I. CALVARIUM = SKULL CAP-

Consists of bones linkedby sutures

SKULL SESSION- bones rigidly connected by sutures to protect brain; attach, move eyes

FRONTAL (1)

BONES OF CALVARIUMPARIETAL (2)

FRONTAL (1)

OCCIPITAL (1)

SPHENOID (1)

TEMPORAL (2)

NOSE

C. LANDMARKS

1. BREGMA – MID-POINT OF CORONAL SUTURE

2. LAMBDA – MID-POINT OF LAMBDOIDAL SUTURE

3. LAMBDOIDAL SUTURE

2. SAGITTAL SUTURE

1. CORONAL SUTURE

B. SUTURESNOSE

LAMBDA -Greek letter

superior (top) view

posterior (back) view

CORONAL SUTURE LANDMARKS

3. PTERION

- JUNCTION OF TEMPORAL SPHENOID PARIETAL AND FRONTAL BONES

NOSE

1. ANTERIOR FONTANELLEAT BREGMA

3. LATERAL FONTANELLEAT PTERION

2. POSTERIOR FONTANELLE -AT LAMBDA

- FONTANELLES (' soft spots' ) PERMIT CRANIAL COMPRESSION AT BIRTH - CRANIAL GROWTH

D. FONTANELLES – Membranes that link bones at birth

Note: Anterior fontanelle canbe used to access Superior Sagittal venous sinus in neonates

**

*

PARIETALEMISSARYFORAMINA

MASTOIDEMISSARYFORAMEN

EMISSARY VEIN - SCALP TO DIPLOE, SCALP TO SINUS, DIPLOE TO SINUS

BRIDGING VEIN - SURFACE OF BRAIN (CEREBRAL VEIN) TO VENOUS SINUS

EMISSARY VEINS VS BRIDGING VEINS

SCALP

DIPLOE

BRAIN

note: Emissary vein - 'outside' to sinus; Bridging vein - brain (inside) to sinus

VENOUSSINUS

ZYGOMATICO-FACIAL FORAMEN – IN ZYGOMATIC BONE

INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN - IN MAXILLARY BONE

MENTAL FORAMEN- IN MANDIBLE BELOW SECOND PREMOLAR TOOTH

FACE - FRONT OF SKULL

SUPRAORBITAL FORAMEN – INMAXILLARY BONE

ZYGOMATIC ARCH-

1)ZYGOMATIC BONE

2)MAXILLARY BONE-ZYGOMATIC PROCESS

3)TEMPORAL BONE-ZYGOMATIC PROCESS

TEMPORAL BONE - PARTS

1)MASTOID PROCESS - hard2)SQUAMOUS PART- flat 3)TYMPANIC PART - ANT. TO EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS

TEMPORO-MANDIBULAR JOINT-FROM RAMUS OF MANDIBLE

2. LATERAL VIEW OF SKULL

4)PETROUS PART – inside skull

KNOW FOR FACIALFRACTURES

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- Sphenoid bone forms parts of all cranial fossae; has:

i) Lesser Wing above Superior Orbital Fissure;

ii) Greater Wing-Below Superior Orbital Fissureextends laterally;

iii) Sella Turcica-(turkish saddle) depression above main part (body)

LESSER WING OF SPHENOID

GREATER WING

SELLA TURCICA

SPHENOID BONE - INSIDE SKULL

TURKISHSADDLE

IICRANIAL NERVESARE NUMBEREDACCORDINGTO THEIR POSITION ON THE BRAINSTEM

IIIIVVVI

VII, VIIIIX, XXI

XII

ANTERIOR

POSTERIOR

CRANIAL NERVES

I

II

III, IV, V1, VIV2V3Middle Meningeal A.VII, VIIIIX, X, XIXII

NOSE

OLFACTORYFORAMEN –CN IOLFACTORYNERVEDAMAGE -ANOSMIA(LOSS OF SMELL)

CRISTAGALLIOFETHMOID

OPTICFORAMEN CN IIOPTICNERVE,OPHTHALMICARTERY

*

SUPERIORORBITALFISSURE –CN III, IVV1, VIOPHTHALMICVEINS

CAVERNOUSSINUS

SELLA TURCICA -PITUITARYGLAND

VENOUS SINUSES

7. Cavernous sinuses - in middle cranial fossa; on side of the body of the sphenoid bone; connected by Intercavernous sinus; receive blood from Sup. and Inf. Ophthalmic veins, Cerebral veins; drain to Sup. and Inf. Petrosal sinuses

8. Sup. and Inf. Petrosal sinuses - on petrous part of temporal boneSup. drains to TransverseInf. Drains to Internal Jugular

FORAMENROTUNDUM –CN V2

FORAMENOVALE –CN V3

FORAMENSPINOSUM -MiddleMeningealArtery,Nervus Spinosus

OPENINGOFCAROTIDCANAL(FORAMENLACERUM)

CAVERNOUSSINUS

PITUITARY

CAV.SINUS

INTERNALCAROTID

IIIIV

V1,V2

VI

STRUCTURES PASSING THROUGH WALL OF CAVERNOUSSINUS - Int. Carotid A., Cranial N.'s III, IV, V1, V2, VI;Clinical sign of Infection in Sinus – ‘BLURRED’ VISION (Diplopia)

INTERNALAUDITORYMEATUS –VII, VIII

JUGULARFORAMEN –CN IX, X, XI

HYPOGLOSSALCANAL –CN XII

FORAMENMAGNUM

I. OLFACTORY - sense of smellII. OPTIC - visionIII. OCULOMOTOR - eye movementIV. TROCHLEAR - eye movementV. TRIGEMINAL - touch, general sensation to skin, oral cavity, nasal cavity + moreVI. ABDUCENS - eye movementVII. FACIAL - muscles of facial expression + lots moreVIII. VESTIBULO-COCHLEAR -hearing and balanceIX. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL -sensory to pharynx +moreX. VAGUS - larynx, pharynx + rest of bodyXI. ACCESSORY -sternocleidomastoid, trapeziusXII. HYPOGLOSSAL - muscles of tongue

I II

III

IVV VI

VII+VIII

IX, X+XI XII

CRANIAL NERVES

VENOUS SINUSES OF BRAINSUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS

INFERIORSAGITTALSINUS

STRAIGHTSINUS

TRANSVERSESINUS

CAVERNOUSSINUS

SIGMOID SINUS

INTERNAL JUGULARVEIN

falx cerebri

tentorium cerebelli

TransverseTransverse

Sigmoid

VENOUS SINUSES4. Transverse sinuses - in lateral fixed part of tentorium; receive blood from Sup. Sagittal or Confluens5. Sigmoid sinuses - S-shaped continuation of Transverse; endin Jugular Foramen; form Internal Jugular Vein6. Occipital Sinuses - in falx cerebelli; drain to Confluens

Sigmoid

NOSE

VENOUS SINUSES MAKE GROOVES IN CRANIAL CAVITY

TRANSVERSESINUS

SIGMOIDSINUS

VENOUS SINUSES

7. Cavernous sinuses - in middle cranial fossa; on side of the body of the sphenoid bone; connected by Intercavernous sinus; receive blood from Sup. and Inf. Ophthalmic veins, Cerebral veins; drain to Sup. and Inf. Petrosal sinuses

8. Sup. and Inf. Petrosal sinuses - on petrous part of temporal boneSup. drains to TransverseInf. Drains to Internal Jugular

VENOUS SINUSES MAKE GROOVES IN CRANIAL CAVITY

INFERIORPETROSALSINUS

SUPERIORPETROSALSINUS

CAVERNOUSSINUS

HEAD CUT IN CORONAL PLANE

RELATIONS OF ORBIT

1) ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA - SUPERIOR TO ROOF

ORBIT

2) MAXILLARY SINUS -INFERIOR TO FLOOR

3) NASAL CAVITY -MEDIAL TO MEDIAL WALL OF ORBIT

BONES OF ORBIT

FORAMINA- MOST THINGS ENTER ORBIT FROM MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA

1) OPTIC CANAL- IN BASE OF LESSER WING OF SPHENOID BONE, CONTAINS OPTIC NERVE (II) and OPHTHALMIC ARTERY

2) SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE - BETWEEN GREATER AND LESSER WINGS OF SPHENOID, CONTAINS III, IV, V1, VI, OPHTHALMIC VEINS

B. FORAMINA OF ORBIT

OPTICFORAMEN CN IIOPTICNERVEOPHTHALMICARTERY

SUPERIORORBITALFISSURE –CN III, IVV1, VI,OPHTHALMICVEINS

SUPERIORORBITALFISSURE

INFERIORORBITALFISSURE

SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

1) OPTIC CANAL- IN BASE OF LESSER WING OF SPHENOID BONE,CONTAINS OPTIC NERVE AND OPHTHALMIC ARTERY

2) SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSUREBETWEEN GREATER AND LESSER WINGS OF SPHENOID, CONTAINS III, IV, V1, VI, OPTHALMIC VEINS

NOSE

2) ANT. AND POST. ETHMOIDAL FORAMINA-BETWEEN ETHMOID AND FRONTAL BONES -CONNECT ORBIT AND NASAL CAVITIES -CONTAIN ANT AND POST ETHMOIDAL N., A. AND V. (V1 AND OPHTHALMIC A.)

ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL FORAMINA

OPENING OF 3) NASOLACRIMAL DUCT- IN MAXILLARY, LACRIMAL BONES AND INF. NASAL CONCHA -CONTAINS MEMBRANEOUS NASOLACRIMAL DUCT AND TEARS

NASOLACRIMAL DUCT

NASOLACRIMAL DUCT