Sistema Métrico e Constantes de conversão

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Appendix A has three parts. Part 1 deals with the metric

system, Part 2 discusses the Système International d’Unités

(SI units), and Part 3 presents conversion factors for clinical

hematology and clinical chemistry.

PART 1 • The Metric System

Most measurements in science are expressed in terms of the

metric system. This system uses units that are related to one an-

other by a power of 10. The prefix centi- means one-hundredth,

milli- means one-thousandth, and kilo- is derived from a word

that means one thousand. In the following sections, we show

the relationship between metric units and English units of

measurement that are relevant to the material presented in this

book.

UNITS OF MASS (WEIGHT)

Use the following conversions for common units of mass

(weight) and volume. For example, 1 ounce 0.06 pound.

Two ounces would therefore equal 2 0.06 0.12 pound,

and 16 ounces 0.96 pound (16 0.06).

Appendix A

The Metric System and Conversion Constants

in Exercise Physiology

UNITS OF LENGTH

EQUIVALENT EQUIVALENT

METRIC UNIT METRIC UNITS ENGLISH UNITS

meter (m) 100 cm; 1000 mm 39.37 in;3.28 ft; 1.09 yd

centimeter (cm) 0.01 m; 10 mm 0.3937 in

millimeter (mm) 0.001 m; 0.1 cm 0.03937 in

UNITS OF MASS (WEIGHT)


METRIC UNIT METRIC UNITS ENGLISH UNITS

kilogram (kg) 1000 g 35.3 oz;

1,000,000 mg 2.2046 lb

gram (g) 0.001 kg

1000 mg 0.353 oz

milligram (mg) 0.000001 kg

0.001 0.0000353 oz

UNITS OF VOLUME


METRIC

UNIT

METRIC

UNITS

ENGLISH

UNITS

liter (L) 1000 mL 1.057 qt

milliliter (mL) 0.001 L 0.001057 qt

or cubic centimeter (cc)

TEMPERATURE

To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius: °C (°F 32) 1.8

To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit: °F (1.8 °C) 32

On the Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at 32°F and boils at 212°F.

On the Celsius scale, water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C.



Terminology and Units of Measurement

The American College of Sports Medicine suggests that the

following terminology and units of measurement be used in

scientific endeavors to promote consistency and clarity of

communication, and to avoid ambiguity. The terms defined

below utilize the units of measurement of the Système Inter-

national d’Unités (SI units).

Exercise: Any and all activity involving generation

of force by the activated muscle(s) that results in disruption

of a homeostatic state. In dynamic exercise, the muscle may

perform shortening (concentric) contractions or be over-

come by external resistance and perform lengthening (ec-

centric) contractions. When muscle force results in

no movement, the contraction should be termed static or

isometric.

Exercise intensity:A specific level of maintenance of

muscular activity quantified in terms of power (energy ex-

penditure or work performed per unit of time), isometric force

sustained, or velocity of progression.

Endurance: The time limit of a person’s ability to main-

tain either a specific isometric force or a specific power level

involving combinations of concentric or eccentric muscular

contractions.

Mass: A quantity of matter of an object, a direct measure

of the object’s inertia (note: mass weight acceleration

due to gravity; unit: gram or kilogram).

Weight: The force with which a quantity of matter is at-

tracted toward Earth by normal acceleration of gravity (tradi-

tional unit: kilogram).

Energy: The capability of producing force, performing

work, or generating heat (unit: joule or kilojoule).

Force: That which changes or tends to change the state

of rest or motion in matter (unit: newton).

Speed: Total distance traveled per unit of time (unit: me-

ters per second).

Velocity: Displacement per unit of time. A vector quan-

tity requiring that direction be stated or strongly implied (unit:

meters per second or kilometers per hour).

Work: Force expressed through a distance but with no

limitation on time (unit: joule or kilojoule). Quantities of en-

ergy and heat expressed independently of time should also be

presented in joules. The term “work” should not be employed

synonymously with muscular exercise.

Power: The rate of performing work; the derivative of

work with respect to time; the product of force and velocity

(unit: watt). Other related processes such as energy release

and heat transfer should, when expressed per unit of time, be

quantified and presented in watts.

Torque: Effectiveness of a force to produce axial rotation

(unit: newton meter).

Volume: A space occupied, for example, by a quantity of

fluid gas (unit: liter or milliliter). Gas volumes should be in-

dicated as ATPS, BTPS, or STPD.

Amount of a substance: The amount of a substance is

frequently expressed in moles. A mole is the quantity of a

chemical substance that has a weight in mass units (e.g.,

grams) numerically equal to the molecular weight, or that in

the case of a gas has a volume occupied by such a weight un-

der specified conditions. One mole of a respiratory gas is

equal to 22.4 liters at STPD.

1052 APPENDIXES

UNITS OF SPEED

MPH KM HR1 M S1 MPH KM HR1 M S1

1 1.6 0.47 11 17.7 5.17

2 3.2 0.94 12 19.3 5.64

3 4.8 1.41 13 20.9 6.11

4 6.4 1.88 14 22.5 6.58

5 8.0 2.35 15 24.1 7.05

6 9.6 2.82 16 25.8 7.527 11.2 3.29 17 27.4 7.99

8 12.8 3.76 18 29.0 8.46

9 14.4 4.23 19 30.6 8.93

10 16.0 4.70 20 32.2 9.40

COMMON EXPRESSIONS OF WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER

WATTS KILOCALORIES (KCAL) FOOT-POUNDS (FT-LB)

1 watt 0.73756 ft-lb s1 1 kcal 3086 ft-lb 1 ft lb 3.2389 103 kcal

1 watt 0.01433 kcal min1 1 kcal 426.8 kg-m 1 ft lb 0.13825 kg-m

1 watt 1.341 103 hp 1 kcal 3087.4 ft-lb 1 ft lb 5.050

or 0.0013 hp 1 kcal 1.5593 103 hp h1

1 watt 6.12 kg-m min1 103 hp h1



APPENDIX A • The Metric System and Conversion Constants in Exercise Physiology 1053

PART 2 • SI UnitsThe uniform numerical value system is known as the Système

International d’Unités, or its abbreviation, SI. SI was devel-

oped through international cooperation to create a universally

acceptable system of measurement. SI ensures that units of

measurement are uniform in concept and style. The SI system

permits quantities in common use to be more easily com-

pared. Many scientific organizations endorse the concept of

the SI, and leading journals in nutrition, health, and exercise

science now require that laboratory data be presented in SI

units. The information in this appendix has been summarized

from a detailed description about the SI published in the fol-

lowing article:

Young DS. Implementation of SI units for clinical laboratory data. Style

specifications and conversion tables. Ann Intern Med 1987;106:114.

BASE UNITS OF SI NOMENCLATURE

PHYSICAL QUANTITY BASE UNIT SI SYMBOL

Length meter m

Mass kilogram kg

Time second s

Amount of substance mole mol

Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K

Electric current ampere ALuminous intensity candela cd

DEFINITIONS OF COMMON SI UNITS

Degree Celsius (°C) The degree Celsius (centigrade) is equivalent to K 273.16.

Radian (rad) The radian is the plane angle between two radii of a circle which subtend

on the circumference of an arc equal in length to the radius.

Joule (J) The joule is the work done when the point of application of a force of

one newton is displaced through a distance of one meter in the

direction of the force. 1 J 1 N m.

Kelvin (K) The kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of

the triple point of water.Kilogram (kg) The kilogram is a unit of mass equal to the mass of the international

prototype of the kilogram.

Meter (m) The meter is the length equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths in vacuum of

the radiation that corresponds to the transition between the levels 2p 10

and 5d5 of the krypton 86 atom.

Newton (N) The newton is that force which, when applied to a mass of 1 kilogram,

gives it an acceleration of 1 meter per second squared.

1 N 1 kg m/s2.

Pascal (Pa) The pascal is the pressure produced by a force of 1 newton applied,

with uniform distribution, over an area of 1 square meter.

1 Pa 1 N/m2.

Second (s) The second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation that

corresponds to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the

ground state of the cesium 133 atom.

Watt (W) The watt is the power that in 1 second gives rise to the energy of1 joule. 1 W 1 J/s.



For SI units in exercise physiology, the term body weight

is properly referred to as mass (kg), height should be referred

to as stature (m), second is s, minute is min, hour is h, week

is wk, month is mo, year is y, day is d, gram is g, liter is L,

hertz is Hz, joule is J, kilocalorie is kcal, ohm is Ω, pascal is

Pa, revolutions per minute is rpm, volt is V, and watt is W.

These abbreviations or symbols are used for the singular or

plural form.

1054 APPENDIXES

GENERAL SI STYLE GUIDELINES

GUIDELINES EXAMPLE INCORRECT STYLE CORRECT STYLE

Lowercase letters are used for symbols or abbreviations kilogram Kg kg

Exceptions:

kelvin k K

ampere a A

liter l L

Symbols are not followed by a period meter m. mException: end of sentence mole mol. mol

Symbols are not to be pluralized kilograms kgs kg

meters ms m

Names and symbols are not to be combined force kilogram meter s2 kg m s2

kg m/s2

When numbers are printed, symbols are preferred 100 meters 100 m

2 moles 2 mol

A space should be placed between number and symbol 50ml 50 mL

The product of units is indicated by a dot above the line kg m s2 kg m s2

kg m/s2

Only one solidus (/) should be used per expression mmol/L/s mmol/(L s)

A zero should be placed before the decimal .01 0.01

Decimal numbers are preferable to fractions 3 ⁄ 4 0.75

75% 0.75Spaces are used to separate long numbers 1,500,000 1 500 000

Exception: optional with four-digit number 1000 1000 or 1 000

COMMON PREFIXES USED WITH SI UNITSOF MEASUREMENT

PREFIX ABBREVIATION MULTIPLICATION FACTOR

tera T 1,000,000,000,000 1012

giga G 1,000,000,000 109

mega M 1,000,000 106

kilo k 1,000

103

hecto h 100 102

deci d 0.1 101

centi c 0.01 102

milli m 0.001 103

micro 0.000,001 106

nano n 0.000,000,001 109

pico p 0.000,000,000,001 1012




CONVERSION FACTORS FOR USE IN THE EXERCISE SCIENCES

TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY

A

ampere-hours coulombs 3,600.0

ampere-hours faradays 0.03731

angstrom units inches 3.937 109

angstrom units meters 1 1010

angstrom units micrometers 1 104

B

BTU ergs 1.0550 1010

BTU foot-pounds 778.3

BTU gram-calories 252.0

BTU horsepower-hours 3.931 104

BTU joules 1,054.8

BTU kilogram-calories 0.2520

BTU kilogram-meters 107.5

BTU kilowatt-hours 2.928 104

BTU/hour foot-pounds/ 0.2162

second

BTU/hour gram-calorie/ 0.0700

second

BTU/hour horsepower-hours 3.929 104

BTU/hour watts 0.2931BTU/minute foot-pounds/ 12.96

second

BTU/minute horsepower 0.02356

BTU/minute kilowatts 0.01757

BTU/minute watts 17.57

BTU/square foot/ watts/square inch 0.1221

minute

C

calories, gram BTU (mean) 3.9685 103

(mean)

centigrade Fahrenheit (C° 9/5) 32

(celsius)

centigrams grams 0.01

centiliters fluid ounces (U.S.) 0.3382

centiliters cubic inches 0.6103

centiliters drams 2.705

centiliters liters 0.01

centimeters feet 3.281 102

centimeters inches 0.3937

centimeters kilometers 1 105

centimeters meters 0.01

centimeters miles 6.214 106

centimeters millimeters 10.0

centimeters mils 393.7

centimeters yards 1.094 102

centimeter-dynes centimeter-grams 1.020 103

centimeter-dynes meter-kilograms 1.020 108

centimeter-dynes pound-feet 7.376 108

centimeter-grams centimeter-dynes 980.7

centimeter-grams meter-kilograms 1 105

centimeter-grams pound-feet 7.233 106

centimeters of atmospheres 0.01316

mercury

centimeters of feet of water 0.4461

mercury

centimeters of kilograms/square 136.0

mercury meter

centimeters of pounds/square foot 27.85

mercury

centimeters of pounds/square inch 0.1934

mercury

centimeters/ feet/minute 1.1969

second

centimeters/ feet/second 0.03281

second

centimeters/ kilometers/hour 0.036

second

centimeters/ knots 0.1943

secondcentimeters/ meters/minute 0.6

second

centimeters/ miles/hour 0.02237

second

centimeters/ miles/minute 3.728 104

second

centimeters/ feet/second/ 0.03281

second/second second

centimeters/ km/hour/second 0.036

second/second

centimeters/ meters/second/ 0.01


centimeters/ miles/hour/ 0.02237


cubic centimeters cubic feet 3.531 105

cubic centimeters cubic inches 0.06102

cubic centimeters cubic meters 1 106

cubic centimeters cubic yards 1.308 106

cubic centimeters gallons (U.S. l iq.) 2.642 104

cubic centimeters liters 0.001

cubic centimeters pints (U.S. liq.) 2.113 103

cubic centimeters quarts (U.S. liq.) 1.057 103

cubic feet bushels (dry) 0.8036

cubic feet cubic centimeters 28,320.0

cubic feet cubic inches 1,728.0

cubic feet cubic meters 0.02832

cubic feet cubic yards 0.03704

cubic feet gallons (U.S. liq.) 7.48052

cubic feet liters 28.32

cu feet pints (U.S. liq.) 59.84

cubic feet quarts (U.S. liq.) 29.92

cubic feet/minute cubic centimeters/ 472.0

second

cubic feet/minute gallons/second 0.1247

cubic feet/minute liters/second 0.4720

cubic feet/minute pounds of water/ 62.43

minute

cubic feet/second million gal/day 0.646317

cubic feet/second gallons/minute 448.831

cubic inches cubic centimeters 16.39

cubic inches cubic feet 5.787 104

cubic inches cubic meters 1.639 104

cubic inches cubic yards 2.143 105

cubic inches gallons 4.329 103

cubic inches liters 0.01639

cubic inches pints (U.S. liq.) 0.03463cubic inches quarts (U.S. liq.) 0.01732

cubic meters bushels (dry) 28.38

cubic meters cubic centimeters 1 106

cubic meters cubic feet 35.31

cubic meters cubic inches 61,023.0

cubic meters cubic yards 1.308

cubic meters gallons (U.S. liq.) 264.2

cubic meters liters 1,000.0

cubic meters pints (U.S. liq.) 2,113.0

cubic meters quarts (U.S. liq.) 1,057.0

cubic yards cubic centimeters 7.646 105

cubic yards cubic feet 27.0



1056 APPENDIXES

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR USE IN THE EXERCISE SCIENCES— continued


cubic yards cubic inches 46,656.0

cubic yards cubic meters 0.7646

cubic yards gallons (U.S. liq.) 202.0

cubic yards liters 764.6

cubic yards pints (U.S. liq.) 1,615.9

cubic yards quarts (U.S. liq.) 807.9cubic yards/ cubic ft/second 0.45

minute

cubic yards/ gallons/second 3.367

minute

cubic yards/ liters/second 12.74

minute

D

days seconds 86,400.0

decigrams grams 0.1

deciliters liters 0.1

decimeters meters 0.1

degrees (angle) quadrants 0.01111

degrees (angle) radians 0.01745

degrees (angle) seconds 3,600.0

degrees/second radians/second 0.01745degrees/second revolutions/ 0.1667

minute

degrees/second revolutions/ 2.778 103

second

dekagrams grams 10.0

dekaliters liters 10.0

dekameters meters 10.0

drams grams 1.7718

drams ounces 0.0625

dynecentimeter ergs/second 0.01

dynesquare atmospheres 9.869 107

centimeter

dynesquare inches of mercury 2.953 105

centimeter at 0°C

dynesquare inches of water 4.015 104

centimeter at 4°C

dynes grams 1.020 103

dynes joules/centimeter 1 107

dynes jouls/meter 1 105

(newtons)

dynes kilograms 1.020 106

dynes poundals 7.233 105

dynes pounds 2.248 106

dynes/square bars 1 106

centimeter

E

ergs BTU 9.480 1011

ergs dyne-centimeters 1.0

ergs foot-pounds 7.3670 108

ergs gram-calories 0.2389 107

ergs gram-centimeters 1.020 103

ergs horsepower hours 3.7250 1014

ergs joules 1 107

ergs kilogram-calories 2.389 1011

ergs kilogram-meters 1.020 108

ergs kilowatt-hours 0.2778 1013

ergs watt-hours 0.2778 1010

ergs/second BTU/minute 5,688 109

ergs/second foot-pounds/minute 4.427 106

ergs/second foot-pounds/second 7.3756 108

ergs/second horsepower 1.341 1010

ergs/second kilogram-calories/ 1.433 109

minute

ergs/second kilowatts 1 1010

F

feet centimeters 30.48

feet kilometers 3.048 104

feet meters 0.3048

feet miles (naut.) 1.645 104

feet miles (stat.) 1.894 104

feet millimeters 304.8

feet mils 1.2 104

feet of water atmospheres 0.02950

feet of water inches of mercury 0.8826

feet of water kilograms/square 0.03048

centimeter

feet of water kilograms/square 304.8

meter

feet of water pounds/square foot 62.43

feet of water pounds/square inch 0.4335

feet/minute centimeters/second 0.5080

feet/minute feet/second 0.01667

feet/minute kilometers/hour 0.01829

feet/minute meters/minute 0.3048feet/minute miles/hour 0.01136

feet/second centimeters/second 30.48

feet/second kilometers/hour 1.097

feet/second knots 0.5921

feet/second meters/minute 18.29

feet/second miles/hour 0.6818

feet/second miles/minute 0.01136

feet/second/ centimeters/second 30.48

second

feet/second/ kilometers/hour/ 1.097

second second

feet/second/ meters/second/ 0.3048

second second

feet/second/ miles/hour/second 0.6818

secondfeet/100 feet percent grade 1.0

foot-candles lumens/square 10.764

meter

foot-pounds BTU 1.286 103

foot-pounds ergs 1.356 107

foot-pounds gram-calories 0.3238

foot-pounds horsepower-hours 5.050 107

foot-pounds joules 1.356

foot-pounds kilogram-calories 3.24 104

foot-pounds kilogram-meters 0.1383

foot-pounds kilowatt-hours 3.766 107

foot-pounds/ BTU/minute 1.286 103

minute

foot-pounds/ foot-pounds/ 0.01667

minute second

foot-pounds/ horsepower 3.030 105

minute

foot-pounds/ kilogram-calories/ 3.24 104

minute minute

foot-pounds/ kilowatts 2.260 105

second

foot-pounds/ BTU/hour 4.6263

second

foot-pounds/ BTU/minute 0.07717

second

foot-pounds/ horsepower 0.818 103

second






foot-pounds/ kilogram-calories/ 1.01945

second minute

foot-pounds/ kilowatts 1.356 103

second

G

gallons cubic centimeters 3,785.0gallons cubic feet 0.1337

gallons cubic inches 231.0

gallons cubic meters 3.785 103

gallons cubic yards 4.951 103

gallons liters 3.785

gallons (liq. gallons (U.S. liq.) 1.20095

British imp.)

gallons (U.S.) gallons (imp.) 0.83267

gallons of water pounds of water 8.3453

gallons/minute cu feet/second 2.228 103

gallons/minute liters/second 0.06308

gallons/minute cubic feet/hour 8.0208

grams dynes 980.7

grams grains 15.43

grams joules/centimeter 9.807 105

grams joules/meter 9.807 103

(newtons)

grams kilograms 0.001

grams kilograms 0.001

grams milligrams 1,000.0

grams ounces 0.03527

(avoirdupois)

grams ounces (troy) 0.03215

grams poundals 0.07093

grams pounds 2.205 103

grams/ pounds/inch 5.600 103

centimeter

grams/cubic pounds/cubic foot 62.43

centimeter

grams/cubic pounds/cubic inch 0.03613

centimeter

grams/cubic pounds/mil-foot 3.405 107

centimeter

grams/liter grains/gallon 58.417

grams/liter pounds/1000 8.345

gallons

grams/liter pounds/cubic foot 0.062427

grams/liter parts/million 1,000.0

grams/square pounds/square foot 2.0481

centimeter

gram-calories BTU 3.9683 103

gram-calories ergs 4.1868 107

gram-calories foot-pounds 3.0880

gram-calories horsepower-hours 1.5596 106

gram-calories kilowatt-hours 1.1630 106

gram-calories watt-hours 1.1630 103

gram-calories/ BTU/hour 14.286

second

gram-centimeters BTU 9.297 108

gram-centimeters ergs 980.7

gram-centimeters joules 9.807 105

gram-centimeters kilogram-calories 2.343 108

gram-centimeters kilogram-meters 1 105

H

horsepower BTU/minute 42.44

horsepower foot-pounds/ 33,000.0

minute

horsepower foot-pounds/ 550.0

second

horsepower horsepower 0.9863

(metric) (550 foot-pounds/

(542.5 foot- second)

pounds/second)horsepower (550 horsepower (metric) 1.014

foot-pounds/ (542.5 foot-pounds/

second) second)

horsepower kilogram-calories/ 10.68

minute

horsepower kilowatts 0.7457

horsepower watts 745.7

horsepower BTU/hour 33,479.0

(boiler)

horsepower kilowatts 9.803

(boiler)

horsepower- BTU 2,547.0

hours

horsepower- ergs 2.6845 1013

hourshorsepower- foot-pounds 1.98 106

hours

horsepower- gram-calories 641,190.0

hours

horsepower- joules 2.684 106

hours

horsepower- kilogram-calories 641.1

hours

horsepower- kilogram-meters 2.737 105

hours

horsepower- kilowatt-hours 0.7457

hours

hours days 4.167 102

hours weeks 5.952 103

I

inches centimeters 2.540

inches meters 2.540 102

inches miles 1.578 105

inches millimeters 25.40

inches mils 1,000.0

inches yards 2.778 102

inches of atmospheres 0.03342

mercury

inches of feet of water 1.133

mercury

inches of kilograms/square 0.03453

mercury centimeter

inches of kilograms/square 345.3

mercury meter

inches of pounds/square 70.73

mercury footinches of pounds/square 0.4912

mercury inch

inches of water atmospheres 2.458 103

(at 4°C)

inches of water inches of mercury 0.07355

(at 4°C)

inches of water kg/square 2.540 103

(at 4°C) centimeter

inches of water ounces/square 0.5781

(at 4°C) inch

inches of water pounds/square 5.204

(at 4°C) foot



1058 APPENDIXES



inches of water pounds/square 0.03613

(at 4°C) inch

J

joules BTU 9.480 104

joules ergs 1 107

joules foot-pounds 0.7376joules kg-calories 2.389 104

joules kg-meters 0.1020

joules watt-hours 2.778 104

joules/ grams 1.020 104

centimeter

joules/ dynes 1 107

centimeter

joules/ joules/meter 100.0

centimeter (newtons)

joules/ poundals 723.3

centimeter

joules/ pounds 22.48

centimeter

K

kilograms dynes 980,665.0kilograms grams 1,000.0

kilograms joules/centimeter 0.09807

kilograms joules/meter 9.807

(newtons)

kilograms poundals 70.93

kilograms pounds 2.205

kilograms tons (long) 9.842 104

kilograms tons (short) 1.102 103

kilograms/cubic grams/cubic 0.001

meter centimeter

kilograms/cubic pounds/cubic 0.06243

meter foot

kilograms/cubic pounds/cubic 3.613 105

meter inch

kilograms/cubic pounds/mil-foot 3.405 1010

meter

kilograms/ pounds/foot 0.6720

meter

kilograms/square dynes 980,665.0

centimeter

kilograms/square atmospheres 0.9678

centimeter

kilograms/square feet of water 32.81

centimeter

kilograms/square inches of 28.96

centimeter mercury

kilograms/square pounds/square 2,048.0

centimeter foot

kilograms/square pounds/square 14.22

centimeter inch

kilograms/square atmospheres 9.678 105

meter

kilograms/square bars 98.07 106

meter

kilograms/square feet of water 3.281 103

meter

kilograms/square inches of mercury 2.896 103

meter

kilograms/square pounds/square 0.2048

meter foot

kilograms/square pounds/square 1.422 103

meter inch

kilograms/square kilograms/square 1 106

millimeter meter

kilogram-calories BTU 3.968

kilogram-calories foot-pounds 3,088.0

kilogram-calories horsepower-hours 1.560 103

kilogram-calories joules 4,186.0

ki logram-calories kilogram-meters 426.9

kilogram-calories kilojoules 4.186

kilogram-calories kilowatt-hours 1.163 103

kilogram-meters BTU 9.294 103

kilogram-meters ergs 9.804 107

kilogram-meters foot-pounds 7.233

kilogram-meters joules 9.804

ki logram-meters kilogram-calories 2.342 103

kilogram-meters kilowatt-hours 2.723 106

kilolines maxwells 1,000.0

kiloliters liters 1,000.0

kilometers centimeters 1 105

kilometers feet 3,281.0

kilometers inches 3.937 104

kilometers meters 1,000.0kilometers miles 0.6214

kilometers millimeters 1 106

kilometers yards 1,094.0

kilometers/hour centimeters/ 27.78

second

kilometers/hour feet/minute 54.68

kilometers/hour feet/second 0.9113

kilometers/hour knots 0.5396

kilometers/hour meters/minute 16.67

kilometers/hour miles/hour 0.6214

kilometers/hour/ centimeters/second/ 27.78

second second

kilometers/hour/ feet/second/second 0.9113

second

kilometers/hour/ meters/second/ 0.2778second second

kilometers/hour/ miles/hour/second 0.6214

second

kilowatts BTU/minute 56.92

kilowatts foot-pounds/ 4.426 104

minute

kilowatts foot-pounds/ 737.6

second

kilowatts horsepower 1.341

kilowatts kilogram-calories/ 14.34

minute

kilowatts watts 1,000.0

kilowatt-hours BTU 3,413.0

kilowatt-hours ergs 3.600 1013

kilowatt-hours foot-pounds 2.655 106

kilowatt-hours gram-calories 859,850.0kilowatt-hours horsepower-hours 1.341

kilowatt-hours joules 3.6 106

kilowatt-hours kilogram-calories 860.5

kilowatt-hours kilogram-meters 3.671 105

kilowatt-hours pounds of water

evaporated from

and at 212°F 3.53

kilowatt-hours pounds of water

raised from 62° to

212°F 22.75






L

liters bushels (U.S. dry) 0.02838

liters cubic centimeters 1,000.0

liters cubic feet 0.03531

liters cubic inches 61.02

liters cubic meters 0.001liters cubic yards 1.308 103

liters gallons (U.S. liq.) 0.2642

liters pints (U.S. liq.) 2.113

liters quarts (U.S. liq.) 1.057

liters/minute cubic feet/second 5.886 104

liters/minute gallons/second 4.403 103

M

meters centimeters 100.0

meters feet 3.281

meters inches 39.37

meters kilometers 0.001

meters miles (nautical) 5.396 104

meters miles (statute) 6.214 104

meters millimeters 1,000.0

meters yards 1.094meters/minute cms/second 1.667

meters/minute feet/minute 3.281

meters/minute feet/second 0.05468

meters/minute kilometers/hour 0.06

meters/minute knots 0.03238

meters/minute miles/hour 0.03728

meters/second feet/minute 196.8

meters/second feet/second 3.281

meters/second kilometers/hour 3.6

meters/second kilometers/minute 0.06

meters/second miles/hour 2.237

meters/second miles/minute 0.03728

meters/second/ centimeters/ 100.0

second second/second

meters/second/ feet/second/second 3.281

second

meters/second/ kilometers/hour/ 3.6

second second

meters/second/ miles/hour/second 2.237

second

meter-kilograms centimeter-dynes 9.807 107

meter-kilograms centimeter-grams 1 105

meter-kilograms pound-feet 7.233

miles (nautical) feet 6,080.27

miles (nautical) kilometers 1.853

miles (nautical) meters 1,853.0

miles (nautical) miles (statute) 1.1516

miles (nautical) yards 2,027.0

miles (statute) centimeters 1.609 105

miles (statute) feet 5,280.0

miles (statute) inches 6.336 104

miles (statute) kilometers 1.609

miles (statute) meters 1,609.0

miles (statute) miles (nautical) 0.8684

miles (statute) yards 1,760.0

miles/hour centimeters/ 44.70

second

miles/hour feet/minute 88.0

miles/hour feet/second 1.467

miles/hour kilometers/hour 1.609

miles/hour kilometers/minute 0.02682

miles/hour knots 0.8684

miles/hour meters/minute 26.82

miles/hour miles/minute 0.1667

miles/hour/ centimeters/ 44.70

second second/second

miles/hour/ feet/second/second 1.467

second

miles/hour/ kilometers/hour/ 1.609second second

miles/hour/ meters/second/ 0.4470

second second

miles/minute centimeters/second 2,682.0

miles/minute feet/second 88.0

miles/minute kilometers/minute 1.609

miles/minute knots/minute 0.8684

miles/minute miles/hour 60.0

mil-feet cubic inches 9.425 106

milliliters kilograms 1,000.0

millimicrons meters 1 109

milligrams grains 0.01543236

milligrams grams 0.001

milligrams/liter parts/million 1.0

millihenries henries 0.001milliliters liters 0.001

millimeters centimeters 0.1

millimeters feet 3.281 103

millimeters inches 0.03937

millimeters kilometers 1 106

millimeters meters 0.001

millimeters miles 6.214 107

millimeters mils 39.37

millimeters yards 1.094 103

minutes (angles) degrees 0.01667

minutes (angles) quadrants 1.852 104

minutes (angles) radians 2.909 104

minutes (angles) seconds 60.0

N

newtons dynes 1 105

O

ohms ohms (absolute) 1.005

(international)

ohms megohms 1 106

ohms microhms 1 106

ounces drams 16.0

ounces grains 437.5

ounces grams 28.349527

ounces pounds 0.0625

ounces ounces (troy) 0.9115

ounces tons (long) 2.790 105

ounces tons (metric) 2.835 105

ounces (fluid) cubic inches 1.805

ounces (fluid) liters 0.02957

ounces (troy) grains 480.0

ounces (troy) grams 31.103481ounces (troy) ounces 1.09714

(avoirdupois)

ounces (troy) pennyweights 20.0

(troy)

ounces (troy) pounds (troy) 0.08333

ounces/square dynes/square 4,309.0

inch centimeter

ounces/square pounds/square 0.0625

inch inch

P

pints (liquid) cubic centimeters 473.2

pints (liquid) cubic feet 0.01671



1060 APPENDIXES



pints (liquid) cubic inches 28.87

pints (liquid) cubic meters 4.732 104

pints (liquid) cubic yards 6.189 104

pints (liquid) gallons 0.125

pints (liquid) liters 0.4732

pints (liquid) quarts (liquid) 0.5pounds ounces (troy) 14.5833

(avoirdupois)

pounds drams 256.0

pounds dynes 44.4823 104

pounds grains 7,000.0

pounds grams 453.5924

pounds joules/centimeter 0.04448

pounds joules/meter 4.448

(newtons)

pounds kilograms 0.4536

pounds ounces 16.0

pounds ounces (troy) 14.5833

pounds poundals 32.17

pounds pounds (troy) 1.21528

pounds tons (short) 0.0005pounds of cubic inches 27.68

water

pounds of gallons 0.1198

water

Q

quarts (dry) cubic inches 67.20

quarts (liquid) cubic centimeters 946.4

quarts (liquid) cubic feet 0.03342

quarts (liquid) cubic inches 57.75

quarts (liquid) cubic meters 9.464 104

quarts (liquid) cubic yards 1.238 103

quarts (liquid) gallons 0.25

quarts (liquid) liters 0.9463

R

radians degrees 57.30

revolutions degrees 360.0

revolutions quadrants 4.0

revolutions radians 6.283

revolutions/minute degrees/second 6.0

revolutions/minute radians/second 0.1047

revolutions/minute revolutions/second 0.01667

revolutions/minute/ radians/second/ 1.745 103

minute second

revolutions/minute/ revolutions/ 0.01667

minute minute/second

revolutions/minute/ revolutions/ 2.778 104

minute second/second

revolutions/second degrees/second 360.0

revolutions/second radians/second 6.283

revolutions/second revolutions/ 60.0

minuterevolutions/second/ radians/second/ 6.283

second second

revolutions/second/ revolutions/ 3,600.0

second minute/minute

revolutions/second/ revolutions/ 60.0

second minute/second

S

seconds (angle) degrees 2.778 104

seconds (angle) minutes 0.01667

seconds (angle) quadrants 3.087 106

seconds (angle) radians 4.848 106

square centimeters circular mils 1.973 105

square centimeters square feet 1.076 103

square centimeters square inches 0.1550

square centimeters square meters 0.0001

square centimeters square miles 3.861 1011

square centimeters square 100.0

millimeters

square centimeters square yards 1.196 104

square feet acres 2.296 105

square feet circular mils 1.833 108

square feet square centimeters 929.0

square feet square inches 144.0

square feet square meters 0.09290

square feet square miles 3.587 108

square feet square 9.290 104

millimeters

square feet square yards 0.1111

square inches circular mils 1.273 106

square inches square centimeters 6.452

square inches square feet 6.944 103

square inches square 645.2

millimeterssquare inches square mils 1 106

square inches square yards 7.716 104

square kilometers acres 247.1

square kilometers square centimeters 1 1010

square kilometers square feet 10.76 106

square kilometers square inches 1.550 109

square kilometers square meters 1 106

square kilometers square miles 0.3861

square kilometers square yards 1.196 106

square meters acres 2.471 104

square meters square centimeters 1 104

square meters square feet 10.76

square meters square inches 1,550.0

square meters square miles 3.861 107

square meters square millimeters 1

10

6

square meters square yards 1.196

square miles acres 640.0

square miles square feet 27.88 106

square miles square kilometers 2.590

square miles square meters 2.590 106

square miles square yards 3.098 106

square millimeters circular mils 1,973.0

square millimeters square centimeters 0.01

square millimeters square feet 1.076 105

square millimeters square inches 1.550 103

square yards acres 2.066 104

square yards square centimeters 8,361.0

square yards square feet 9.0

square yards square inches 1,296.0

square yards square meters 0.8361

square yards square miles 3.228 107

square yards square millimeters 8.361 105

T

temperature absolute 1.0

(°F) 460 temperature (°F)

temperature temperature (°C) 5/9

(°F) 32

temperature absolute 1.0

(°F) 460 temperature (°F)

temperature temperature (°C) 5.9

(°F) 32

tons (metric) kilograms 1,000.0

tons (metric) pounds 2,205.0




PART 3 • Clinical Hematology and Clinical Chemistry



W

watts BTU/hour 3.4129

watts BTU/minute 0.05688

watts ergs/second 107.0

watts foot-pounds/ 44.27

minutewatts foot-pounds/ 0.7378

second

watts horsepower 1.341 103

watts horsepower 1.360 103

(metric)

watts kilogram-calories/ 0.01433

minute

watts kilowatts 0.001

watts (absolute) BTU (mean)/ 0.056884

minute

watts (absolute) joules/second 1.0

watt-hours BTU 3.413

watt-hours ergs 3.60 1010

watt-hours foot-pounds 2,656.0

watt-hours gram-calories 859.85

watt-hours horsepower-hours 1.341 103

watt-hours kilogram-calories 0.8605watt-hours kilogram-meters 367.2

watt-hours kilowatt-hours 0.001

watts watts (absolute) 1.0002

(international)

Y

yards centimeters 91.44

yards kilometers 9.144 104

yards meters 0.9144

yards miles (nautical) 4.934 104

yards miles (statute) 5.682 104

yards millimeters 914.4

SI CONVERSION TABLE FOR COMMON VALUES IN CLINICAL HEMATOLOGY AND CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

PRESENT

REFERENCE SI SI SUGGESTED

INTERVALS PRESENT CONVERSION REFERENCE UNIT SIGNIFICANT MINIMUM

COMPONENT (EXAMPLES) UNIT FACTOR INTERVALS SYMBOL DIGITS INCREMENT

Hemoglobin (B)

Mass concentration

—female 12.0–15.0 g/dL 10 120–150 g/L XXX 1 g/L

—male 13.6–17.2 g/dL 10 136–172 g/L XXX 1 g/L

Substance conc. Hb [Fe]

—female 12.0–15.0 g/dL 0.6206 7.45–9.30 mmol/L XX.XX 0.05 mmol/L

—male 13.6–17.2 g/dL 0.6206 8.45–10.65 mmol/L XX.XX 0.05 mmol/LAlkaline phosphatase (S) 30–120 U/L 0.01667 0.5–2.0 kat/L X.X 0.1 kat/L

Amino acid nitrogen (P) 4.0–6.0 mg/dL 0.7139 2.9–4.3 mmol/L X.X 0.1 mmol/L

Amino acid nitrogen (U) 50–200 mg/24 h 0.07139 3.6–14.3 mmol/d X.X 0.1 mmol/d

Androstenedione (S)

—male 18 y 0.2–3.0 g/L 3.492 0.5–10.5 mmol/L XX.X 0.5 nmol/L

—female 18 y 0.8–3.0 g/L 3.492 3.0–10.5 nmol/L XX.X 0.5 nmol/L

Bilirubin, total (S) 0.1–1.0 mg/dL 17.10 2–18 mol/L XX 2 mol/L

Calcium (S)

—male 8.8–10.3 mg/dL 0.2495 2.20–2.50 mmol/L X.XX 0.02 mmol/L

—female 50 y 8.8–10.0 mg/dL 0.2495 2.20–2.50 mmol/L X.XX 0.02 mmol/L

—female 50 y 8.8–10.2 mg/dL 0.2495 2.20–2.56 mmol/L X.XX 0.02 mmol/L

Calcium (U), normal diet 250 mg/24 h 0.02495 6.2 mmol/d X.X 0.1 mmol/d

Cholesterol (P)

—29 y 200 mg/dL 0.02586 5.20 mmol/L X.XX 0.05 mmol/L

—30–39 y 225 mg/dL 0.02586 5.85 mmol/L X.XX 0.05 mmol/L—40–49 y 245 mg/dL 0.02586 6.35 mmol/L X.XX 0.05 mmol/L

—50 y 265 mg/dL 0.02586 6.85 mmol/L X.XX 0.05 mmol/L

Ferritin (S) 18–300 ng/mL 1.00 18–300 g/L XX0 10 g/L

Glucose (P)—fasting 70–110 mg/dL 0.05551 3.9–6.1 mmol/L XX.X 0.1 mmol/L

Hemoglobin (B)

—male 14.0–18.0 g/dL 10.0 140–180 g/L XXX 1 g/L

—female 11.5–15.5 g/dL 10.0 115–155 g/L XXX 1 g/L

Insulin (P,S) 5–20 U/mL 7.175 35–145 pmol/L XXX 5 pmol/L

5–20 mU/L 7.175 35–145 pmol/L XXX 5 pmol/L

0.20–0.84 g/mL 172.2 35–145 pmol/L XXX 5 pmol/L

B, blood; P, plasma; S, serum; U, urine.



1062 APPENDIXES

SI CONVERSION TABLE FOR COMMON VALUES IN CLINICAL HEMATOLOGY AND CLINICALCHEMISTRY —continued

PRESENT

REFERENCE SI SI SUGGESTED

INTERVALS PRESENT CONVERSION REFERENCE UNIT SIGNIFICANT MINIMUM

COMPONENT (EXAMPLES) UNIT FACTOR INTERVALS SYMBOL DIGITS INCREMENT

Iron (S)

—male 80–180 g/dL 0.1791 14–32 mol/L XX 1 mol/L—female 60–160 g/dL 0.1791 11–29 mol/L XX 1 mol/L

Lipoproteins (P)

Low density [LDL]—

as cholesterol 50–190 mg/dL 0.02586 1.30–4.90 mmol/L X.XX 0.05 mmol/L

High density [HDL]—

as cholesterol

Male 30–70 mg/dL 0.02586 0.80–1.80 mmol/L X.XX 0.05 mmol/L

Female 30–90 mg/dL 0.02586 0.80–2.35 mmol/L X.XX 0.05 mmol/L

Testosterone (P)

—female 0.6 ng/mL 3.467 2.0 nmol/L XX.X 0.5 nmol/L

—male 4.6–8.0 ng/mL 3.467 14.0–28.0 nmol/L XX.X 0.5 nmol/L

Thyroid tests:

Thyroid-stimulating

hormone [TSH] (S) 2–11 U/mL 1.00 2–11 mU/L XX 1 mU/L

Thyroxine [T4] (S) 4.0–11.0 g/dL 12.87 51–142 nmol/L XXX 1 nmol/LThyroxine binding

globulin [TBG]

(S)—[as thyroxine] 12.0–28.0 g/dL 12.87 150–360 nmol/L XX0 1 nmol/L

Thyroxine, free (S) 0.8–2.8 ng/dL 12.87 10–36 pmol/L XX 1 pmol/L

Triiodothyronine

[T3] (S) 75–220 ng/dL 0.01536 1.2–3.4 nmol/L X.X 0.1 nmol/L

T3 uptake (S) 25–35 % 0.01 0.25–0.35 1 0.XX 0.01

Tolbutamide (P)—

therapeutic 50–120 mg/L 3.699 180–450 mol/L XX0 10 mol/L

Transferrin (S) 170–370 mg/dL 0.01 1.70–3.70 g/L X.XX 0.01 g/L

Triglycerides (P)

[as triolein] 160 mg/dL 0.01129 1.80 mmol/L X.XX 0.02 mmol/L

Vitamin A [retinol] (P,S) 10–50 g/dL 0.03491 0.35–1.75 mol/L X.XX 0.05 mol/L

Vitamin B1 [thiamine

hydrochloride] (U) 60–500 g/24 h 0.002965 0.18–1.48 mol/d X.XX 0.01 mol/d

Vitamin B2 [riboflavin] (S) 2.6–3.7 g/dL 26.57 70–100 nmol/L XXX 5 nmol/L

Vitamin B6 [pyridoxal] (B) 20–90 ng/mL 5.982 120–540 nmol/L XXX 5 nmol/L

Vitamin B12 [cyano-

cobalamin] (P,S) 200–1000 pg/mL 0.7378 150–750 pmol/L XX0 10 pmol/L

ng/dL 7.378 pmol/L

Vitamin C [ascorbic acid] 0.6–2.00 mg/dL 56.78 30–110 mol/L X0 10 mol/L

Vitamin D3

[cholecalciferol] (P) 24–40 g/mL 2.599 60–105 nmol/L XXX 5 nmol/L

25 OH-cholecalciferol 18–36 ng/mL 2.496 45–90 nmol/L XXX 5 mmol/L

Vitamin E [alpha-

tocopherol] (P,S) 0.78–1.25 mg/dL 23.22 18–29 mol/L XX 1 mol/L

B, blood; P, plasma; S, serum; U, urine.

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