Slide AW101 (16-9) Chapter 7_Occupational First-Aid [Student]
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Transcript of Slide AW101 (16-9) Chapter 7_Occupational First-Aid [Student]
AW101 Occupational Safety and Health
Prepared by Mohd Sharif Zakaria, JKE POLISAS 1
AW101 Occupational Safety
And Health 1
1
Chapter 7 Occupational First Aid
2
Contents• Understand First Aid
• Understand first-aid equipment
• Understand basic rules of first-aid
• Understand basic first-aid and treatment
• Practice proper safety methods of first-aid
equipment.
• Practice proper and safe methods in
conducting Cardio Pulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR).3
Content 1-3
7.1 Understand first-aid
7.1.1 Define first aid
7.2 Understand first-aid equipment
7.2.1 Define first-aid equipment
7.2.2 Identify first-aid equipment
7.2.3 Apply first-aid equipment
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AW101 Occupational Safety and Health
Prepared by Mohd Sharif Zakaria, JKE POLISAS 2
Content 2-37.3 Understand basic rules of first-aid
7.3.1 Explain the basic rules of first-aid
7.4 Understand basic first-aid and treatment
7.4.1 Explain burns and scalds
7.4.2 Explain bleedings
7.4.3 Explain shock
7.4.4 Explain bone fractures
7.4.5 Explain poisoning
7.4.6 Explain Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR)5
Content 3-3
7.5 Practice proper safety methods of first-aid equipment.
7.6 Practice proper and safe methods in conducting Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR).
6
DEFINITION
First Aid
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What First Aid?
• Definition
The provision of first-aid facilities,
services and personnel required
for the initial treatment of
persons suffering from injury or
illness at a workplace.Source : GUIDELINES ON FIRST-AID FACILITIES IN THE WORKPLACE; DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES MALAYSIA, 1996
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AW101 Occupational Safety and Health
Prepared by Mohd Sharif Zakaria, JKE POLISAS 3
What is First Aid Facilities?
• Definition first aid equipment;
�* a first-aid box;
�* a first-aid room; and
�* first-aid equipment, for example, oxygen equipment and a stretcher
Source : GUIDELINES ON FIRST-AID FACILITIES IN THE WORKPLACE; DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES MALAYSIA, 1996
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Others Terms 1-2
• First-aid requirements - means the requirement for first aid facilities, services and personnel at a workplace.
• First-aid services - means any procedure or method associated with the provision of first-aid at a workplace
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Others Terms 2-2
• First-aider - means a person who has
successfully completed a first-aid course
conducted by an institution recognized by the
Ministry of Health and has been awarded with a
certificate of proficiency in first-aid treatment
• Occupational health services.- means a
specialised service for the purpose of
conserving, promoting and restoring the health
of employee at a workplace
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FACILITY & EQUIPMENTS
First Aid
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AW101 Occupational Safety and Health
Prepared by Mohd Sharif Zakaria, JKE POLISAS 4
Major Components
1. First-aider (personnel)
2. First-aid box
3. First-aid room
4. First-aid requirement
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1.First Aider
• First-aider means a person who has successfully completed a first-aid course and has been awarded with a certificate of proficiency in first-aid by an institution listed in Appendix 1.
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Appendix 1
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2.First Aid Box
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AW101 Occupational Safety and Health
Prepared by Mohd Sharif Zakaria, JKE POLISAS 5
Contents of a First-Aid Box
Adobe Acrobat
Document
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Checklist for First-Aid Box
Adobe Acrobat
Document
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3.First Aid Room
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Facilities For First Aid Room
Adobe Acrobat
Document
20
AW101 Occupational Safety and Health
Prepared by Mohd Sharif Zakaria, JKE POLISAS 6
Typical Layout First Aid Room
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4. First-Aid Requirement
• 1.Provision for Mass Casualties
• 2.Special Instructions
• 3.Protective Clothing and Equipment
• 4.Cleaning Up
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4. First-Aid Requirement
1.Provision for Mass Casualties
• In a workplace where there is a potential risk of mass casualties, provisions should be made for a safe place for evacuation and for the availability of adequate equipment e.g. stretchers, wheelchairs, sheets, bandages, blankets, etc
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4. First-Aid Requirement
2.Special Instructions
• Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS) for that hazardous chemical kept in a conspicuous place close to each location where it used and shall be easily accessible to the employees (Chemicals hazardous to health are as in USECHH Regulations 2000).
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AW101 Occupational Safety and Health
Prepared by Mohd Sharif Zakaria, JKE POLISAS 7
4. First-Aid Requirement
3.Protective Clothing and Equipment
• Protective clothing and equipment should be provided where there is a possibility that the first-aider may need protection to avoid becoming a casualty himself while administering first-aid.
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4. First-Aid Requirement
4.Cleaning Up
• First-aiders should wash their hands or any other surfaces of their body splashed with blood or other body fluids as soon as possible with soap and water.
• Contaminated surfaces should be cleansed and disinfected.
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RULES & TREATMENT
First Aid
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Basic Rules of First Aid
�Save life
�To avoid even worse injury to victim
�To reduce paint
�To manage further treatment at hospital
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AW101 Occupational Safety and Health
Prepared by Mohd Sharif Zakaria, JKE POLISAS 8
First-Aid & Treatment
�Burns and scalds
�Bleedings
�Shock
�Bone fractures
�Poisoning
�Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
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First Aid - Burn and scalds• Burn injury can be avoid by avoiding hot
source and use appropriate PPE.
• Burn divided into 3 category;
i) First Degree
ii) Second Degree
iii) Third Degree
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Skin Anatomy• The skin is the largest
organ of the body. The skin and its derivatives (hair, nails, sweat and oil glands) make up the integumentary system. One of the main functions of the skin is protection. It protects the body from external factors such as bacteria, chemicals, and temperature
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Burn - First Degree• Damage skin surface only, such
as sunburn.
• The symptom is:
- Redness of skin. &
Pain on the skin.
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AW101 Occupational Safety and Health
Prepared by Mohd Sharif Zakaria, JKE POLISAS 9
Burn - First Degree• The treatment is avoiding / remove source of
heat. Cooling skin with cool water or skin cream. Do not use ice, may cause frostbite.
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Burn - First Degree
• Minor Burn First Aid
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Burn - Second Degree
• Damage skin surface and tissue underneath. Symptom is:
i) Redness & Blistering
ii) Feel very paint around the area that burn, but not feel the pain at the center of the area.
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Burn - Second Degree
• Treatment ; avoid / remove heat source. Cool with water about 10 minute and wrap with sterile bandage.
• Don’t cut blister, may cause infection. Blister may disappear in 2 days.
• Danger to life if burn area more
then 9% of body part.
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AW101 Occupational Safety and Health
Prepared by Mohd Sharif Zakaria, JKE POLISAS 10
Burn – Third Degree• Destroy skin surface and tissue
underneath.
• Symptom is;
Gray / black / burn-out skin. Blistering on the skin.
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Burn – Third Degree• Treatment – avoid / remove from heat source.
Cool with water for 10 minute. Loose bandage the area.
• Don’t use ice or cut the blister. Get immediate treatment because may cause death if more then 9% of body area involved.
38
Rules of 9’sFastest method to estimate
percentage of body burn area
�Second Class – may treat life if
more the 9% of body burn.
�Third Class – need immediate
treatment because usually treat
life even only 9% of the body burn.
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First-Aid Bleedings• First aid is appropriate for
external bleeding.
• Calm and reassure the person.
The sight of blood can be very
frightening.
• Lay the person down. This
reduces the chances of fainting
by increasing blood flow to the
brain. When possible, raise up the
part of the body that is bleeding.
• Put pressure directly on an outer
wound with a sterile bandage,
clean cloth, or even a piece of
clothing. If nothing else is
available, use your hand.
• DO NOT apply a tourniquet to
control bleeding, except as a last
resort. Doing so may cause more
harm than good. A tourniquet
should be used only in a life-
threatening situation and should
be applied by an experienced
person
• DO NOT try to clean a large
wound. This can cause heavier
bleeding
• DO NOT try to clean a wound after
you get the bleeding under
control. Get medical help
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AW101 Occupational Safety and Health
Prepared by Mohd Sharif Zakaria, JKE POLISAS 11
Apply Direct Pressure
• Bleeding from most injuries can be stopped by applying direct pressure to the injury. This keeps from cutting off the blood supply
to the affected limb.
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Apply Tourniquets• When there is severe bleeding
where a major artery has been
severed, pressure may be
insufficient and a tourniquet
may be necessary.
Tourniquets are an effective
way of stopping bleeding from
an extremity. They do,
however, stop circulation to
the affected extremity and
should ONLY be used when
other methods, such as
pressure dressings, have
failed (or are likely to fail).
Pressure from tourniquets
must be relieved periodically
to prevent damage to the
tissue from lack of oxygen.42
Apply Tourniquets
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1
2
3
4
Apply Pressure & Ice• Bleeding from most
injuries can be stopped
by applying direct pressure to the injury.
This keeps from cutting off the blood supply to
the affected limb. When there is severe bleeding,
where a major artery has been severed, pressure
may be insufficient and a tourniquet may be
necessary.
44
AW101 Occupational Safety and Health
Prepared by Mohd Sharif Zakaria, JKE POLISAS 12
First-Aid Shock• Shock is a severe
condition that occurs when not enough blood flows through the body, causing very low blood pressure, a lack of urine, and cell and tissue damage
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First-Aid Shock• Check the person's airway,
breathing, and circulation.
• If the person is conscious and
does NOT have an injury to the
head, leg, neck, or spine, Lay the
person on the back and elevate
the legs about 12 inches. Do NOT
elevate the head. If raising the
legs will cause pain or potential
harm, leave the person lying flat.
• Give appropriate first aid for any
wounds, injuries, or illnesses.
• Keep the person warm and
comfortable. Loosen tight
clothing.
• IF THE PERSON VOMITS OR
DROOLS
• Turn the head to one side so he or
she will not choke.
• Do Not:
• Do NOT give the person anything
by mouth, including anything to
eat or drink.
• Do NOT move the person with a
known or suspected spinal injury.
• Do NOT wait for milder shock
symptoms to worsen before
calling for emergency medical
help.
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First Aid Bone fractures
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Treatment bone fractures
Causes:
• Fall from a height
• Motor vehicle accidents
• Direct blow
• Repetitive forces, such as those caused by running, can cause stress fractures of the foot, ankle, tibia, or hip
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AW101 Occupational Safety and Health
Prepared by Mohd Sharif Zakaria, JKE POLISAS 13
Treatment bone fractures
Symptoms:
• A visibly out-of-place or misshapen limb or joint
• Swelling, bruising, or bleeding
• Intense pain, Numbness and tingling
• Broken skin with bone protruding
• Limited mobility or inability to move a limb
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Treatment bone fracturesFirst Aid:
• Keep the person still and calm.
• Examine the person closely for other injuries.
• If needed, immobilize the broken bone with a splint or sling. Possible splints include a rolled up newspaper or strips of wood. Immobilize the area both above and below the injured bone.
• Apply ice packs to reduce pain and swelling.
• Lay the person flat, elevate the feet about 12 inches above the head, and cover the person with a coat or blanket. However, DO NOT move the person if a head, neck, or back injury is suspected.
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Fracture types (1)Types of bone fracture:
• Oblique - a fracture which goes at an angle to the axis
• Comminuted - a fracture of many relatively small fragments
• Spiral - a fracture which runs around the axis of the bone
• Compound - a fracture (also called open) which breaks the skin
51
Fracture types (2)• Greenstick - an
incomplete fracture in which the bone bends
• Transverse - a fracture that goes across the bone's axis
• Simple - a fracture which does not break the skin
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AW101 Occupational Safety and Health
Prepared by Mohd Sharif Zakaria, JKE POLISAS 14
First Aid Methods
ankle_splint
arm_splint
elbow_splint
upper_leg_splint
53
Danger of poisons• Persons of any age can become ill if they
come into contact with certain medications,
household pesticides, chemicals, cosmetics,
or plants.
• However, children, in particular, continue to
face a greater risk of unintentional poisoning
death and exposure than adults - not only
because they are smaller, but, also because
they have faster metabolic rates and are less
able physically to handle toxic chemicals.54
Treatment poisoning
• There are many poisonous substances that can potentially turn fatal if inhaled, digested, or absorbed by the body. Listed are some,
�Lead Poisoning
�Food Poisoning
�Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
�Chemical Poisoning and Syrup of Ipecac 55
Swallowed Poisons
• Get the poison away from the child.
• If the substance is still in the child's mouth, make him/her spit it out or remove it with your fingers.
• Call your local poison control center or your child's physician.
• If your child swallowed another substance, describe it as much as you can to help identify it. 56
AW101 Occupational Safety and Health
Prepared by Mohd Sharif Zakaria, JKE POLISAS 15
Syrup of ipecac
What is syrup of ipecac?
• Syrup of ipecac is an emetic (an agent that causes vomiting) made from the dried root of a plant called ipecacuanha that is grown in Brazil.
57
Poisons on the skin
• If your child spills a chemical on her body, remove his/her clothes and rinse the skin with lukewarm - not hot - water. If the area shows signs of being burned, continue rinsing for at least 15 minutes. Then call the poison control center for further advice. Do not use ointments or grease.
58
Poison in the eye
• Flush the eye by holding the eyelid open and pouring a steady stream of lukewarm water (not hot) into the inner corner of the eye. Continue flushing the eye for 15 minutes, and call the poison control center for further instructions. Do not use an eyecup, eyedrops or ointment unless the poison center instructs you to do so.
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Poisonous fumes or gases
• From the following sources:
• a car running in a closed garage
• leaky gas vents. wood, coal, or kerosene stoves that are not working properly
• If your child breathes in fumes or gases, get him/her into fresh air right away.
• If your child has stopped breathing, start CPR and do not stop until your child breathes on his/her own. 60
AW101 Occupational Safety and Health
Prepared by Mohd Sharif Zakaria, JKE POLISAS 16
Treatment CPR
• Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
61
“CardioPulmonary Resuscitation
• Definition;
CPR is a procedure to support and maintain breathing and
circulation for a person who has stopped breathing (respiratory arrest) and/or whose heart has
stopped (cardiac arrest).
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CPR Steps
63
CPR Video
C:\Users\AS4937\
Videos\RealPlayer Downloa
F:\Polisas\03-Sem
Jul 2008\E4008 Keselam
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AW101 Occupational Safety and Health
Prepared by Mohd Sharif Zakaria, JKE POLISAS 17
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Reference 1
Adobe Acrobat
Document
Adobe Acrobat
Document
66
Reference 2
• First aid equipment, facilities and training
• www.umm.edu , University of Maryland Medical Center
Adobe Acrobat Document
67 68
AW101 Occupational Safety and Health
Prepared by Mohd Sharif Zakaria, JKE POLISAS 18
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