Slavery and the Formation of the Atlantic World
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Slavery and the Formation of the Atlantic World
Readings: Smith, et al., 570-577, 732-750, 766-767, 819-820
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Slavery and the Making of an Atlantic Economy
Coastal Africans so wealthy from slave trade, can keep Europeans out
Do allow Europeans to establish forts along coast
Slaves collected at prisons in these forts for overseas voyage
Portugal, Spain, England, France, the Dutch all have forts
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Elmina Fort
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Atlantic Slave Trade
18th Century Alone:
400,000 slaves imported into North America
1 million slaves imported into Spanish America
More than 1 million slaves imported into the Caribbean, including the French Caribbean (Saint Domingue, Guadeloupe, Martinique)
More than 3 million slaves imported into Brazil
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Impact of Slavery Europeans became very
wealthy from slave trade alone
Africans became enchained
Many Africans die before arrival and many more very sick
The attitude towards slaves was worse than animals
Dead/rebellious slaves thrown overboard—slavers collect insurance
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Across the Ocean Used for Agricultural
Labor on plantations – sugar, rum, cotton, coffee, tobacco, indigo, cacao (chocolate)
Used also in mining (gold, silver, diamonds)
Produced 1/3 of the Value of European commerce
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Saint Domingue (Haiti) Saint Domingue (Haiti) was maybe the worst
Mostly produced sugar; tobacco also important It was cheaper to work the slaves to death and buy new
ones than to take care of them Main form of resistance: creation of maroon societies It had heavy African influence
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Society in Saint Domingue Much race mingling Much emancipation on the
death of slave owner: Rise of free wealthy
landowning Mulattos: General George Dumas-
freed slave, father of Alexandre
Wanted preservation of slavery
Wanted to be treated as equals of white planters
Whites, especially poor whites, hated them
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Brazil Similar to Saint Domingue 17th C: Main crop sugar,
cashasa 18th C: gold, diamonds 19th C: coffee Worked slaves to death Early Slave revolt where
the slaves refused to eat. Many new Africans Constant revolts--quilimbos Much race mixing Slavery abolished in 1888.
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Engenho – Site of Sugar Production
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Prayer of St. Francis – Bahian Chuches dedicated to Saint Francis?
Lord, make me an instrument of your peace, Where there is hatred, let me sow love;where there is injury, pardon;where there is doubt, faith;where there is despair, hope;where there is darkness, light;where there is sadness, joy;
How did Portuguese Christians reconcile their religion with their treatment of slaves?
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Portuguese in the World Economy-Items found in 18th C Shipwreck Near Bahia
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United States—the South Big crop—tobacco—”the
sot weed” – later cotton Rice – introduced by
Africans Encouraged slave
breeding so there was less direct African influence-few slave imports after the 18th century
Compared to Saint Domingue and Brazil,
Slave birth rates relatively high
Slave death rates relatively low
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Was Slavery “Better” in the U.S.?
Extreme open antipathy to race-mixing Anti-
mescegination laws
But ….
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Impact of Slavery in the Americas
Ecology: Rice introduced
from Africa Medicinal/healing
plants Economy:
Plantation economy – new crops
Language: Pidgeon creole
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Religious Impact in the Americas
Saint Domingue/Haiti:Vudon
Cuba, Spanish America: Santeria
Brazil: Macumba, Condomble,
Islam, Catholicism (African Church – Bahia)
U.S. South: Methodist Episcopal
Church, Gospel Churches
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Religious Syncretism in Brazil
Creation of new hybrid beliefs joining African, Christian, and perhaps some native religion Slaves from West
Africans identified their deities (orixãs) with Christian saints
Yemaja – spirit of the seas associated with the Virgin Mary
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Xango – God of Thunder
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African Influences in the Americas
Dance: Capoeira, Samba (Brazil), Tango (Argentina), Salsa, Merengue
Music: Reggae Much American “folk”
music Blues Jazz Rock Hip Hop World Music
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Slavery and Racism Renaissance
paintings include Africans as equals.
Race became linked with color in the Americas.
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How Europeans justified slavery?
The Bible Curse of the “Sons of Ham,” Noah’s son – descendants to be slaves of his brothers
Economy/ Property
“Civilizing” Mission
Growing Racism
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Forces to end slavery Abolitionist
Movements Slave Revolts Quakers Some
Enlightenment Thinkers
Economically unprofitable?
Wars
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