Skyscrapers Jake Fears Jonathan Neubauer. History Increase in urban commerce Invention of the...
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Transcript of Skyscrapers Jake Fears Jonathan Neubauer. History Increase in urban commerce Invention of the...
History Increase in urban commerce Invention of the Elevator (1857)Cast Iron framework
(circa 1848)The Bessemer Process
Empire State
Population of New YorkCity of New York & Boroughs:
Population & Population Density from 1790
Year Total Manhattan Bronx Brooklyn QueensStaten Island
1790 49 32 2 5 6 41800 79 61 2 6 7 51810 120 96 3 8 7 51820 152 123 3 11 8 61830 242 203 3 21 9 71840 391 313 5 47 14 111850 696 516 8 139 19 151860 1,175 814 24 279 33 251870 1,478 942 37 420 45 331880 1,912 1,165 52 599 57 391890 2,507 1,441 89 838 87 521900 3,437 1,850 201 1,167 153 671910 4,767 2,332 431 1,634 284 851920 5,621 2,284 732 2,018 469 1171930 6,930 1,867 1,265 2,560 1,079 1581940 7,455 1,890 1,395 2,698 1,297 1741950 7,892 1,960 1,451 2,738 1,551 1921960 7,782 1,698 1,425 2,627 1,810 2221970 7,896 1,539 1,472 2,602 1,987 2951980 7,072 1,428 1,169 2,231 1,891 3521990 7,323 1,488 1,204 2,301 1,952 3792000 8,008 1,537 1,333 2,465 2,229 443
POPULATION (In Thousands)
Data from decennial US Census
Flatiron Building1902
Woolworth Building
First ‘Safe’ Passenger Elevator
Haughwout Building New York, NY 490 Broadway Hydraulically
actuated lift
Chrysler Building
Bessemer Process
• At first, air was injected into molten steel to reduce the impurities, and increase the temperature of the steel
•Later, carbon and manganese were added to improved the strength, and eliminate the effects of other impurities, mainly sulfur
•High volume, cheap, strong steel was the result
Prominent Towers in New York
World Trade Center
Empire State Building
Trump Tower
Chrysler BuildingChrysler Building
Metlife BuildingMetlife Building
Prominent Towers in other cities
John Hancock Tower,Boston, Mass.
Sears Tower,Chicago, IL.
Bank of AmericaDallas, Texas
Prominent Towers in othercities, continued..
Petronas Twin TowersKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Burj Al Arab,Dubai, UAE
CommerzbankCommerzbankFrankfurtFrankfurt, GermanyGermany
The Future of Skyscrapers, Under Construction (completion date)
Taipei Financial Center – 101 stories, under construction (est. 2003)
Shanghai World Financial Center (est. 2006)
7 South Dearborn – Chicago IL.1,550 ft. (est. 2004)
The future of Skyscrapers,The Dreams
The Illinois, Frank Lloyd Wright1 mile high
X-Seed 4000, 13000 feet,over 1 million people
Roxas TriangleManila, Philippines
The Future of Skyscrapers,The Dreams continued
Millenium Tower, Tokyo,Millenium Tower, Tokyo,Proposed offshore city – Proposed offshore city – 840 m, 170 stories840 m, 170 stories
Russia Tower,Moscow126 stories
The UltimaOver 2 miles high
The Future of Skyscrapers,The Dreams continued
Bionic Tower, Shanghai100,000 people 3,700 ft, 300 floors
Kowloon MTR Tower,Hong Kong1575 feet
Miglin-Beitler Tower,Chicago, ILOver 140 stories
ConclusionBuildings are getting taller and larger at
an increasing rate.Advances in metallurgy, elevators,
foundations and computer design techniques are pushing the limit, all based upon what history has proven.