Slide 1 ILLINOIS - RailTEC Hazards Associated with High ...
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Slide 1ILLINOIS - RailTEC
Hazards Associated with High-Speed Rail (HSR) Operation Adjacent to Conventional Tracks
Chen-Yu LinDr. M. Rapik Saat
Dr. Christopher P.L. Barkan
4th June 2015NURail Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL
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Outline- Approaches to developing high-speed rail (HSR) and shared-use rail
corridor (SRC)
- Hazards associated with operating high-speed rail on shared-use corridor
- Hazard assessment
- High-risk locations
- Influencing factors
- Potential risk mitigation strategies
- Fault-tree analysis of hazards
- Ongoing work
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Two Key Decisions in High(er)-Speed Rail Development
• Approach to HSR
– Incremental upgrade of existing line
– New dedicated line
• Track and right-of-way
(ROW) usage
– Shared track
– Shared right of way
– Shared corridor
• Each has different implications regarding speed, performance, cost, operational, institutional, regulatory and safety considerations
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Shared-UseRail Corridor (SRC)
• Shared track: tracks shared between passenger and freight or other service
• Shared right of way (ROW):dedicated high-speed passenger tracks separated from freight or other service tracks up to 25 ft
• Shared corridor: dedicated high-speed passenger tracks separated from freight or other service tracks by 25 –200 ft
High-speed railservice
Freight or conventional passenger rail service
Adjacent trackcenters >25’ and ≤ 200’
Adjacent trackcenters ≤ 25’
Shared track & shared ROW
Shared corridor
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Shared-Use Implementation ChallengesSafety
Adjacent track accident (ATA)Loss of shunt problemPedestrian riskHighway/rail grade crossings
Infrastructure and Rolling StockWheel-load characteristicsTrack structure and componentsSpecial trackworkTrack geometryVehicle-track interaction (VTI)StationsSignaling systems and train control technology
Planning and OperationHost railroad negotiationTrain scheduling Capacity planningTrain control and operations
EconomicCapital cost sharingPassenger operation sustainabilityFreight level of service preservation
InstitutionalRegulatory compliancePerformance incentives/penaltiesGrant agreement structureLiability
Saat, M.R., and Barkan, C.P.L. Investigating Technical Challenges and Research Needs Related to Shared Corridors for High-Speed Passenger and Railroad Freight Operations: http://www.fra.dot.gov/eLib/details/L04578
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• The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) set out to develop a
guidance document for SRC
• The document combines existing and proposed research to aid in the
proposal, design, and evaluation of planned HSR alignments
• The document provide risk assessment capabilities for potential
hazards of HSR operations on SRC as well as potential risk mitigation
strategies
Safety Issues of Operating High-Speed Rail (HSR) Adjacent to Conventional Tracks
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Development of the document and its final contents consider the following issues:
– Minimum track and Right-of-Way (ROW) spacing from adjacent railroad tracks without the use of additional protection
– Use of intrusion detection or protection devices and proper system characteristics and installation locations
– Use of physical barriers or crash walls; what conditions warrant use and basic design characteristics
– Other relevant considerations such as aerodynamics, effects of grading and track heights, and protection from activities along ROW access roads, etc
Safety Issues of Operating HSR Adjacent to Conventional Tracks
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• Derailment on adjacent tracks
• Shifted load on an adjacent track
• Aerodynamic interaction between trains on adjacent tracks
• Ground borne vibration and its effect on HSR track geometry
• Intrusion of maintenance of way staff and equipment working on the adjacent track
• Obstruction hazard resulting from an adjacent track (non-derailment and grade-crossing collisions)
• Drainage problem affecting either the HSR track or the adjacent track
• Evacuation of passengers from trains on the adjacent track
• Hazardous materials on the adjacent track
• Fire on the adjacent track
• Electromagnetic interference between trains and wayside equipment on adjacent tracks
List of Hazards Associated with Operating HSR Adjacent to Conventional Tracks
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• Conduct comprehensive literature review (internationally and
domestic) on identified hazards
• Conduct survey to gain input from public and private sectors
• Identify high-risk locations for individual hazard
• Identify influencing factors affecting the likelihood and consequence of
individual hazard
• Identify potential risk mitigation strategies for individual hazard
• Prioritize hazards and conduct risk analyses
• Develop and evaluate risk mitigation strategies
Hazard Assessment Process
Figure on the right adapted from: Probabilistic Risk Assessment for the International Space Station (2002)
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High-Risk Locations of Hazards Hazard Locations
1 Derailment on adjacent tracks Along a shared-use rail corridor with multiple tracks 2 Shifted load on adjacent tracks Along a shared-use rail corridor with freight train services 3 Aerodynamic interaction between trains
on adjacent tracks Along a shared-use rail corridor with multiple tracks, tunnels and stations where trains operate at high speed
4 Ground borne vibration and its effect on HSR track geometry
Along a shared-use rail corridor where trains operating at high speed especially at locations with subgrade and track infrastructure conditions susceptible to vibrations, and at special track locations (e.g. switches and turnouts)
5 Intrusion of maintenance of way staff and equipment working the adjacent tracks
Along a shared-use rail corridor where track maintenance activities are frequently taken place and locations with limited clearances (e.g. bridges, tunnels)
6 Obstruction hazard resulting from an adjacent tracks (non-derailment collisions)
Along a shared-use rail corridor close to other rail or highway vehicles (e.g. yards, grade crossings)
7 Drainage problem affecting either the HSR track or adjacent tracks
Along a shared-use rail corridor especially at high-precipitation/snow areas, vegetation and with insufficient drainage systems
8 Evacuation of passengers from trains on adjacent tracks
Along a shared-use rail corridor with multiple tracks
9 Hazardous material transportation on adjacent tracks
Along a shared-use rail corridor with freight trains transporting hazardous materials
10 Fire on adjacent tracks Along a shared-use rail corridor with freight trains transporting flammable liquids and/or gases, and other locations near fuel-based activities (e.g. power stations, gas stations)
11 Electromagnetic interference between trains and wayside equipment on adjacent tracks
Along a shared-use rail corridor where the high-voltage overhead catenary wires present
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Key Influencing Factors of Hazards Hazard Key Influencing Factors
1 Derailment on adjacent tracks Track center spacing, train speed, human factor, track geometry, type of rail infrastructure, train control systems
2 Shifted load on adjacent tracks Track center spacing, train speed, human factor, track geometry, train control systems
3 Aerodynamic interaction between trains on adjacent tracks
Track center spacing, train speed, train equipment design, wind condition
4 Ground borne vibration and its effect on HSR track geometry
Track center spacing, train speed, track geometry, type of rail infrastructure, soil foundation/subgrade characteristics
5 Intrusion of maintenance of way staff and equipment working the adjacent tracks
Track center spacing, train speed, human factor
6 Obstruction hazard resulting from an adjacent tracks (non-derailment collisions)
Track center spacing, train speed, human factor, track geometry, train control systems
7 Drainage problem affecting either the HSR track or adjacent tracks
Track center spacing, soil foundation/subgrade characteristics, track geometry, type of rail infrastructure
8 Evacuation of passengers from trains on adjacent tracks
Track center spacing, train equipment design, human factor
9 Hazardous material transportation on adjacent tracks
Track center spacing, train equipment design, hazardous materials traffic volume
10 Fire on adjacent tracks Track center spacing, train equipment design, human factor, flammable product traffic volume
11 Electromagnetic interference between trains and wayside equipment on adjacent tracks
Train equipment design, type of rail infrastructure, train control systems
Major common influencing factors:- Track center spacing- Train speed- Human factor- Track geometry- Train equipment design
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Proposed Risk Mitigation of Hazards Hazard Potential Risk Mitigation Strategies
1 Derailment on adjacent tracks Proper track center spacing, installation of intrusion detection systems, building physical barriers, improved employee training
2 Shifted load on adjacent tracks Proper track center spacing, installation of intrusion detection systems, building physical barriers, improved employee training on cargo securement
3 Aerodynamic interaction between trains on adjacent tracks
Proper track center spacing, installation of intrusion detection systems, building physical barriers, reduced train speed
4 Ground borne vibration and its effect on HSR track geometry
Proper track center spacing, reduced train speed
5 Intrusion of maintenance of way staff and equipment working the adjacent tracks
Proper track center spacing, installation of intrusion detection systems, building physical barriers, improved employee training, reduced train speed
6 Obstruction hazard resulting from an adjacent tracks (non-derailment collisions)
Proper track center spacing, installation of intrusion detection systems, building physical barriers, improved employee training, grade crossing protection
7 Drainage problem affecting either the HSR track or adjacent tracks
Proper track center spacing, soil improvement, improved drainage
8 Evacuation of passengers from trains on adjacent tracks
Proper track center spacing, installation of intrusion detection systems, building physical barriers, improved employee training on safe passenger evacuation, enhanced rail equipment design
9 Hazardous material transportation on adjacent tracks
Proper track center spacing, building physical barriers, temporal separation, enhanced rail car design to prevent hazardous material release
10 Fire on adjacent tracks Proper track center spacing, building physical barriers, temporal separation, enhanced rail equipment design
11 Electromagnetic interference between trains and wayside equipment on adjacent tracks
Improved employee training, better rail equipment design to prevent or reduce electromagnetic field effect
Major potential risk mitigation strategies:- Proper track center spacing- Installation of intrusion detection- Physical barriers- Improved employee training- Enhanced rail equipment design
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• Risk management planning
• Risk identification
• Risk assessment
− Qualitative and quantitative
• Development and evaluation of risk mitigation strategies
• Risk monitoring
Shared-Use Rail Corridor Risk Management
Figure on the right adapted from: Probabilistic Risk Assessment for the International Space Station (2002)
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• A deductive process to break down a top event into basic events and all possible paths and elements for this event to occur are systematically deduced
• A graphical representation of the various contributors of failures that lead to the occurrence of the top event (SRC hazard)
• The probability of the top event can be calculated by calculating the probabilities of basic events
Fault-Tree Analysis
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• Event symbols
- Basic event
- Conditioning event
- Undeveloped event
• Gate (Logic) Symbols
- And
- Or
- Exclusive or
- Priority and
- Inhibit
Fault-Tree Analysis Configuration
- Intermediate event
- External event
• Transfer Symbols
Top Event
BA
C D E F G
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Fault Tree Analysis for Adjacent Track Collision
3-2
Infrastructure (T)
Human factor (H)
Signal and control system
(S)
Miscellaneous (M)
Collision between trains on two adjacent tracks
Initial derailment Intrusion from derailed equipment
Train presence on the adjacent track
Equipment (E)
Locomotivefailure
Railcarfailure
Common failure
E1 E2 E3
Employeecondition
H3
Train overspeed
Brake operation
Failure to obey or display signal
H4
H5
H2
Switches/ switching
rules
Mainline rules
Radio error
H1
Other human factors
H6H7
H8
Broken rail or welds
Rail defects
Track geometry
T1 T2 T3
Turnout defects
Buckled track
Roadbed defects
Other track and
structure defects
M1 S1
T4 T5 T6
T7
Excessive lateral displacement
toward adjacent track
Crash wall failure Containment failure
Lack of crash wall
Damaged crash wall
Damaged containment
Lack of containment
Failure to stop clear of the initial
derailment
Direct presence of the train on an
adjacent track
Failure to brake
Crash wall damaged
before intrusion
Crash wall destroyed
by intruding train
Containment damaged
before intrusion
Containment destroyed by
intruding train
Equipment Failure
Human Error Failure
H2EB
Intrusion detection
failure
1. Initial derailment2. Intrusion from derailment equipment3. Train presence or the adjacent track
Shared-use rail corridor hazards
Intrusion hazards Other hazards
Obstruction hazard
Passenger evacuation
Train aerodynamic interaction
Hazardous material
transportationEMI Train fire Drainage
problemOther
hazardsMoW
intrusion
1
The intrusion of MoW
equipment/ personnel an adjacent track when on duty
The present of another train
on the adjacent track
Raking collision
between MoWequipment/
personnel and the train
Adjacent track accidents
Initial derailment
The intrusion of
derailed equipment
Collision between trains on
two adjacent tracks
Initial collision on one track
Direct side collision/
raking collision
on multiple tracks
3-3
The intrusion of
derailed equipment
The present of another
train on the adjacent
track
3-1
The present of another
train on the adjacent
track
Collision between trains on
two adjacent tracks
3-2
A train carrying hazmat derails
Shifted load hazards
The intrusion of shifted cargo on an adjacent
track
The present of another train
on the adjacent track
Raking collision
between the intruding rail car and the
train
2
Release of hazardous material
Passenger casualties due
to released hazmat
- Poisonous- Flammable- Explosive- Radioactive
The presence of a passenger train on the
adjacent track
4
Cargo falling off
Grade crossing accident
The intrusion of fallen cargo
The present of another train on the
adjacent track
Debris collision
between the train and the fallen cargo
The intrusion of collided
railcar or road vehicle
The present of another train on the
adjacent track
Debris collision
between the train and the
collided railcar or road
vehicle
5-1 5-2
Evacuation situation
The intrusion of passenger onto
an adjacent track
The present of another train
on the adjacent track
Passenger casualties due to the collision between the train and the passenger
6
Two trains on adjacent tracks passing each
other
Excessive suction force dragging two trains close to
each other
Raking collision
between trains on two
adjacent tracks
7
Train control system
malfunct-ion
Passen-ger
casualti-es due to train fire
Subgrade and track geometry problem
Subgrade and track geometry problem
Risk assess-
ment
8 9 10 11
Ground borne
vibration
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Fault Tree Analysis for Adjacent Track Collision
3-2
Infrastructure (T)
Human factor (H)
Signal and control system
(S)
Miscellaneous (M)
Collision between trains on two adjacent tracks
Initial derailment Intrusion from derailed equipment
Train presence on the adjacent track
Equipment (E)
Locomotivefailure
Railcarfailure
Common failure
E1 E2 E3
Employeecondition
H3
Train overspeed
Brake operation
Failure to obey or display signal
H4
H5
H2
Switches/ switching
rules
Mainline rules
Radio error
H1
Other human factors
H6H7
H8
Broken rail or welds
Rail defects
Track geometry
T1 T2 T3
Turnout defects
Buckled track
Roadbed defects
Other track and
structure defects
M1 S1
T4 T5 T6
T7
Excessive lateral displacement
toward adjacent track
Crash wall failure Containment failure
Lack of crash wall
Damaged crash wall
Damaged containment
Lack of containment
Failure to stop clear of the initial
derailment
Direct presence of the train on an
adjacent track
Failure to brake
Crash wall damaged
before intrusion
Crash wall destroyed
by intruding train
Containment damaged
before intrusion
Containment destroyed by
intruding train
Equipment Failure
Human Error Failure
H2EB
Intrusion detection
failure
1. Initial derailment2. Intrusion from derailment equipment3. Train presence or the adjacent track
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• Holistic risk assessment is able to identify the potential hazards for the shared-use rail corridors operations, including their eminent locations, influencing factors, and potential risk mitigation strategies
• Fault tree analysis is an essential method in both qualitative identification and characterization and quantification of SRC hazards
• The risk model developed can provide the industry both quantitative result from fault-tree analysis and risk assessment procedure
• Future work includes complete fault-tree analysis on hazards and quantitative risk model development as well as the development of an integrated risk assessment framework
Conclusion and Future Work
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Acknowledgement
National University Rail Center (NURail Center)
A Tier-1 University Transportation Center (UTC) under the US Department of Transportation (DOT) Office of the Assistant Secretary for
Research & Technology (OST) program.
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Thank you!Questions and comments are
Welcomed!www.sharedcorridors.org
Chen-Yu Lin 林陳佑
Graduate Research Assistant
Rail Transportation and Engineering Center (RailTEC)
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
Email: [email protected]
Slide 22ILLINOIS - RailTEC
Updated Fault Tree for Passenger Train Derailment
Infrastructure (T)
Human factor (H)
Signal and control system
(S)
Miscellaneous (M)
Initial derailment
Equipment (E)
Locomotivefailure
Railcarfailure
Common failure
E1 E2 E3
Employeecondition
H3
Train overspeed
Brake operation
Failure to obey or display signal
H4
H5
H2
Switches/ switching
rules
Mainline rules
Radio error
H1
Other human factors
H6H7
H8
Broken rail or welds
Rail defects
Track geometry
T1 T2 T3
Turnout defects
Buckled track
Roadbed defects
Other track and
structure defects
M1 S1
T4 T5 T6
T7
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Updated Fault Tree for Freight Train Derailment
Infrastructure (T)
Human factor (H)
Signal and control system
(S)
Miscellaneous (M)
Initial derailment
Equipment (E)
Locomotivefailure
Railcarfailure
Common failure
E1 E2 E3
Employeecondition
H3
Train overspeed
Brake operation
Failure to obey or display signal
H4
H5
H2
Switches/ switching
rules
Mainline rules
Radio error
H1
Other human factors
H6H7
H8
Broken rail or welds
Rail defects
Track geometry
T1 T2 T3
Turnout defects
Buckled track
Roadbed defects
Other track and
structure defects
M1 S1
T4 T5 T6
T7