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SKID RESISTANCE PERFORMANCE
ENHANCEMENT USING DIFFERENT
MACROTEXTURE PARAMETERS
IN CHIP SEAL
THEN KANG JIN
B. ENG (HONS.) CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
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SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have checked this thesis and in my opinion, this thesis is adequate
in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering
(Hons).
_______________________________
(Supervisor’s Signature)
Full Name : INTAN SUHANA BINTI MOHD RAZELAN
Position : SENIOR LECTURER
Date : 16 JUNE 2017
_______________________________
(Co-supervisor’s Signature)
Full Name :
Position :
Date :
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STUDENT’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is based on my original work except for
quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has
not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Malaysia
Pahang or any other institutions.
_______________________________
(Student’s Signature)
Full Name : THEN KANG JIN
ID Number : AA13192
Date : 16 JUNE 2017
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SKID RESISTANCE PERFORMANCE
ENHANCEMENT USING DIFFERENT
MACROTEXTURE PARAMETERS
IN CHIP SEAL
THEN KANG JIN
Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the
Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
JUNE 2017
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Intan
Suhana binti Mohd Razelan for the continuous encouragement, advice, support and
guidance in making this study possible. Her guidance helped me in all the time of research
and writing this thesis.
I would like to thank you my beloved family for encouraging me with their best
wishes. Appreciation also expressed to my fellow friends who always give suggestions
to improve my performance in this study.
Last but not least, thank you to all who are involved directly or indirectly in
ensuring the smoothness of this study. Thank you so much.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
DECLARATION
TITLE PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
ABSTRACT iv
ABSTRAK v
TABLE OF CONTENT vi
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF SYMBOLS xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 1
1.1.1 Skid Resistance 1
1.1.2 Pavement Surface Characteristics 1
1.1.3 Macrotexture 2
1.1.4 Chip Seal 3
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 3
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 4
1.4 SCOPE OF RESEARCH 5
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH 5
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 SKID RESISTANCE 6
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2.2 CHIP SEAL 8
2.3 MACROTEXTURE 10
2.4 BINDER CONTENT 12
2.5 SAND PATCH TEST 12
2.6 BRITISH PENDULUM TEST 14
2.7 SUMMARY 16
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 17
3.1 INTRODUCTION 17
3.1.1 Flow Diagram for Methodology 17
3.1.2 Flow Diagram for Laboratory Work 18
3.2 PREPARATION OF CHIP SEAL ON ASPHALT CONCRETE
PAVEMENT SAMPLES 20
3.2.1 Preparation of Asphalt Concrete Pavement Samples 20
3.2.2 Determination of Aggregate Sizes of Chip Seal 23
3.2.3 Brushing of Binder 23
3.2.4 Spreading of Chip Seal 24
3.3 VOLUMETRIC PATCH METHOD 24
3.3.1 Test Method 24
3.3.2 Material and Apparatus 25
3.4 BRITISH PENDULUM TEST 26
3.4.1 Test Method 26
3.4.2 Machinery and Apparatus 28
3.5 SUMMARY 28
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29
4.1 INTRODUCTION 29
4.2 MEAN TEXTURE DEPTH (MTD) 29
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4.3 BRITISH PENDULUM NUMBER (BPN) 32
4.4 CORRELATION OF MEAN TEXTURE DEPTH (MTD) AND
BRITISH PENDULUM NUMBER (BPN) 35
4.5 SUMMARY 37
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 38
5.1 CONCLUSION 38
5.2 RECOMMENDATION 39
REFERENCES 40
APPENDIX A 45
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page
Table 1.1 PIARC Texture Definitions 2
Table 2.1 Factors which affecting pavement friction 7
Table 2.2 Temperature corrections for BPN readings using the Transport
Research Laboratory rubber slider 15
Table 3.1 Calculation of pavement sample for wearing course (AC 14) 22
Table 4.1 Average diameter of 22 asphalt concrete pavement samples 30
Table 4.2 Mean texture depth of 22 asphalt concrete pavement samples 30
Table 4.3 British Pendulum Number (BPN) and average BPN of 22 asphalt
concrete pavement samples 33
Table 4.4 Mean texture depth (MTD) and British Pendulum Number (BPN) of
21 asphalt concrete pavement samples 35
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page
Figure 1.1 Difference between microtexture and macrotexture 3
Figure 2.1 Single chip seal & double chip seal 9
Figure 2.2 Example of microtexture and macrotexture 11
Figure 2.3 Sand patch test 14
Figure 3.1 Flow diagram for methodology 18
Figure 3.2 Flow diagram for laboratory work 19
Figure 3.3 Delivering aggregates from store 21
Figure 3.4 Sieve shaker 21
Figure 3.5 Conventional bitumen with grade 80 – 100 23
Figure 3.6 Single chip seals 24
Figure 3.7 Asphalt concrete pavement sample undergoes volumetric patch
method 25
Figure 3.8 The weight of measuring cylinder with sand was measured 26
Figure 3.9 British pendulum tester 28
Figure 4.1 MTD from previous study compare with thesis result 32
Figure 4.2 BPN from previous study compare with thesis result 34
Figure 4.3 Relationship between mean texture depth (MTD) and British
Pendulum Number (BPN) of 21 asphalt concrete pavement
samples 36
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
R
%
g
ml
℃
Correlation coefficient
Percent
Gram
Milliliter
Degree Celsius
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PIARC World Road Association
MTD
MIROS
BPN
JKR
TNZ
ASTM
AC
PCC
Mean Texture Depth
Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research
British Pendulum Number
Public Works of Malaysia
Transit New Zealand
American Society for Testing and Materials
Asphaltic Concrete
Portland Cement Concrete