Slaves of Sultans: a history of migration and community
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L RICAL WORK NG THE POLICIES JUST RELEASED AN INCISIVE HISTORICAL WORK EXPLORING A COMMUNITY'S SURVIVING THE POLICIES OF TWO STATES
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The Christians of Mangalore. A comprehensive history. By Alan Machado (author of Saraswati's Children and Shades Within Shadows).
Transcript of Slaves of Sultans: a history of migration and community
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JUST RELEASED
AN INCISIVE HISTORICAL WORK EXPLORING
A COMMUNITY'S SURVIVING THE POLICIES OF TWO STATES
JUST RELEASED
AN INCISIVE HISTORICAL WORK EXPLORING
A COMMUNITY'S SURVIVING THE POLICIES OF TWO STATES
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2 3
Slaves of Sultans Alan Machado (Prabhu), [email protected] +91-80-94801 02236 (Bangalore, India)
Co-published in 2015 by Goa,1556, Saligo 403511 Goa, India. http://goa1556.goa-india.org, [email protected] +91-832-2409490 and
ATC Publications, P.O. Box 8444, Bangalore 560 084, India. http://www.atcbooks.in
Cover art by Alpa MachadoPrinted by Brilliant Printers Pvt. Ltd, www.brilliantprinters.com (Bangalore)Typeset in LyX http://www.lyx.org. Text in Palatino
ISBN 978-93-80739-93-9- Rs. 500 in India
Contents
Preface: Reflections on the traumas inflicted on subjects by policies of the state, specifically those of the Nao Portuguesa and the saltanat-i-khudadad on Goa's population.
Introduction: Need for reappraisal of the historiography of the Captivity, the deportation of Kanara's Goan Christian immigrants by Tipu, as projected by earlier authors, and of Tipu by British historians.
1. An Alliance of King with God: The complex political- religious scenario of 18th century south India; a rulers use of religious beliefs in bolstering political power; the difficulty in defining Hinduism; the alliance of kshatriya and brahman; trade and the spread of Buddhist and Jaina influence; suppression of Jainas in Tamil Nadu; Muslim influence from the north and southern coasts in south India; dasara in Vijayanagara
2. A Tale of Two Islands...: Srirangapatna and Goa-islands of enslavement; the suppression of Jainas in Karnataka; Portuguese consolidation in Goa; motivation for the spiritual conquest of Goa; the Inquisition and auto-da-f.
3. And that of a Third: The East India Company's loot of Bengal; Haidar Alis reaction.
4. Exodus Goa: Of what use is to you, O Goa, the King of Portugal who treats you as a slave?" --Bishop Mateus de Castro, 1654; dramatic decline of Goas economy; emigrations to Kanara.
5. Extracting Honey from Stones: Growth of Kanaras Christian population; individual family histories; by 1779, 21% of the Christian population of Goan origin, about 50,000, lived in Kanara.
6. The Men in Cassocks and the Nawab: Christianity in the Kannada and Tamil regions; Pe Cinnami and the Mysore missions; Bishop Noronha and Pe Joachim Miranda; Haidar in Mangalore (1768).
7. Kanara: Goas relations with Kanara and the Ikkeris; brief outline of Ikkeri history and Goa's forts at Mangalore, Kundapur, Honavar, and Gangoli.
About the authorAlan Joseph Machado (Prabhu) belongs to the Macedo (Machado) Prabhu family, originally ganvkars of Aldona, in Bardez, Goa. The Prabhu family was converted to Christianity sometime after 1605, and emigrated to Mermajal, near Mangalore circa 1680, along with a significant part of Bardezs population. The family was taken captive by Tipu Sultan to Srirangapatna in 1784; only Joo survived. Alans interest in the traumatic history of his family, most of it forgotten, has led him onward through a long journey of which Slaves of Sultans is the latest and most comprehensive. Alan is an engineer by profession and has worked in Australia and the UK.
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2 3
Slaves of Sultans Alan Machado (Prabhu), [email protected] +91-80-94801 02236 (Bangalore, India)
Co-published in 2015 by Goa,1556, Saligo 403511 Goa, India. http://goa1556.goa-india.org, [email protected] +91-832-2409490 and
ATC Publications, P.O. Box 8444, Bangalore 560 084, India. http://www.atcbooks.in and
Cover art by Alpa MachadoPrinted by Brilliant Printers Pvt. Ltd, www.brilliantprinters.com (Bangalore)Typeset in LyX http://www.lyx.org. Text in Palatino
ISBN 978-93-80739-93-9- Rs. 500 in India
Contents
Preface: Reflections on the traumas inflicted on subjects by policies of the state, specifically those of the Nao Portuguesa and the saltanat-i-khudadad on Goa's population.
Introduction: Need for reappraisal of the historiography of the Captivity, the deportation of Kanara's Goan Christian immigrants by Tipu, as projected by earlier authors, and of Tipu by British historians.
1. An Alliance of King with God: The complex political- religious scenario of 18th century south India; a rulers use of religious beliefs in bolstering political power; the difficulty in defining Hinduism; the alliance of kshatriya and brahman; trade and the spread of Buddhist and Jaina influence; suppression of Jainas in Tamil Nadu; Muslim influence from the north and southern coasts in south India; dasara in Vijayanagara
2. A Tale of Two Islands...: Srirangapatna and Goa-islands of enslavement; the suppression of Jainas in Karnataka; Portuguese consolidation in Goa; motivation for the spiritual conquest of Goa; the Inquisition and auto-da-f.
3. And that of a Third: The East India Company's loot of Bengal; Haidar Alis reaction.
4. Exodus Goa: Of what use is to you, O Goa, the King of Portugal who treats you as a slave?" --Bishop Mateus de Castro, 1654; dramatic decline of Goas economy; emigrations to Kanara.
5. Extracting Honey from Stones: Growth of Kanaras Christian population; individual family histories; by 1779, 21% of the Christian population of Goan origin, about 50,000, lived in Kanara.
6. The Men in Cassocks and the Nawab: Christianity in the Kannada and Tamil regions; Pe Cinnami and the Mysore missions; Bishop Noronha and Pe Joachim Miranda; Haidar in Mangalore (1768).
7. Kanara: Goas relations with Kanara and the Ikkeris; brief outline of Ikkeri history and Goa's forts at Mangalore, Kundapur, Honavar, and Gangoli.
About the authorAlan Joseph Machado (Prabhu) belongs to the Macedo (Machado) Prabhu family, originally ganvkars of Aldona, in Bardez, Goa. The Prabhu family was converted to Christianity sometime after 1605, and emigrated to Mermajal, near Mangalore circa 1680, along with a significant part of Bardezs population. The family was taken captive by Tipu Sultan to Srirangapatna in 1784; only Joo survived. Alans interest in the traumatic history of his family, most of it forgotten, has led him onward through a long journey of which Slaves of Sultans is the latest and most comprehensive. Alan is an engineer by profession and has worked in Australia and the UK..
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8. Beyond Mysore: Annexation of Ikkeri and Malabar; forced translocations.
9. Haidars Army: Transformation employing European tactics.
10. Hanging their Harps to Weep: Haidar's 52 English slave boys; military slavery- origins in Baghdad, employment in India before Haidar; the Christian dread of circumcision.
11. Haidars chelas: Haidars military slaves from Chitradurga, the Carnatic, and England; their training by circumcised English prisoners and sepoys.
12. The Hat Wearers and Others: Haidar's Christian soldiers -- topasses, Tamils, Kannadigas, mestios; the lack of fighting skills of Goan and Kanara Christians.
13. A Tornado Defused: Haidars death; tributes from friend and foe alike; Sheik Ayazs defection; Gen. Mathews's capture of Nagar and Kanara in 1783.
14. The Shadow of God over Mangalore: Tipu in Mangalore; a series of disasters that threatened his rule while he was there-the French withdrawal, the decimation of his cavalry by monsoon rains, Shamaiya's attempted coup, Muhammad Ali's revolt, Fullarton's capture of Coimbatore and Palghat; the fall of Kannur.
15. Legitimizing a Legacy: The politics of legitimization in Indo-Muslim states; Tipus strategy; the tiger emblem, organ, throne, and bubry; the politics of temple patronage and demolition; the nasrani (European, Christian) as a target of the legitimization process.
16. To God, and towards Him only: The bitter Muslim-Portuguese rivalry along India's west coast; Tipus library; the Tuhfat al-mujahidin.
17. An Appropriation of nasranis: The enslavement of the Christians, Kodavas, and Nairs; suppression of Christianity.
18. The Making of Myths: The Captivity-the debunking of associated myths; analyses of charges made against the Kanara Christians: inviting the English to invade Kanara in 1781-82; provisioning and assisting Mathew's army when it landed and took possession of Honavar; plundering the treasury at Nagar; accompanying the detachment which captured Mangalore, provisioning it, guiding the detachment that defeated Husain Ali Khan and helping to repair the fort; loan of Rs 330,000 to the English; Christian soldiers deserting from Tipu's army to join the English.
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4 5
8. Beyond Mysore: Annexation of Ikkeri and Malabar; forced translocations.
9. Haidars Army: Transformation employing European tactics.
10. Hanging their Harps to Weep: Haidar's 52 English slave boys; military slavery- origins in Baghdad, employment in India before Haidar; the Christian dread of circumcision.
11. Haidars chelas: Haidars military slaves from Chitradurga, the Carnatic, and England; their training by circumcised English prisoners and sepoys.
12. The Hat Wearers and Others: Haidar's Christian soldiers -- topasses, Tamils, Kannadigas, mestios; the lack of fighting skills of Goan and Kanara Christians.
13. A Tornado Defused: Haidars death; tributes from friend and foe alike; Sheik Ayazs defection; Gen. Mathews's capture of Nagar and Kanara in 1783.
14. The Shadow of God over Mangalore: Tipu in Mangalore; a series of disasters that threatened his rule while he was there-the French withdrawal, the decimation of his cavalry by monsoon rains, Shamaiya's attempted coup, Muhammad Ali's revolt, Fullarton's capture of Coimbatore and Palghat; the fall of Kannur.
15. Legitimizing a Legacy: The politics of legitimization in Indo-Muslim states; Tipus strategy; the tiger emblem, organ, throne, and bubry; the politics of temple patronage and demolition; the nasrani (European, Christian) as a target of the legitimization process.
16. To God, and towards Him only: The bitter Muslim-Portuguese rivalry along India's west coast; Tipus library; the Tuhfat al-mujahidin.
17. An Appropriation of nasranis: The enslavement of the Christians, Kodavas, and Nairs; suppression of Christianity.
18. The Making of Myths: The Captivity-the debunking of associated myths; analyses of charges made against the Kanara Christians: inviting the English to invade Kanara in 1781-82; provisioning and assisting Mathew's army when it landed and took possession of Honavar; plundering the treasury at Nagar; accompanying the detachment which captured Mangalore, provisioning it, guiding the detachment that defeated Husain Ali Khan and helping to repair the fort; loan of Rs 330,000 to the English; Christian soldiers deserting from Tipu's army to join the English.
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8. Beyond Mysore: Annexation of Ikkeri and Malabar; forced translocations.
9. Haidars Army: Transformation employing European tactics.
10. Hanging their Harps to Weep: Haidar's 52 English slave boys; military slavery- origins in Baghdad, employment in India before Haidar; the Christian dread of circumcision.
11. Haidars chelas: Haidars military slaves from Chitradurga, the Carnatic, and England; their training by circumcised English prisoners and sepoys.
12. The Hat Wearers and Others: Haidar's Christian soldiers -- topasses, Tamils, Kannadigas, mestios; the lack of fighting skills of Goan and Kanara Christians.
13. A Tornado Defused: Haidars death; tributes from friend and foe alike; Sheik Ayazs defection; Gen. Mathews's capture of Nagar and Kanara in 1783.
14. The Shadow of God over Mangalore: Tipu in Mangalore; a series of disasters that threatened his rule while he was there-the French withdrawal, the decimation of his cavalry by monsoon rains, Shamaiya's attempted coup, Muhammad Ali's revolt, Fullarton's capture of Coimbatore and Palghat; the fall of Kannur.
15. Legitimizing a Legacy: The politics of legitimization in Indo-Muslim states; Tipus strategy; the tiger emblem, organ, throne, and bubry; the politics of temple patronage and demolition; the nasrani (European, Christian) as a target of the legitimization process.
16. To God, and towards Him only: The bitter Muslim-Portuguese rivalry along India's west coast; Tipus library; the Tuhfat al-mujahidin.
17. An Appropriation of nasranis: The enslavement of the Christians, Kodavas, and Nairs; suppression of Christianity.
18. The Making of Myths: The Captivity-the debunking of associated myths; analyses of charges made against the Kanara Christians: inviting the English to invade Kanara in 1781-82; provisioning and assisting Mathew's army when it landed and took possession of Honavar; plundering the treasury at Nagar; accompanying the detachment which captured Mangalore, provisioning it, guiding the detachment that defeated Husain Ali Khan and helping to repair the fort; loan of Rs 330,000 to the English; Christian soldiers deserting from Tipu's army to join the English.
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19. Early One Morning: The Captivity: statistics and individual stories; the date.
20. The Long and Winding Road: Rediscovering the road to exile-the main road connecting Kanara to the interior. Just short of 300 kms, it passed by Jamalabad, through the Kodekallu ghat, passed the forts of Ballalrayandurg and Vastare, through Belur, Hassan, and Channarayapatna to Srirangapatna.
21. Srirangapatna, City of Exile: Refuting Abbe Dubois; Christianity goes underground; the Virajpet records.
22. The Sultans Slaves: The lashkar-i-ahmadi composed on Kanara Christians and Kodavas; evidence from the Barkur Manuscript, Scurry, Bristow and others; women slaves; Scurrys wife.
23. A Goan Coup of Sorts: The failed coup of 1787-the first planned revolt by Indians, Goan Christian priests in this case, against European rule 70 years before the so-called Indian Mutiny; Tipus suspected role.
24. Heavy is the Crown: Tipu's Malabar campaign of 1789; Tellicherry as a refuge for Kanara Christians.
25. On a Night of a Million Stars: February 6, 1792; freedom in Kodagu; stirrings of revival in Kanara.
26. The Gathering Storm: The build up to the end.
27. May 4, 1799: The bitter end; Tipus death.
28. Missing out on Martyrs: The politics of martyrdom; its absence in the post-1799 reconstruction of the Christian identity.
29. This Land is my Land: Rehabilitation; re-writing history; fictional heroes -- Balthu Chutney, Sardar Simanv Pedru Prabhu; the real heroes of the Captivity.
Bibliography: 15 pages listing references on a range of topics and covering a period of centuries-ideal source material for future scholarship on these subjects. Those interested in listed e-books may contact the author for copies of those which are copyright-expired.
Sarasvati's Children is Alan's first serious attempt to explore the history of Mangalore's Catholic community of Brahman origin. It takes us through the traditions of the migrations of the Sarasvat Brahmans to Goa, theconversion of sections of their community to Christianity, their further migration to Kanara, and their deportation to Srirangapatna by Tipu.
The Captivity of 1784: Re-appraising Causes and Conclusions is a booklet that examines the Tipus motives in ordering the Captivity.
Shades within Shadows, a novel, uses simple and elegant language, with a rhyme and rhythm that adds a lilting touch to its prose, to tell a very human story of human foibles and quirks, weakness and inner strength, adversity and survival, exuberant youth and the loneliness of the ageing, and death. Set in the period from Tipus arrival in Mangalore to the Captivity, it delves into the Mangalorean Catholic communitys life in Tulunadus rich cultural world. It is, in the words of Mangalorean.com, a blend of raw history and mature narrative.
For copies of Slaves of Sultans and Shades within Shadows (others out of print) contact: Bangalore: GoaMangalore: +91-824-2434259, 99647 16942Overseas/mail order: [email protected], +91-832-2409490, +91-9822122436; atcbooks.in, +91-80-25487444; [email protected]
Slaves of Sultans 432 pages147000+ wordsGlossary (of Kannada, Konkani, Portuguese, Sanskrit,Persian, Arabic-origin words)Select chronologyIndexNine pages of mapsMakes a great gift ...
ATC Publications, [email protected], [email protected] +91-80-25487444 : Goa,1556, [email protected], +91-832-2409490, 98221 22436
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6 7
19. Early One Morning: The Captivity: statistics and individual stories; the date.
20. The Long and Winding Road: Rediscovering the road to exile-the main road connecting Kanara to the interior. Just short of 300 kms, it passed by Jamalabad, through the Kodekallu ghat, passed the forts of Ballalrayandurg and Vastare, through Belur, Hassan, and Channarayapatna to Srirangapatna.
21. Srirangapatna, City of Exile: Refuting Abbe Dubois; Christianity goes underground; the Virajpet records.
22. The Sultans Slaves: The lashkar-i-ahmadi composed on Kanara Christians and Kodavas; evidence from the Barkur Manuscript, Scurry, Bristow and others; women slaves; Scurrys wife.
23. A Goan Coup of Sorts: The failed coup of 1787-the first planned revolt by Indians, Goan Christian priests in this case, against European rule 70 years before the so-called Indian Mutiny; Tipus suspected role.
24. Heavy is the Crown: Tipu's Malabar campaign of 1789; Tellicherry as a refuge for Kanara Christians.
25. On a Night of a Million Stars: February 6, 1792; freedom in Kodagu; stirrings of revival in Kanara.
26. The Gathering Storm: The build up to the end.
27. May 4, 1799: The bitter end; Tipus death.
28. Missing out on Martyrs: The politics of martyrdom; its absence in the post-1799 reconstruction of the Christian identity.
29. This Land is my Land: Rehabilitation; re-writing history; fictional heroes -- Balthu Chutney, Sardar Simanv Pedru Prabhu; the real heroes of the Captivity.
Bibliography: 15 pages listing references on a range of topics and covering a period of centuries-ideal source material for future scholarship on these subjects. Those interested in listed e-books may contact the author for copies of those which are copyright-expired.
Sarasvati's Children is Alan's first serious attempt to explore the history of Mangalore's Catholic community of Brahman origin. It takes us through the traditions of the migrations of the Sarasvat Brahmans to Goa, theconversion of sections of their community to Christianity, their further migration to Kanara, and their deportation to Srirangapatna by Tipu.
The Captivity of 1784: Re-appraising Causes and Conclusions is a booklet that examines the Tipus motives in ordering the Captivity.
Shades within Shadows, a novel, uses simple and elegant language, with a rhyme and rhythm that adds a lilting touch to its prose, to tell a very human story of human foibles and quirks, weakness and inner strength, adversity and survival, exuberant youth and the loneliness of the ageing, and death. Set in the period from Tipus arrival in Mangalore to the Captivity, it delves into the Mangalorean Catholic communitys life in Tulunadus rich cultural world. It is, in the words of Mangalorean.com, a blend of raw history and mature narrative.
For copies of Slaves of Sultans and Shades within Shadows (others out of print) contact: Bangalore: GoaMangalore: +91-824-2434259, 99647 16942Overseas/mail order: [email protected], +91-832-2409490, +91-9822122436; atcbooks.in, +91-80-25487444; [email protected]
Slaves of Sultans 432 pages147000+ wordsGlossary (of Kannada, Konkani, Portuguese, Sanskrit,Persian, Arabic-origin words)Select chronologyIndexNine pages of mapsMakes a great gift ...
ATC Publications, [email protected], [email protected] +91-80-25487444 : Goa,1556, [email protected], +91-832-2409490, 98221 22436
6 7
19. Early One Morning: The Captivity: statistics and individual stories; the date.
20. The Long and Winding Road: Rediscovering the road to exile-the main road connecting Kanara to the interior. Just short of 300 kms, it passed by Jamalabad, through the Kodekallu ghat, passed the forts of Ballalrayandurg and Vastare, through Belur, Hassan, and Channarayapatna to Srirangapatna.
21. Srirangapatna, City of Exile: Refuting Abbe Dubois; Christianity goes underground; the Virajpet records.
22. The Sultans Slaves: The lashkar-i-ahmadi composed on Kanara Christians and Kodavas; evidence from the Barkur Manuscript, Scurry, Bristow and others; women slaves; Scurrys wife.
23. A Goan Coup of Sorts: The failed coup of 1787-the first planned revolt by Indians, Goan Christian priests in this case, against European rule 70 years before the so-called Indian Mutiny; Tipus suspected role.
24. Heavy is the Crown: Tipu's Malabar campaign of 1789; Tellicherry as a refuge for Kanara Christians.
25. On a Night of a Million Stars: February 6, 1792; freedom in Kodagu; stirrings of revival in Kanara.
26. The Gathering Storm: The build up to the end.
27. May 4, 1799: The bitter end; Tipus death.
28. Missing out on Martyrs: The politics of martyrdom; its absence in the post-1799 reconstruction of the Christian identity.
29. This Land is my Land: Rehabilitation; re-writing history; fictional heroes -- Balthu Chutney, Sardar Simanv Pedru Prabhu; the real heroes of the Captivity.
Bibliography: 15 pages listing references on a range of topics and covering a period of centuries-ideal source material for future scholarship on these subjects. Those interested in listed e-books may contact the author for copies of those which are copyright-expired.
Sarasvati's Children is Alan's first serious attempt to explore the history of Mangalore's Catholic community of Brahman origin. It takes us through the traditions of the migrations of the Sarasvat Brahmans to Goa, theconversion of sections of their community to Christianity, their further migration
The Captivity of 1784: Re-appraising Causes and Conclusions is a booklet that examines the Tipus motives in ordering the Captivity.
Shades within Shadows, a novel, uses simple and elegant language, with a rhyme and rhythm that adds a lilting touch to its prose, to tell a very human story of human foibles and quirks, weakness and inner strength, adversity and survival,
Tipus arrival in Mangalore to the Captivity, it delves into the Mangalorean Catholic communitys life in Tulunadus rich cultural world. It is, in the words of Mangalorean.com, a blend of raw history and mature narrative.
For copies of Slaves of Sultans and Shades within Shadows (others out of print) contact: Bangalore: GoaMangalore: +91-824-2434259, 99647 16942Overseas/mail order: [email protected], +91-832-2409490, +91-9822122436; atcbooks.in, +91-80-25487444; [email protected]
Slaves of Sultans 432 pages147000+ wordsGlossary (of Kannada, Konkani, Portuguese, Sanskrit,Persian, Arabic-origin words)Select chronologyIndexNine pages of mapsMakes a great gift ...
ATC Publications, [email protected], [email protected] +91-80-25487444 : Goa,1556, [email protected], +91-832-2409490, 98221 22436
to Kanara, and their deportation to Srirangapatna by Tipu.
exuberant youth and the loneliness of the ageing, and death. Set in the period from
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JUST RELEASED
AN INCISIVE HISTORICAL WORK EXPLORING
A COMMUNITY'S SURVIVING THE POLICIES OF TWO STATES
