, much simpler
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
oA comprehensive model can be much, much simplerA comprehensive model can be much, much simplerA comprehensive model can be much, much simplerA comprehensive model can be much, much simpler
oYet less abstract, and less ambiguousYet less abstract, and less ambiguousYet less abstract, and less ambiguousYet less abstract, and less ambiguous
oIt can be directly implementedIt can be directly implementedIt can be directly implementedIt can be directly implemented
oIt can evolve in place It can evolve in place It can evolve in place It can evolve in place
oIt can integrate structured, unstructured and semiIt can integrate structured, unstructured and semiIt can integrate structured, unstructured and semiIt can integrate structured, unstructured and semi----structured structured structured structured datadatadatadata
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How (Very Briefly)How (Very Briefly)How (Very Briefly)How (Very Briefly)
•URIsURIsURIsURIs
•TriplesTriplesTriplesTriples
•GraphsGraphsGraphsGraphs
•Formal DefinitionsFormal DefinitionsFormal DefinitionsFormal Definitions
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
•Formal DefinitionsFormal DefinitionsFormal DefinitionsFormal Definitions
•MultiMultiMultiMulti----typingtypingtypingtyping
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The “URI” (Uniform Resource Identifier) The “URI” (Uniform Resource Identifier) The “URI” (Uniform Resource Identifier) The “URI” (Uniform Resource Identifier)
•This identifier is truly globalThis identifier is truly globalThis identifier is truly globalThis identifier is truly global
• It means the same thing, regardless of the database of It means the same thing, regardless of the database of It means the same thing, regardless of the database of It means the same thing, regardless of the database of document it is part ofdocument it is part ofdocument it is part ofdocument it is part of
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cusip:02209S103 http://cusip.com/reg#02209S103=
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All Information Expressed as TriplesAll Information Expressed as TriplesAll Information Expressed as TriplesAll Information Expressed as Triples
:owns
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:dave :PU27
:owns
:trade1
:occurredOn
“12-25-2013”
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A Graph is a Self Assembling “Join”A Graph is a Self Assembling “Join”A Graph is a Self Assembling “Join”A Graph is a Self Assembling “Join”
•Which may have been harvested from completely Which may have been harvested from completely Which may have been harvested from completely Which may have been harvested from completely different sourcesdifferent sourcesdifferent sourcesdifferent sources
cusip:02209S103
cusip:filedBy
cusip:02209S
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cusip:name
“Altria”cusip:02209S
cusip:02209S
foaf:name
“Phillip Morris”cusip:02209S103
cusip:123456
cusip:underwrittenBy
Formal DefinitionFormal DefinitionFormal DefinitionFormal Definition
•The definition can be read The definition can be read The definition can be read The definition can be read and processed by a and processed by a and processed by a and processed by a system (as well as a system (as well as a system (as well as a system (as well as a human)human)human)human)
gist:Person
hc:receivedsome hc:MedicalTreatment
hc:Patient--- AND ---
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
•Consistent definitionConsistent definitionConsistent definitionConsistent definition
•Plus inference of new Plus inference of new Plus inference of new Plus inference of new information from existing information from existing information from existing information from existing informationinformationinformationinformation
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Because typing is just another triple, any instance, Because typing is just another triple, any instance, Because typing is just another triple, any instance, Because typing is just another triple, any instance, can, and usually is, a member of many classes can, and usually is, a member of many classes can, and usually is, a member of many classes can, and usually is, a member of many classes simultaneouslysimultaneouslysimultaneouslysimultaneously
:Person :Parent :GrandParent
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
:John :Dave
:parentOf
:Addie:parentOf
:isa:isa
:isa
Common DenominatorCommon DenominatorCommon DenominatorCommon Denominator
:predicate
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:subject :object
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In the Process of Building Enterprise In the Process of Building Enterprise In the Process of Building Enterprise In the Process of Building Enterprise OntologiesOntologiesOntologiesOntologies
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
•4444----6 Months6 Months6 Months6 Months
•~800 concepts~800 concepts~800 concepts~800 concepts
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Classes 574
Object Properties 250
Data Type Properties 38
Total T-Box Axioms 1470
We DiscoveredWe DiscoveredWe DiscoveredWe Discovered
•Hard to SellHard to SellHard to SellHard to Sell
•Hard for others to understandHard for others to understandHard for others to understandHard for others to understand
•Limited ImplementationLimited ImplementationLimited ImplementationLimited Implementation
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc. 14
•We (Semantic Arts) have arrived at this conclusion:We (Semantic Arts) have arrived at this conclusion:We (Semantic Arts) have arrived at this conclusion:We (Semantic Arts) have arrived at this conclusion:
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc. 15
In order to be adopted, In order to be adopted, In order to be adopted, In order to be adopted,
ontologiesontologiesontologiesontologies need to be more agile.need to be more agile.need to be more agile.need to be more agile.
Along the wayAlong the wayAlong the wayAlong the way
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc. 16
http://semanticarts.com/gist
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Early ProjectsEarly ProjectsEarly ProjectsEarly Projects
•About half the EO About half the EO About half the EO About half the EO classes were classes were classes were classes were derived from gistderived from gistderived from gistderived from gist
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EvolutionEvolutionEvolutionEvolution
•We evolved gist and our methodologyWe evolved gist and our methodologyWe evolved gist and our methodologyWe evolved gist and our methodology
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Current ProjectsCurrent ProjectsCurrent ProjectsCurrent Projects
•Most classes Most classes Most classes Most classes derived from gist, derived from gist, derived from gist, derived from gist, without even tryingwithout even tryingwithout even tryingwithout even trying
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MeanwhileMeanwhileMeanwhileMeanwhile
•It was obvious that our clients wanted:It was obvious that our clients wanted:It was obvious that our clients wanted:It was obvious that our clients wanted:oLess up front investmentLess up front investmentLess up front investmentLess up front investment
oSomething their staff could understandSomething their staff could understandSomething their staff could understandSomething their staff could understand
oSomething that put them on a path toward integrationSomething that put them on a path toward integrationSomething that put them on a path toward integrationSomething that put them on a path toward integration
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
oSomething that put them on a path toward integrationSomething that put them on a path toward integrationSomething that put them on a path toward integrationSomething that put them on a path toward integration
oSomething that was stable even while changingSomething that was stable even while changingSomething that was stable even while changingSomething that was stable even while changing
•In other words: AgileIn other words: AgileIn other words: AgileIn other words: Agile
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The Dark Side of AgileThe Dark Side of AgileThe Dark Side of AgileThe Dark Side of Agile
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What they really wantWhat they really wantWhat they really wantWhat they really want
• Incremental way to get to integratedIncremental way to get to integratedIncremental way to get to integratedIncremental way to get to integrated
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We Now ProposeWe Now ProposeWe Now ProposeWe Now Propose
Enterprise Ontology
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc. 23
7 weeks
Enterprise Ontology
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Followed byFollowed byFollowed byFollowed by
Enterprise Ontology
Su
b D
om
ain
On
tolo
gy
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc. 24
6-12 weeks
Su
b D
om
ain
On
tolo
gy
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Leading ToLeading ToLeading ToLeading To Enterprise Ontology
Su
b D
om
ain
On
tolo
gy
Enterprise Ontology
Enterprise Ontology
Su
b D
om
ain
On
tolo
gy
Arc
hit
ect
ure
Legacy Modernization / Replacement Projects
Integration
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc. 25
Su
b D
om
ain
On
tolo
gy
Enterprise Ontology
Su
b D
om
ain
On
tolo
gy
Su
b D
om
ain
On
tolo
gy
Arc
hit
ect
ure
New Sources: Big Data, Social, Unstructured
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What We’ve Learned Along the WayWhat We’ve Learned Along the WayWhat We’ve Learned Along the WayWhat We’ve Learned Along the Way
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc. 26
Methodology: Comparing Four Sources of Methodology: Comparing Four Sources of Methodology: Comparing Four Sources of Methodology: Comparing Four Sources of KnowledgeKnowledgeKnowledgeKnowledge
•Harvesting from existing data basesHarvesting from existing data basesHarvesting from existing data basesHarvesting from existing data bases
•Derive from standardsDerive from standardsDerive from standardsDerive from standards
•Facilitate DiscoveryFacilitate DiscoveryFacilitate DiscoveryFacilitate Discovery
•Postulate and TestPostulate and TestPostulate and TestPostulate and Test
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
•Postulate and TestPostulate and TestPostulate and TestPostulate and Test
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HarvestHarvestHarvestHarvest
•Since we’re eventually going to be using our ontology to Since we’re eventually going to be using our ontology to Since we’re eventually going to be using our ontology to Since we’re eventually going to be using our ontology to integrating all these disparate systems…integrating all these disparate systems…integrating all these disparate systems…integrating all these disparate systems…
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc. 28
•Why not just start there?Why not just start there?Why not just start there?Why not just start there?
Standards Based Standards Based Standards Based Standards Based
• Industry standards for data communication are importantIndustry standards for data communication are importantIndustry standards for data communication are importantIndustry standards for data communication are important
•And it’s tempting to want to start with themAnd it’s tempting to want to start with themAnd it’s tempting to want to start with themAnd it’s tempting to want to start with them
•But in our experience its not been a good place to startBut in our experience its not been a good place to startBut in our experience its not been a good place to startBut in our experience its not been a good place to start
•They typically cover a small percent of what you will need They typically cover a small percent of what you will need They typically cover a small percent of what you will need They typically cover a small percent of what you will need
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
•They typically cover a small percent of what you will need They typically cover a small percent of what you will need They typically cover a small percent of what you will need They typically cover a small percent of what you will need to cover for your internal operationsto cover for your internal operationsto cover for your internal operationsto cover for your internal operations
•They aren’t very rigorousThey aren’t very rigorousThey aren’t very rigorousThey aren’t very rigorous
•And often unnecessarily complexAnd often unnecessarily complexAnd often unnecessarily complexAnd often unnecessarily complex
29
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Facilitated DiscoveryFacilitated DiscoveryFacilitated DiscoveryFacilitated Discovery
Interview
Author OWL
Run inference tocheck consistency
View in ontology editor
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
Interview
Inferencing/Consistency
check consistency
Debug cycle
Interview/Model cycle
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Postulate and TestPostulate and TestPostulate and TestPostulate and Test
– gist FinanceAuthor : mkumbaDave McCombLast Updated : 3/21/2015
gist http://ontologies.semanticarts.com/gist#
Namespaces
URI : http://ontologies.semanticarts.com/o/gistTop7.1.1Location : gistTop7.1.1.owl
Imports
gist:ownssome gist:FinancialAccount
gist:Person
gist:Organization
--- OR ---
Equivalent to
--- AND ---
gist:Party
gist:Account
gist:hasDirectPartsome gist:Position
gist:ownedBysome gist:Party
Equivalent to
--- AND ---
gist:FinancialAccount
gist:Account
gist:positionInsome gist:FinancialInstrument
Equivalent to
--- AND ---
gist:Position
gist:positionInThe relationship that
describes what the position is "in" (need
something be tter here)
gist:Template
gist:hasDirectPartsome gist:Right
gist:hasDirectPartsome gist:Obligation
Equivalent to
--- AND ---
gist:InvestmentInstrument
gist:Position
gist:reportingUoMsome gist:CurrencyUnit
gist:positionInsome gist:CurrencyUnit
Equivalent to
--- AND ---
gist:CashPosition
gist:Position
gist:reportingUoMsome gist:CurrencyUnit
gist:positionInsome gist:InvestmentIns trument
Equivalent to
--- AND ---
gist:InvestedPosition
gist:InvestmentInstrument
gist:CurrencyUnit
Equivale nt to
--- OR ---
gist:FinancialInstrument
gist:InvestmentInstrument
gist:tradedOnsome gist:Exchange
Equivalent to
--- AND ---
gist:ExchangeTradedInstrument
gist:tradedOnan Exchange that
mak es a market for a particular instrument
gist:reportingUoMThe currency the
positions are reporting in (note: you can have a euro denominate note reported
in US$)
Research why I’m importing gistMag and gistMag7.1.1
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc. 31
dbbo:dave dbbo:PU27
dbbo:owns
dbbo:PU29
dbbo:owns
“Dave McComb”
dbbo:in
dbbo:Fleet2
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DifferencesDifferencesDifferencesDifferences
Harvest Standards Facilitated Postulate
Time Frame With Machine
Learning can be
done in months
Time to understand
standards often
months
Months Weeks
Number of concepts
to deal with
Millions - > tens of
thousands
Thousands Up to a thousand A few hundred
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc. 32
Scope Existing systems, not
planned or data not
in systems
What Standards
cover, often not
whats needed to
run business
Depends on the
SMEs invited
Depends on scope
postulated
Preferred Sequence 1. First2. For detail, or
specific
applications
3. When ready to
integrate with
standards
4. To check
coverage and
prepare for large
scale integration
匀#
Reducing Cognitive LoadReducing Cognitive LoadReducing Cognitive LoadReducing Cognitive Load
•# of things you must know to be competent with the # of things you must know to be competent with the # of things you must know to be competent with the # of things you must know to be competent with the ontologyontologyontologyontology
•# of things you must be in agreement with in order to # of things you must be in agreement with in order to # of things you must be in agreement with in order to # of things you must be in agreement with in order to commit to the ontologycommit to the ontologycommit to the ontologycommit to the ontology
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
commit to the ontologycommit to the ontologycommit to the ontologycommit to the ontology
•# of concepts shared# of concepts shared# of concepts shared# of concepts shared
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Economizing PropertiesEconomizing PropertiesEconomizing PropertiesEconomizing Properties
•Typical large enterprise has millions of properties Typical large enterprise has millions of properties Typical large enterprise has millions of properties Typical large enterprise has millions of properties (attributes/ columns ) in their legacy systems(attributes/ columns ) in their legacy systems(attributes/ columns ) in their legacy systems(attributes/ columns ) in their legacy systems
•This is mostly a product of arbitrary design decisionsThis is mostly a product of arbitrary design decisionsThis is mostly a product of arbitrary design decisionsThis is mostly a product of arbitrary design decisions
•We need to be vigilantWe need to be vigilantWe need to be vigilantWe need to be vigilant
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
•We need to be vigilantWe need to be vigilantWe need to be vigilantWe need to be vigilant
•Properties (with a few very narrow exceptions) can not be Properties (with a few very narrow exceptions) can not be Properties (with a few very narrow exceptions) can not be Properties (with a few very narrow exceptions) can not be formally defined, we must learn them allformally defined, we must learn them allformally defined, we must learn them allformally defined, we must learn them all
•Our target is to get to a few hundredOur target is to get to a few hundredOur target is to get to a few hundredOur target is to get to a few hundred
34
Subclass Assertions v. InferenceSubclass Assertions v. InferenceSubclass Assertions v. InferenceSubclass Assertions v. Inference
•We advocate using subclass assertions sparinglyWe advocate using subclass assertions sparinglyWe advocate using subclass assertions sparinglyWe advocate using subclass assertions sparingly
• It typically is a carry over from Object OrientedIt typically is a carry over from Object OrientedIt typically is a carry over from Object OrientedIt typically is a carry over from Object Oriented
•Or taxonomy designOr taxonomy designOr taxonomy designOr taxonomy design
•Or reluctance to take a standOr reluctance to take a standOr reluctance to take a standOr reluctance to take a stand
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
•Or reluctance to take a standOr reluctance to take a standOr reluctance to take a standOr reluctance to take a stand
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Party
PersonOrg
Party
Person
Org
OR
Key Concept: The DistinctionaryKey Concept: The DistinctionaryKey Concept: The DistinctionaryKey Concept: The Distinctionary
Is: a glossary
Is distinct from other glossaries:structurally, each definition first specifies the more general type of
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
specifies the more general type of thing the word is, and then provides a way to distinguish this thing from others that are similar.
Definitions v. DescriptionsDefinitions v. DescriptionsDefinitions v. DescriptionsDefinitions v. Descriptions
•A “description” tells us properties about a class of A “description” tells us properties about a class of A “description” tells us properties about a class of A “description” tells us properties about a class of instances, if we already know what type the instance isinstances, if we already know what type the instance isinstances, if we already know what type the instance isinstances, if we already know what type the instance is
•Adding classes to your ontology that are only descriptive Adding classes to your ontology that are only descriptive Adding classes to your ontology that are only descriptive Adding classes to your ontology that are only descriptive increases cognitive load. You audience must know the increases cognitive load. You audience must know the increases cognitive load. You audience must know the increases cognitive load. You audience must know the
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
increases cognitive load. You audience must know the increases cognitive load. You audience must know the increases cognitive load. You audience must know the increases cognitive load. You audience must know the class and its (implicit) membership criteriaclass and its (implicit) membership criteriaclass and its (implicit) membership criteriaclass and its (implicit) membership criteria
•A “definition” supplies the criteria for membership in a A “definition” supplies the criteria for membership in a A “definition” supplies the criteria for membership in a A “definition” supplies the criteria for membership in a class. class. class. class.
• If your audience understands the criteria, they agree with If your audience understands the criteria, they agree with If your audience understands the criteria, they agree with If your audience understands the criteria, they agree with the definition (they may not like the label)the definition (they may not like the label)the definition (they may not like the label)the definition (they may not like the label)
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Descriptions v. DefinitionsDescriptions v. DefinitionsDescriptions v. DefinitionsDescriptions v. Definitions
(N) hc:receivedsome hc:MedicalTreatment
hc:Patient
gist:Person
gist:Person
hc:receivedsome hc:MedicalTreatment
hc:Patient--- AND ---
Description Definition
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If you know someone is a Patient,
then you know they are a Person
And they must have had some
treatment, even if you don’t know
what it was
But, how do you know someone is a
patient? System can’t help you, you
have to know
If you knew someone was a patient,
you’d know all the same information
from the Description example
Additionally, if you know someone is
a Person and has received treatment
the system will infer they are a
Patient
And the system will automatically,
and correctly, keep track of the
subclass hierarchy
The “Sketch”The “Sketch”The “Sketch”The “Sketch”
•We’ve found the discipline of creating subsets of the We’ve found the discipline of creating subsets of the We’ve found the discipline of creating subsets of the We’ve found the discipline of creating subsets of the ontology for the purpose of explaining ontology for the purpose of explaining ontology for the purpose of explaining ontology for the purpose of explaining
• Improves understandingImproves understandingImproves understandingImproves understanding
•Also improves the building processAlso improves the building processAlso improves the building processAlso improves the building process
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
•Also improves the building processAlso improves the building processAlso improves the building processAlso improves the building process
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Ontology Sketch (aka the “Placemat”)Ontology Sketch (aka the “Placemat”)Ontology Sketch (aka the “Placemat”)Ontology Sketch (aka the “Placemat”)
SentaraOffer
CareProvision
Health PlanBenefit regarding
EmployeeBenefit
Employee
EmploymentContract
Capability
governs
PayrollDisbursement
MembershipPremium
MarketingMessage
MarketingCommunication
SentaraTarget Market
BusinessReferral
refersTo
Employment
Underwriting
Claim
Insurance Product Regulation
Regulator
produce
Sentara Healthcare Enterprise Ontology: Concise Overwiew
May 2013
Regulations
MarketingLegend
Class
SubClass
Class
Important SubClassClosely Related Class
Class
SubClass
Abstract Superclass
Another Classproperty
not explicit
Health PlanPolicy
Agreement
Health InsuranceCompany
Patient
Person
Goal
BeHealthy
Image Goal
Provider Network
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PatientVisit
Hospital
Contractor
Outcome
HospitalAccreditation
HospitalLicense
CredentialingOrganization
giver
owns
PhysicalLocation
hasPhysicalLocation
SentaraOrganizationProcedure
Specification
regarding
Building
occupies
hiresForWork
employshasA
RecommendingTreatment
Prescription
categorizedBy
Patient Bill
Health ProductOr Service
Delivery Preference
Insurance
Care
Resources &
Supplies
regarding
Supplier
Care Instructions
Body of Knowledge
Diagnosing
Medical Procedure
MedicalTreatment
Patient
RegisteredPatient
Diagnosis
Medical Condition
Disease
Physician
HealthcareProvider
Nurse
Care Coordinator
Human Resource
Resource
Healthcare Facility
Equipment andTools
Supplier Agreement
Sentara Vendor Agreement
PricingObligation
VolumeObligation
In Hospital
Care Delivery
Mode
Physician Office
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Agile Detecting ErrorsAgile Detecting ErrorsAgile Detecting ErrorsAgile Detecting Errors
•The “easy to change” aspect of agile, requires a way to The “easy to change” aspect of agile, requires a way to The “easy to change” aspect of agile, requires a way to The “easy to change” aspect of agile, requires a way to detect errors.detect errors.detect errors.detect errors.
•Two of the more effective that we use areTwo of the more effective that we use areTwo of the more effective that we use areTwo of the more effective that we use areoHigh Level Disjoints High Level Disjoints High Level Disjoints High Level Disjoints
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oHigh Level Disjoints High Level Disjoints High Level Disjoints High Level Disjoints
oABoxABoxABoxABox Unit TestsUnit TestsUnit TestsUnit Tests
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DisjointsDisjointsDisjointsDisjoints
•Most of the errors that a tableaux reasoned will surface Most of the errors that a tableaux reasoned will surface Most of the errors that a tableaux reasoned will surface Most of the errors that a tableaux reasoned will surface stem from stem from stem from stem from disjointnessdisjointnessdisjointnessdisjointness (or negation/ complement) (or negation/ complement) (or negation/ complement) (or negation/ complement) asssertionsasssertionsasssertionsasssertions
•No No No No disjointnessdisjointnessdisjointnessdisjointness = no error checking= no error checking= no error checking= no error checking
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•No No No No disjointnessdisjointnessdisjointnessdisjointness = no error checking= no error checking= no error checking= no error checking
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DisjointnessDisjointnessDisjointnessDisjointness as Venn Diagramsas Venn Diagramsas Venn Diagramsas Venn Diagrams
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High Level DisjointsHigh Level DisjointsHigh Level DisjointsHigh Level Disjoints
Person GeoRegionX
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Comedian
Chevy
Chase
Chevy
Chase
City
X
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ABoxABoxABoxABox Unit TestsUnit TestsUnit TestsUnit Tests
•Check for things that should not arise in the course of Check for things that should not arise in the course of Check for things that should not arise in the course of Check for things that should not arise in the course of using the ontology, use for unit testingusing the ontology, use for unit testingusing the ontology, use for unit testingusing the ontology, use for unit testing
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc. 45
ASK {
?tc rdf:type sa:TimeCharge .
?tc gist:actualStart ?t1 .
?t1 gist:universalDateTime ?start .
?tc gist:actualEnd ?t2 .
?t2 gist:universalDateTime ?end .
FILTER(?end < ?start)
}
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Fractal ModelingFractal ModelingFractal ModelingFractal Modeling
•Move most of your taxonomies out of the class structureMove most of your taxonomies out of the class structureMove most of your taxonomies out of the class structureMove most of your taxonomies out of the class structure
•Separation of governanceSeparation of governanceSeparation of governanceSeparation of governance
•Simplification of the modelSimplification of the modelSimplification of the modelSimplification of the model
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Move Minor Distinctions to Taxonomies Move Minor Distinctions to Taxonomies Move Minor Distinctions to Taxonomies Move Minor Distinctions to Taxonomies
• We’re tempted to put We’re tempted to put We’re tempted to put We’re tempted to put everything we know into everything we know into everything we know into everything we know into our ontologiesour ontologiesour ontologiesour ontologies
• Many distinctions are Many distinctions are Many distinctions are Many distinctions are best “pushed” to best “pushed” to best “pushed” to best “pushed” to taxonomiestaxonomiestaxonomiestaxonomies
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
taxonomiestaxonomiestaxonomiestaxonomies
• Where mere mortals can Where mere mortals can Where mere mortals can Where mere mortals can debate and rearrange debate and rearrange debate and rearrange debate and rearrange them them them them
• Without destabilizing the Without destabilizing the Without destabilizing the Without destabilizing the ontologyontologyontologyontology
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Should it be in the taxonomy?Should it be in the taxonomy?Should it be in the taxonomy?Should it be in the taxonomy?
•Some of the things we consider:Some of the things we consider:Some of the things we consider:Some of the things we consider:oAre there likely to be instances of this thing, or is it more a way Are there likely to be instances of this thing, or is it more a way Are there likely to be instances of this thing, or is it more a way Are there likely to be instances of this thing, or is it more a way to tag or classify instances that already exist?to tag or classify instances that already exist?to tag or classify instances that already exist?to tag or classify instances that already exist?
oDo these things have non trivial properties? (trivial properties Do these things have non trivial properties? (trivial properties Do these things have non trivial properties? (trivial properties Do these things have non trivial properties? (trivial properties are things like “synonym” or “are things like “synonym” or “are things like “synonym” or “are things like “synonym” or “broaderThanbroaderThanbroaderThanbroaderThan” or ” or ” or ” or
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
are things like “synonym” or “are things like “synonym” or “are things like “synonym” or “are things like “synonym” or “broaderThanbroaderThanbroaderThanbroaderThan” or ” or ” or ” or ““““expressedInLanguageexpressedInLanguageexpressedInLanguageexpressedInLanguage”, non trivial properties include things like ”, non trivial properties include things like ”, non trivial properties include things like ”, non trivial properties include things like “owns” “governs” ““owns” “governs” ““owns” “governs” ““owns” “governs” “isPartyToisPartyToisPartyToisPartyTo”)”)”)”)
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Classes and Taxonomic InstancesClasses and Taxonomic InstancesClasses and Taxonomic InstancesClasses and Taxonomic Instances
•Strive to be more like Strive to be more like Strive to be more like Strive to be more like GeoNamesGeoNamesGeoNamesGeoNames than than than than SnomedSnomedSnomedSnomed
GeoNames Snomed
Concepts 10 million geographical Presumably millions
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Concepts 10 million geographical
names
Presumably millions
Classes 19 303,035
Properties 33 152
Taxonomic Categories 645 “feature codes” In classes
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Modularity Modularity Modularity Modularity –––– a Two Edged Sworda Two Edged Sworda Two Edged Sworda Two Edged Sword
Allows multiple
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Allows multiple
groups to work
independently
Allows multiple
groups create
inconsistencies
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Rules for working with modulesRules for working with modulesRules for working with modulesRules for working with modules
•Don’t add disjoints for classes you importDon’t add disjoints for classes you importDon’t add disjoints for classes you importDon’t add disjoints for classes you import
•Don’t make a class you import an explicit subclass of other Don’t make a class you import an explicit subclass of other Don’t make a class you import an explicit subclass of other Don’t make a class you import an explicit subclass of other classes (yours or others)classes (yours or others)classes (yours or others)classes (yours or others)
•Don’t change the definition of classes or properties you Don’t change the definition of classes or properties you Don’t change the definition of classes or properties you Don’t change the definition of classes or properties you
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
•Don’t change the definition of classes or properties you Don’t change the definition of classes or properties you Don’t change the definition of classes or properties you Don’t change the definition of classes or properties you importimportimportimport
• It’s ok, even encouraged to:It’s ok, even encouraged to:It’s ok, even encouraged to:It’s ok, even encouraged to:oCreate sub classes of classes you Create sub classes of classes you Create sub classes of classes you Create sub classes of classes you importimportimportimport
oUse the classes and properties you import in the definition of Use the classes and properties you import in the definition of Use the classes and properties you import in the definition of Use the classes and properties you import in the definition of classes in your moduleclasses in your moduleclasses in your moduleclasses in your module
oUse imported classes in Boolean class expressionsUse imported classes in Boolean class expressionsUse imported classes in Boolean class expressionsUse imported classes in Boolean class expressions
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Namespaces and ModulesNamespaces and ModulesNamespaces and ModulesNamespaces and Modules
•Many ontologies use many namespaces (most of the third Many ontologies use many namespaces (most of the third Many ontologies use many namespaces (most of the third Many ontologies use many namespaces (most of the third party ontologies you inherit have their own namespaces party ontologies you inherit have their own namespaces party ontologies you inherit have their own namespaces party ontologies you inherit have their own namespaces ––––skosskosskosskos:, :, :, :, foaffoaffoaffoaf:, :, :, :, dbpediadbpediadbpediadbpedia: : : : etcetcetcetc))))
•There is a temptation to have each module/ontology have There is a temptation to have each module/ontology have There is a temptation to have each module/ontology have There is a temptation to have each module/ontology have
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
•There is a temptation to have each module/ontology have There is a temptation to have each module/ontology have There is a temptation to have each module/ontology have There is a temptation to have each module/ontology have its own name space its own name space its own name space its own name space
•Minus:Minus:Minus:Minus:oMakes moving concepts from module to module difficult (they have to be renamed and all Makes moving concepts from module to module difficult (they have to be renamed and all Makes moving concepts from module to module difficult (they have to be renamed and all Makes moving concepts from module to module difficult (they have to be renamed and all
the references to them changed)the references to them changed)the references to them changed)the references to them changed)
o It’s a added burden on the consumer to know the namespace for each conceptIt’s a added burden on the consumer to know the namespace for each conceptIt’s a added burden on the consumer to know the namespace for each conceptIt’s a added burden on the consumer to know the namespace for each concept
•Plus:Plus:Plus:Plus:o It allows each module to coin there own terms without central coordinationIt allows each module to coin there own terms without central coordinationIt allows each module to coin there own terms without central coordinationIt allows each module to coin there own terms without central coordination
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Namespaces: Our RecommendationNamespaces: Our RecommendationNamespaces: Our RecommendationNamespaces: Our Recommendation
•Think about the scope of a governance group that is Think about the scope of a governance group that is Think about the scope of a governance group that is Think about the scope of a governance group that is tasked with creating and naming concepts tasked with creating and naming concepts tasked with creating and naming concepts tasked with creating and naming concepts
•This will be the broadest a name space should be (if the This will be the broadest a name space should be (if the This will be the broadest a name space should be (if the This will be the broadest a name space should be (if the namespaces were broader, every new term would have to namespaces were broader, every new term would have to namespaces were broader, every new term would have to namespaces were broader, every new term would have to
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
namespaces were broader, every new term would have to namespaces were broader, every new term would have to namespaces were broader, every new term would have to namespaces were broader, every new term would have to be reviewed with other groups to ensure consistency and be reviewed with other groups to ensure consistency and be reviewed with other groups to ensure consistency and be reviewed with other groups to ensure consistency and prevent name collision)prevent name collision)prevent name collision)prevent name collision)
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us:Account us:Account
CRM Governance Group Finance Governance Group
crm:Account fin:Account
CRM Governance Group Finance Governance Group
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Namespaces: Our RecommendationNamespaces: Our RecommendationNamespaces: Our RecommendationNamespaces: Our Recommendation
•But don’t over do this. But don’t over do this. But don’t over do this. But don’t over do this.
• If you create a namespace for every (modular) ontology, If you create a namespace for every (modular) ontology, If you create a namespace for every (modular) ontology, If you create a namespace for every (modular) ontology, you will create confusion, unnecessary duplication and make you will create confusion, unnecessary duplication and make you will create confusion, unnecessary duplication and make you will create confusion, unnecessary duplication and make refactoring more difficultrefactoring more difficultrefactoring more difficultrefactoring more difficult
•Have one namespace over as many ontologies as your Have one namespace over as many ontologies as your Have one namespace over as many ontologies as your Have one namespace over as many ontologies as your
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
•Have one namespace over as many ontologies as your Have one namespace over as many ontologies as your Have one namespace over as many ontologies as your Have one namespace over as many ontologies as your governance can manage governance can manage governance can manage governance can manage
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sales:Prospect
CRM Governance Group
mkt:Lead
in:Customer
ps:Client
crm:Prospect
CRM Governance Group
crm:Lead
crm:Customer
crm:Client
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Separation of ConcernsSeparation of ConcernsSeparation of ConcernsSeparation of Concerns
•Meaning (OWL) Structure (RDF Shapes)Meaning (OWL) Structure (RDF Shapes)Meaning (OWL) Structure (RDF Shapes)Meaning (OWL) Structure (RDF Shapes)
• If you’re trying to answer the question “which properties go If you’re trying to answer the question “which properties go If you’re trying to answer the question “which properties go If you’re trying to answer the question “which properties go on this class” by looking at the ontology, you’ve collapsed on this class” by looking at the ontology, you’ve collapsed on this class” by looking at the ontology, you’ve collapsed on this class” by looking at the ontology, you’ve collapsed these two ideasthese two ideasthese two ideasthese two ideas
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
these two ideasthese two ideasthese two ideasthese two ideas
•The ontology should be the province of coining new terms, The ontology should be the province of coining new terms, The ontology should be the province of coining new terms, The ontology should be the province of coining new terms, establishing meaning and providing the rules for inferenceestablishing meaning and providing the rules for inferenceestablishing meaning and providing the rules for inferenceestablishing meaning and providing the rules for inference
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RDF Shape ExampleRDF Shape ExampleRDF Shape ExampleRDF Shape Example
<ProductRef> {
rdf:type (spo:ProductReference)
, gist:identifiedBy @<ProductID>
, spo:describedBy @<ProductReferenceDescription> ?
, gist:memberOf (@<ProductRange> | @<ProductSubRange>
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, gist:memberOf (@<ProductRange> | @<ProductSubRange>
|@<ProductSubSubRange> |@<NewProductRange>) *
, gist:categorizedBy @< ProductOrComponentType> *
, gist:categorizedBy @< ProductFunction> *
, gist:conformsTo @<Standard> *
, gist:specifiedBy (@<SpecEntry> |@<TabularSpecEntry>)?
}
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SummarySummarySummarySummary
• It is necessary (and luckily possible) to create enterprise It is necessary (and luckily possible) to create enterprise It is necessary (and luckily possible) to create enterprise It is necessary (and luckily possible) to create enterprise ontologiesontologiesontologiesontologies in a relatively short time frame that can be in a relatively short time frame that can be in a relatively short time frame that can be in a relatively short time frame that can be evolved in placeevolved in placeevolved in placeevolved in place
•There are many techniques that aid in that effort:There are many techniques that aid in that effort:There are many techniques that aid in that effort:There are many techniques that aid in that effort:oShift from discovery to postulationShift from discovery to postulationShift from discovery to postulationShift from discovery to postulation
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
oShift from discovery to postulationShift from discovery to postulationShift from discovery to postulationShift from discovery to postulationoReduce the cognitive load for the consumer of the ontologyReduce the cognitive load for the consumer of the ontologyReduce the cognitive load for the consumer of the ontologyReduce the cognitive load for the consumer of the ontologyoModularize and separate taxonomies and instances to make Modularize and separate taxonomies and instances to make Modularize and separate taxonomies and instances to make Modularize and separate taxonomies and instances to make maintenance easiermaintenance easiermaintenance easiermaintenance easieroTest reasoning and results frequentlyTest reasoning and results frequentlyTest reasoning and results frequentlyTest reasoning and results frequentlyoWhen modularizing, set up some rules to keep people from When modularizing, set up some rules to keep people from When modularizing, set up some rules to keep people from When modularizing, set up some rules to keep people from clobbering each otherclobbering each otherclobbering each otherclobbering each otheroKeep structure out of the ontologyKeep structure out of the ontologyKeep structure out of the ontologyKeep structure out of the ontology
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Question TimeQuestion TimeQuestion TimeQuestion Time
•To pursue this further:To pursue this further:To pursue this further:To pursue this further:
oArticles and blogs Articles and blogs Articles and blogs Articles and blogs
http://www.semanticarts.com
oGist (free!)Gist (free!)Gist (free!)Gist (free!)
http://www.semanticarts.com/gist
© 2015 Semantic Arts, Inc.
http://www.semanticarts.com/gist
oData Centric Manifesto (become a signatory) Data Centric Manifesto (become a signatory) Data Centric Manifesto (become a signatory) Data Centric Manifesto (become a signatory)
http://datacentricmanifesto.org
oContact me (Dave McComb)Contact me (Dave McComb)Contact me (Dave McComb)Contact me (Dave McComb)
[email protected](970) 490-2224
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