SMART CITIESUSING DIGITAL TO SERVE URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Emmanuel AKODAMaster in Digital Economy Law

The 19th century was a century of empires. The 20th was a century of nation states. The 21st century will

be a century of cities.

Wellington E. Webb, Former Mayor of Denver

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Why smart cities?

Cities are currently crossroads of:

Issues…

• Hosting more than 50% of global population with a prediction of 70% in 2050,

• Registering about 80% of greenhouse gas emission,

• 75% of global energy consumption,

• 10% of electric energy is wasted,• In France, urban traffic cover 27%

of greenhouse emission gas while traffic congestion is 1,5% worth of GDP,

• Problems related to waste management, unemployment,

As well as opportunities

• 80% of the global economic production,

• Hosting a large range of economic activities,

• Attracting or producing high-skill taskforce,

• Cities are thus considered as strong economic drivers

And goalsthe issues could be addressed and the opportunities, leveraged to make cities focal point of global development

To realise such purposes, the wide-spread of information and communication tehcnologies and their tremendous fonctionnalities make people consider them like key factor

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What if cities move to be smarter? There is a huge business opportunity around the global market for smart city technology

• In 2012, 143 smart city initiatives (170 in 2013) identified all around the world

• and a global annual revenue estimated about 4,5 billion euros (Pike Research);

• By 2020, this global annual revenue is foreseen to be 14,8 billion euros;

• with a total investment of 85,6 billion euros expected from 2012 to 2020.

• However, there is still no unanimous definition of the concept. Moreover is noticed the diversity of the used ones: intelligent cities, digital cities, mesh cities, smart cities.

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In Europe, smart city is widely defined as the one in which « investements in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources through participatory governance » (Caragliu and alii, 2009) 

Based on the six smart cities characteristics established by some european researchers (Giffinger and alii 2007)

According to International Data Corporation (IDC): it is « a local entity (a district, city, region or small country) which takes a holistic approach to employ information technologies with real-time analysis that encourages sustainable economic development »

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Smart city does not mean a specific technology but lies instead on a combination of technological solutions.

• 1st step: using ICT to bring intelligence in city various components or address those components weaknesses and problems. For instance:

o to address energy efficiency and other utilities management needs, smart grids are rolled out with smart meters, sensors and actuators

o Building Automatised Systems are proposed (Schneider Electric, Siemens) to make it possible.

o multimodal systems are settled to make possible to move accross the urban area accessing different transport solutions (trams, buses, cycles/vehicles sharing) with the same title

o NFC (Near Field Communication) technology allows contactless payment or transport access with mobile phone

o applications are provided to deliver informations about the traffic, draw roadmap with available transport solutions

o Open data to promote innovation (new innovant services or products for the community) and insure transparent governance

o Crowdsourcing to allow participatory governance

o E-health systems to provide more efficient treatment and medical monitoring 6

To which purposes: Provide the city authorities as well as businesses and other third parties with more accurate or predictive informations for their decision making

• 2nd step: interconnecting the components into a global system that fosters interoperability between them and delivers more efficient insight of the city operation:

oCloud computing, plateforms for centralisation, middlewares

o data analytics softwares, data analytics 3D virtualisation tools, big data softwares to serve predictions or deliver accurate commercial insights

oHypervision technologies such as Thales Hypervisor plateform that centralises security and transport systems data

o The Smart Operations Center developed by IBM

This step refers to the integrated approach that wants city to be considered as a system of systems and promotes the adoption of a global vision or solution in the designing of smart city initiatives

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An example: the smarter city solution of IBM

In practice, smart city initiatives are more widely still focused on one or few specific issues encountered by cities instead of a global approach.Besides that, the projects are at a pilot level excepted few ones of large-scale roll outs.The main reason is about funding

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The international leadership among the market suppliers is toughly claimed between IBM and CISCO, followed with many other competitors:

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Different level actors are interested in smart city perspectives, several events organised around the world

international

organisations

States or central

government

Cities

Lyon at first rank in France (M2ocity study)

Particularly, the Ministry for sustainable development and energy

International Telecommunications Union, Committee of Digital and Knowledge-based Cities, UN-HABITAT, UNITAR, Metropolis,

C40

European Commission (Digital Agenda, Coheseion Policy, Urban Agenda, Smart City projects) Convention of Mayors, Eurocities,

Urbact, Multi-parties Events:Smart City Expo World Congress, Innovative City, Futurapolis, Smart City Week, Global City Informatization Forum,

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In such ecosystem, Mobile Network Operators (MNO) have a huge opportunity position and could design specific or broader smart city solution supply (a 2011 study of GSMA, Accenture and CISCO). Three prioritised operators propositions are stressed.

The Orange Smart Cities Program which encompasses the smart city services of the operator, shows sound similarity with the findings of this study

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There are significant legal problems that have to be carefully considered:

• Open data: which informations to open or not, preserving the competitiveness of public services, have the authorities well informed about challenges and process

• Security, privacy and trust: securing systems and particularly the interconnect one, protecting personal data and privacy as news threats emerge

• Standardization and interoperability: legal context is needed

• Role of cities in accordance with rules of business public law

• Telecommunications, mobility and exposure to electromagnetic waves: health related issues

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THANK YOU!!!

Emmanuel AKODA

Master in Digital Economy Law 13