Slide 1

Chapter 2 Africans in the Atlantic World From Slavery to Freedom 9 th ed.

Slide 2

2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Portuguese ships sailing along West African coast

Slide 3

Finding New Lands and Labor Africans and the Conquistadors African-descended conquistadors Juan Garrido served under Ponce de Leon, and later in the Aztec conquest under Hernando Corts Estevan valuable ability to learn and interpret Indian languages Demand for Slave Labor Slave labor key for exploitation of New World resources Africans brought in to replenish Indian laborers who were susceptible to European disease 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

Slide 4

4 Juan Garrido

Slide 5

Finding New Lands and Labor From Indenture to Slavery Land-to-man ratio in New World required many laborers Use of white-indentured labor became unsatisfactory to white colonizers By late 17 th century, New World land owners began to favor black slaves Slaves could be purchased, stabilizing labor supply Could be easily apprehended because of color 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

Slide 6

6 Routes of the Slave Trade

Slide 7

Trading in Slaves Acquiring Slaves Slave traders developed slave trafficking technique Slaves mostly obtained through negotiation, although slave raids by Europeans also occurred Africans in the Slave Trade Africans generally captured people for sale Did not want Europeans to move to interior Europeans followed strict protocol to secure permission to trade from African rulers and traders 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7

Slide 8

8 Christiansborg Castle, Gold Coast, ca. 1750

Slide 9

Trading in Slaves Slave Trade Challenges Delays caused by disposing of trade goods Not a sufficient number of slaves at single trading post The Trauma of Capture Africans initial contact with whites traumatic African Resistance Africans offered stiff resistance to their capture, sale, and transport Revolts 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9

Slide 10

The Middle Passage Voyage to America called the middle passage Ships were overcrowded; disease rampant; extensive slave mortality A Profitable Trade Slave trade one of the most important sources of European wealth in the 17 th and 18 th centuries Approximately 12.5 million slaves transported during Atlantic slave trade era 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

Slide 11

Slavery in the Caribbean First large shipments of slaves sent to Caribbean The Spanish Monopoly Spains Caribbean holdings produced staple crops English attempts to break the Spanish slave trade monopoly in the Caribbean Loss of Spanish Control In 17 th century, West Indies became pawn in European diplomacy 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11

Slide 12

Slavery in the Caribbean Living Conditions Absentee landlordism; Islands not considered place of residence, but merely source of wealth Overseers broke in new slaves; mortality rate for recent arrivals extremely high Food for slaves insufficient Slave Codes On many islands, Africans outnumbered whites Slave codes passed to regulate slave activity 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12

Slide 13

Slavery in the Caribbean Punishment Overseers lash most common punishment Slave Revolts Almost every island has record of serious revolt Maroons Jamaican slaves who revolted and ran away to form communities in interior mountain sections Maroons fought guerilla-style war against British Tackys Rebellion no match for superior British forces 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13

Slide 14

2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14 Harsh treatment of slaves

Slide 15

Slavery in the Caribbean Seasoned Slaves Slaves considered seasoned after learning plantation regimen and adjusting to climate, food, and disease Seasoned slaves were re-exported to other places such as Cuba and the North American mainland 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15

Slide 16

Slavery in Mainland Latin America Mexico More than 60,000 slaves entered Mexico during first century of conquest Central America Africans a small but important segment of population Some freed slaves developed into substantial citizens 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16

Slide 17

Slavery in Mainland Latin America South America Largest concentration of blacks in continental Spanish America was in New Granada (modern- day Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador) The Viceroyalty of Peru Concentration of slaves in Lima, which also served as a market for Andean herders and planters Uruguay and Argentina Major ports for slave trade 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17

Slide 18

Slavery in Mainland Latin America Brazil Introduction of sugar stimulated importance of African slave labor Five centers of distribution that sent slaves into various parts of Brazil Brazil received largest percentage of all slaves brought to the New World Three distinct groups of slaves in colonial Brazil: Urban Mining Plantation 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18

Slide 19

Slavery in Mainland Latin America Uprisings and Revolts Slaves in South America made constant trouble Republic of Palmares created by insurgent slaves Existed from 1630 to 1697 Created community institutions based on West African models 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19

Slide 20

Slave Societies in the Americas The Catholic Church Catholic church played role in shaping slave experience in Latin America Slaves baptized Married in the church No law forbidding them to read Slaves not permitted to work on Sundays and feast days Intermarriage More interracial marriage; choices for white men in Latin America extremely limited 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20