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06June 2014

Te latest from Slovenia

IN FOCUS: Te Walk of Peace from the Alps to the Adriatic

HERIAGE: Nonas stories live onGASRONOMY: A culinary experience on the first battle line


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THE POWEROF TRUST


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3Sinfo Slovenian information

Amidst the places of eternal memories

In this issue of Sinfo magazine, on the 100th anniversary of theWorld War I, we take a look at the war from the Slovenian point ofview. Te war affected Slovenians both individually and as a nation.Te stories are many but we will consider just a few. Let this be anincentive for your own research.

We visited the Nova Gorica and Kobarid Museum and talked to anumber of experts, who brought to our attention different aspects ofthe war and its consequences for the post-war period. Later on, wealso present excerpts from chronicles and letters, private collectionsand personal recollections; and even consider the culinary aspectof World War I in terms of economical meal preparation andgourmet delights.

Slovenia is very conscious of the importance of this anniversaryand has established a national committee which will in the nextfour years, in cooperation with cultural, educational and scientificorganizations and other local associations and committees, ensureappropriate and coordinated remembrance events and activities.

Tese upcoming events and other activities are listed on the webpage dedicated to the 100th Anniversary of World War I. o helpSlovenians, as well as all those visitors, who are visiting or perhapsintend to visit our beautiful country, understand this period ofSlovenian history, we have also prepared information on theactivities of numerous tourist agencies, the Public Agency SPIRISlovenia and the Walk of Peace in the Soa Region Foundation.

One aspect of World War I, its refugee problem, is sadly, no longeronly because of war but due to other factors, still with us today.Natural disasters, such as the recent floods in our close proximitywere a testament to this. Although we had intended to include theBled Film Festival in our next issue, in response to the current topic respect for nature, and especially respect for water - we have alsoincluded it in this one. By respecting our fellowman we can avoid

war and by respecting the nature we can avoid natural disasters.

anja Glogovan, editor

Photo:BruoToi

EDITORIALCONTENTS

HERITAGE 35ourist farm Lukeva domaija

Nonas stories live on

SINFO SLOVENIAN INFORMATION

Executive Editor and Editiorin-Chief:anja Glogovan, tanja.glogovcan@ gov.siEditorial Board: Vesna arkovi, Irena Kogoj, Anja Polajnar, Danila Golob,imotej ooPhoto Editor: Bojan PernekProduction: Irena Kogojranslation: Secretariat-General of the Government of the Republic ofSlovenia, ranslation and Interpretation Division, IOLAR d.o.o.Language editing: PSD ranslationPrinted by: Collegium Graphicum d.o.o., Slovenia, Number of copies: 3500Photo on the front page: Te Walk of Peace in the Soa Region FoundationarchivesIn the photo: Kolovrat Outdoor Museum

Government Communication Office: www.slovenia.siGovernment Communication Office: www.ukom.gov.siGovernment of the Republic of Slovenia:www.vlada.siSPIRI: www.slovenia.infoSlovenian Chamber of Commerce and Industry: www.gzs.siSlovenian Chamber of Craft: www.ozs.siJapti: www.japti.siLjubljana Stock Exchange: www.ljse.siStatistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia: www.stat.si

State Portal of the Republic of Slovenia: http://e-uprava.gov.si

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IN FOCUS 5Te Walk of Peace from the Alps to the Adriatic

In memory of all victims and as a reminder to future

generations

GASTRONOMY 42A culinary experience on the first battle line

Te aromas may catch the attention of the enemyssniper

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Government Communication Office4

Botjan Lajovic, Director of the Government Communication Office

It was in these spring days, exactly a hundred years ago, that a youngstudent was preparing for a fatal act, which in a decisive and irre-versible way marked his life as well as Europe and indeed the wholeworld. Tis was the 19-year-old Serbian student Gavrilo Princip, whoon 28 June 1914 assassinated Franz Ferdinand, Austrian heir to thethrone, and thereby triggered the First World War.

Te Great War, as it is properly called by historians, devastated andchanged Europe, its countries, political systems and people. It alsohad terrible implications for the Slovenians, who lived within theborders of the then Austro-Hungarian Empire. Demographers esti-

mate that the Slovenian population of 1.3 million people at that timelost between 40,000 and 50,000 human lives in WW1. Yet anotherblow came after the war: the Paris Peace Conference assigned to Italythe coastal part of the Slovenian ethnic territory, and together with it apopulation of 300,000 Slovenians. In this way our nation was dividedamong Yugoslavia, Italy, Austria and Hungary.

Until the beginning of the war, the Slovenians within the HabsburgEmpire lived in modest, peaceful and traditionally agricultural con-ditions, mainly unaffected by industrialisation, which was rapidlychanging social conditions. Te last war in which the Habsburgs wereinvolved in any serious way was in 1866, and therefore the Emperorsgod-fearing subjects were not really ready for fighting, let alone forthe all-out combat triggered by Princips shots, while the real reasonfor war lay in the accumulated political and economic disparities that

politicians had failed to resolve through dialogue. Tus the First WorldWar also revealed the impotence and inability of the politicians ofthat time.

At the behest of Emperor Franz Joseph, Slovenian soldiers were fight-ing on the Eastern, Balkan and Italian fronts. Among these battle-fields, the Isonzo Front must be especially pointed out as the largestmountain battle in the entire history of mankind. Te Isonzo Frontextended over the area from Mt. Rombon in the Upper Soa (Ison-zo) Valley to the Gulf of rieste, with a total length of 90 kms. In theclashes between the Italian and Austro-Hungarian armies, 300,000soldiers died in the rough mountain conditions, often at an altitude ofover 2,000 metres. Should you ever visit these wonderful places andclimb any of the mountain peaks in the area, you may still find theremains of fortifications, trenches and various military equipment,

even weapons. Te Isonzo Front was also described in the famousnovel A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway, who joined theEuropean battlefields in May 1918 and was wounded shortly there-after. His records are probably not based on personal experience, butrather on conversations with the wounded soldiers from the IsonzoFront, who recovered in a military lazaret in Milan together with theadventurous writer. However, Hemingways artistic words created aneternal memorial to the beauty and the tragedy of the places alongthe River Soa.

A similar mission, i.e. preserving memory and raising awareness of

the tragedy and absurdity of war, is pursued by Kobarid Museum andthe Walk of Peace in the Soa Region Foundation. During the IsonzoFront, Kobarid was one of the key strategic points, battle No. 12, alsoknown as the Miracle at Kobarid, being of particular importance.In October 1917, Austrian and German soldiers in a fierce offensivechased more numerous and well-fortified Italian soldiers all the wayto the River Piave, deep into their hinterland, thus inflicting on thema painful defeat from which they never recovered. Kobarid Museum isamong the best museums dedicated to WW1; it boasts several presti-gious awards, among them the Council of Europe Museum Prize. Ev-ery year it is visited by an impressive number of visitors, who enliventheir experience of the Soa Valley with the Walk of Peace. Tis is anopen-air museum that connects parts of the front line, trenches, forts,caves, memorials, ossuaries and military cemeteries.

In recent years, the Walk has linked places from the Upper Soa Val-ley through the Karst to Devin, i.e. from the Alps to the Adriatic, andwith its picturesque 230 km route has become a first-class tourist at-traction that appropriately combines history and recreation.

Kobarid Museum and the Walk of Peace will play an important rolein the commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the beginning ofWW1, as many events will be organised on this occasion in Slovenia.One of the top commemoration events will take place on the anni-versary of the final battle of the Isonzo Front in 2017, when the trag-edy will be commemorated with a concert of peace in Kobarid, wheremilitary orchestras of all the countries participating in the battles ahundred years ago will perform under the baton of the famous con-ductor Riccardo Muti. But it is still some time before that event sowhy not visit Slovenia and beautiful places in the Soa Valley earlier?

Slovenians and the First World War

UNDERLINED

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here are indelible reminders of World War I in each corner of the Upper Soavalley, Brda, Gorika, the Vipava valley and Karst regions. Each cavern, fortress,trench, church, pathway, mulatiera, hill, mountain, ossuary, cemetery or museumcan tell a story to those who can listen, observe, understand and respect. oday,this heritage forms the basis for the Walk of Peace from the Alps to the Adriatic,which is organised under the auspices of the Walk of Peace in the Soa Region

Foundation based in Kobarid.

Te Walk of Peace from theAlps to the Adriatic connectsregions, people, institutionsand a rich cultural and naturalheritage along the former terri-tory of the Isonzo Front (19151917), stretching from Rombonto Devin, from the source ofthe Soa river to its estuary. TeIsonzo Front battles were a se-ries of 12 battles between thearmies of Italy and the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, and thescene of one of the cruellestconflicts to have ever taken

place in a mountainous area inhuman history. Particularly the11th and the 12th battle werethe largest military conflicts tohave ever occurred in Slovenia.

PEACE AND CROSSBORDER CO

OPERATION

Te walk along the Europeanhistoric heritage is dedicated tothe memory of all those, whosuffered during World War I,and serves as a reminder thatwars should never happen

again. Most importantly, it pro-motes the values of peace, mu-tual respect and cross-bordercooperation, as well as the de-velopment of the Primorskaregion (Slovenia) and the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region (Italy).

In geographical sense, the Walkof Peace stretches from the Alpsto the Adriatic region and is or-ganised as part of the cross-bor-der project Pot miru/ Via di pace(Te Walk of Peace). Tis is set toconnect the Walk of Peace in the

Photo:Srdjaivulovi/BOBO

During the Isonzo Front battles, the frontline was eventually established in thedirct iciity of th Kl fortrss. Sit-ated under the steep cliffs of the Rombonmountain, the fortress was safe from di-rct shootigs of th Italia army. Today,th Kl fortrss is hom to a prmatmuseum collection and also hosts tempo-rary xhibitios.

Maa Klavora, Walk of Peace in the Soa Region Foundation

Te Walk of Peace from the Alps to the AdriaticIn memory of all victims and as a reminder to

future generations


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IN FOCUS

Te Walk of Peace fromthe Alps to the Adriaticconnects regions, people,institutions and a richcultural and naturalheritage along the for-mer territory of the SoaFront, stretching fromRombon to Devin, fromthe source of the Soariver to its estuary.

Upper Soa valley, the museumsof Kobarid and olmin, Kanal-ski Kolovrat, Korado, Sabotin,Vodice, kabrijel, Sveta Gora,Museum of Nova Gorica, therg Evrope square/ransalpina,Cerje, the Walk of Peace of theKarst region, Grmada/Ermada,the regional museum of Gorica/Musei Provinciali di Gorizia, thehistoric pathway of Brestovec/

Percorso storico del Brestovec,Debela Gria/Monte San Mi-chele, Doberdob/Doberdo, theItalian ossiaries in Oslavje/Osla-via and Sredipolje/Redipugliaand the ri Teme Park/Par-co ematico Grande Guerra diMonfalcone.

THE WALK OF PEACE ALSO CON

NECTS NATURAL BEAUTIES

It winds along the Soa riverand, apart from preserving the

heritage of the Battles of the SoaFront, it also brings together thenatural beauties of the Alpine,Pre-Alpine and Karst areas, aswell as vivid mountains, cultur-al monuments, military cem-eteries and ossuaries, privatecollections, tourist informationcentres and numerous othertourist offers where visitors canrelax, taste good home-made

food or enjoy a chat with thelocal people. On top of it, visi-tors can enjoy the peace, calm-ness and the panorama offeredby this unique cross-borderregion. All these destinationsare reachable on foot or witha bicycle and, of course, manyof them may well be visited bycar or bus. Well-trained Slove-nian and foreign tourist guidescan recount abundant storiesfrom the past and modern erasand provide recollections of the

characters of ordinary soldiersand other famous persons whoshaped the period of the SoaFront.

FULFILLING A MISSION

Walk of Peace in the Soa Re-gion Foundation is engaged instudying and researching, inrenovating and exhibiting the

cultural heritage of World WarI, in publishing and collectingprofessional and promotionalpublications, and in developinghistory tourism. In fulfilling itsmission, the Foundation is as-sisted by the Government of theRepublic of Slovenia throughthe Ministry of Education, Sci-ence and Sport, Ministry of De-fence and the Ministry of La-bour, Family, Social Affairs andEqual Opportunities.

Photo:JurijPalk/S

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The Europe Square, facing the Nova Gori-ca train station, half of which lies in Slove-nia and the other half in Italy, is a symbolof the coexistence of the two Gorica cit-ies, and a symbol of European integrationwithot bordrs. Th Walk of Pac willbe opened in the Europe Square / Trans-alpina between Nova Gorica and Gorizia,on 21 March 2015, by the Presidents ofSloia ad Italy.


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Most importantly, itpromotes the values ofpeace, mutual respectand cross-border coop-eration, as well as thedevelopment of the Pri-morska region (Slovenia)

and the Friuli-VeneziaGiulia region (Italy).

Te most important ideas whichthe foundation plans to carryout in the following years arethe Walk of Peace from theAlps to the Adriatic, establish-ing a list of the fallen Italianand Austro-Hungarian soldiersin the Gorica and Karst regions(one such list for the Upper Soavalley already exists), establish-

ing a list of the fallen Sloveniansoldiers in World War I, expand-ing the Walk of Peace from theAlps to the Adriatic to includethe Carinthia and yrol regionsof Austria, completing the Walkof Peace Information Centre,expanding the cross-borderoutdoor museum in Kolovrat,and promoting the European

commitment to peace. Walk ofPeace in the Soa Region Foun-dation is an important memberof the National Committee forthe Commemoration of WorldWar I Anniversaries, foundedby the Government of the Re-public of Slovenia and headedby the Ministry of Defence(www.100letprve.si/en/).

Soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian army ofseveral nationalities who died in the manybattles of the Isonzo Front in the years19151917 are buried at the militarycmtry i Gorjasko ar Kom. Thcemetery has retained its original layout,which is sympathetic to the natural char-actristics of th Karst ladscap. Withmore than 10,000 soldiers here interred,this is the largest Austro-Hungarian armycmtry of th Isozo Frot.

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Th Saboti hill was a stratgically importat bridghad for th Astro-Hgaria army o th right bak of th rir. Drig th 6th battl of th Isozo Frot, i Agst 1916, thItalia army captrd Saboti, ths paig th way for th sig of Gorica. Th hill is riddld with cars ad trch systms which th Astro-Hgaria ad Italia armis bilt whilfortifyig thir battl positios. D its paoramic iws, trblt history, atral batis as wll as rich faa ad ora, th Saboti is a importat torist dstiatio i th Goricargio, ditly worth isitig.

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Cross-bordr otdoor msm i Kolorat at a altitd of 1114 mtrs abo th sa, offrs a batifl iw of th formr Isozo Frot battllds, th Frila lowlads, th Soaally ad th Jlia Alps. It was prcisly i Kolorat whr th Italia army bilt a comprhsi systm of th third dfc li, calld lia darmata i Italia, which i th arlystags of th 12th battl of th Isozo Frot was s as a isrmotabl obstacl. Still, th frot li positios wr coqrd by Grma soldirs o th rst day of th 12th adlast battle of the Isonzo Front, namely on 24 October 1917 Nowadays, visitors can take a walk through commander and lookout posts, through gun and artillery posts and throughcars ad ditch ts.


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Underway this year is a 4-yearperiod of commemorating the100th anniversary of variousevents from World War I. TeKobarid museum is also takingpart in this commemoration, andis organizing numerous events in

collaboration with other orga-nizers, told us the museum di-rector Joe erbec.

Te museums exhibits show theevents during World War I fromthe Isonzo Front, especially the12th battle, which is known asthe Battle of Kobarid. It was oneof the biggest battles in a moun-tainous area in history, and alongwith the 11th Battle of Isonzo thebiggest battle on Slovenian soil.It was also the most successfulbreakthrough operation in World

War I and one of the first cases ofa battle incorporating Blitzkriegstrategic elements.

Te museum has become a well-visited tourist attraction, shar-ing with visitors the story aboutWorld War I. Tis topic is verypowerful and is still relevant intodays world. Te 100th anni-versary invokes strong reflec-tions on the question of whetheror not international disputes aresolved any differently than theywere back then. Back then Eu-

rope jumped head-first into anempty pool in hope for quickand easy solutions, which didnot surface even after 4 yearsof slaughter. Te parallels to bedrawn with the current era aresignificant, especially the factthat war is a constant in humanhistory. Military tactics change,of course, but the basic conflictremains the same, just instead oftanks and fighter jets, today wehave interests. Te relationship is

no longer work:capital, but debt-or : creditor. In light of these facts,World War I has never stepped tothe forefront as it has now.

Te museum is designed suchthat it is first and foremost a mu-seum of impressions, portraits,victims, grenades, human fate,

Te museums exhibitsshow the events duringWorld War I from theIsonzo Front, especiallythe 12th battle, which isknown as the Battle ofKobarid.

Vesna arkovi

Te Kobarid MuseumIt presents the World War I on the Isonzo Front

In northeastern Slovenia, along the border with Italy, lie fortifications of World WarI, remains of machine guns, grenades, trenches, lookout points, caves, and shelters,all silent reminders of the war which claimed a million and a half lives, of which300,000 were Slovenian. From a thousand meters up, visitors can indulge in stunning

views of a large portion of the historical trail, and the green pools of the Soa river.

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Th msm dirctor Jo rbc


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Te museum is designedsuch that it is first andforemost a museum ofimpressions, portraits,victims, grenades, hu-man fate, military ma-noeuvres, and unbear-able conditions.

military manoeuvres, and un-bearable conditions. Troughall this the visitors feel in theirvery marrow the horrors of warand the pressures it puts on hu-manity, regardless of their po-litical inclinations or viewpoints.Te permanent exhibit remainslargely unchanged, but a partof the space has been dedicatedto temporary exhibits, personalcollections, and other new fea-tures. Visitors keep coming backto learn about the ever new con-

tent added. One of these newfeatures is a digital display of thebattle itself. Visitors will watchhow units move along the mod-el, as well as their starting pointsin the upper Soa valley.

Te exhibits however are not justat the museum, as the whole ofKobarid and its surrounding ar-eas are a living exhibit. Te mu-seum also features six muse-ums in nature, highlighting thetrenches and relics of artillery,

and guided tours are also orga-nized along the former battle-fields.

DOBERDOB, FINAL RESTING

PLACE FOR SLOVENIAN SOL

DIERS

Doberdob has become a symbolof the merciless battles duringWorld War I, as supplies of wa-ter ran dry and measures for de-fence were poor, and countlesssoldiers from several nations

Photo:UKOMarchives

Exhibition illustrates how the area behindthe lines of the Isonzo Front became agenuine anthill of hundreds of thousandsof soldiers and workers scattered fromMount Rombon to the shores of the Bay ofTrist. This is th story of th 29 mothsof ghtig for positios alog th SoaRir.


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IN FOCUS

bled to death. In the first Ital-ian offensives in the Soa valley,it was in the Karst itself whereItalian pressure was greatest, assoldiers moved to occupy ri-este and Gorica, and penetrateinto the heart of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. In some

of the most exposed positionson mihel, Martinina, andPodgora, Slovenian soldiers diedalong with other nations in themonarchy. In general, the mobi-lization of soldiers and the mo-bilization of civilians in WorldWar I had a fateful impact on thelives of the Austro-Hungarianmonarchy and its citizens. Sol-diers of the 3rd Corps, which in-cluded soldiers from Slovenianmobilization areas, went mostlyto eastern battlefields, in Galicia,where they experienced a trag-

ic encounter with war, as theGalician plains ran with bloodas they exacted their immensedeath toll. Even today there aremany unmarked graves of Slo-venian soldiers in Galicia.

Te museum also features abrief history of Kobarid fromprehistory through the presentera, and it won an award fromthe Council of Europe in 1993for its contribution to Europeancultural heritage. In 2013, theKobarid museum hosted 46,000

visitors. erbec explained thatthe museum saw more visi-tors the year before, which iscertainly an effect of the eco-nomic crisis and the weakerpurchasing power of citizens inSlovenia and Italy, as the mostvisitors come from Slovenia and

the closer regions of Italy, aswell as from German-speakingcountries. Te outdoor muse-ums in the Soa valley, i.e. twoin each of the three municipali-ties, are also well-visited. Teirupkeep is the responsibility ofthe Walk of Peace in the SoaRegion Foundation. Visits de-pend in large part on accessibil-ity, as the museum in Kolovratis by far the most visited, beingaccessible both to private carsand buses. Te breakthroughin Kobarid was one of the most

important events in the courseand final outcome of World WarI. Te Kobarid museum will cer-tainly collaborate in various in-ternational projects, such as themosaic exhibits in Berlin and insouthern Austria. Tese are ex-hibits which represent variousinstitutions, and this year theywill represent us, said the di-rector of the Kobarid museum.Tey will also be active in in-ternational symposia, amongwhich erbec emphasisedFrance and Hungary.

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Te 100th anniversaryinvokes strong reflec-tions on the question of

whether or not interna-tional disputes are solvedany differently than theywere back then.

Lft: Th Whit Room tlls of th sffrigof the soldiers in the cruel environment ofthe karst mountains during winters with6 (ad somtims mor) mtrs of sow.

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Istallatio of WWI military history of th Soa rgio at Kobarid Msm


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Drago SedmakTe revolutionary Great War

European historians call World War I the Great War. his name stems from the un-

derstanding that the Great War fundamentally changed every facet of life, art, cul-ture, economy, and functioned as a spiritual schism with the past. Its effect has

even been, in the opinion of some, comparable to that of the French Revolution.

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anja Glogovan

Drago Sedmakis aprofessor of historyand sociology, and themuseum counsellor atthe Museum of NovaGorica, and an experton the period of WorldWar I. He has writtenseveral books on thesubject, includingSoka fronta 1915

1917 (he Isonzo Front1915 1917) , Kronikavasi pod Grmadov letih 1915-1918/La cronaca dei paesiai piedi dellErmadanegli anni 1915/1918(Chronicles of theVillages under Grmadafrom 1915-1918),ivljenje v Kobaridumed prvo svetovnovojno (Life in Kobaridduring World War I),

Ob vznoju branikov:Solkan in Solkanci medprvo svetovno vojno(In the Foothills of theBastions: Solkan andits inhabitants in WorldWar I), and Slovenciin prva svetovna vojna1914-1918 (Sloveniansand World War I 1914-1918), as well as otherbooks and scholarlyarticles.


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In FOCuS InTeRvIeW

Borojevi was extremelyeffective, leading to hisnickname Te Lion of

Soa, for his brave fight-ing on the Isonzo Front.

Stozar Boroji wrot his am iSlovenian history books as the supremecommadr of th Isozo Frot battls.H was also th rst o-Grma Fild-Marshall in the Austro-Hungarian armedforcs.

What made World War I uniquewas that it was waged during theindustrial revolution. It is not justthat technological advances pavedway for developments in arms, butsociety itself was in the process ofturning to mass industrializa-tion. World War I was thus also amodern total war, where civiliansare involved in addition to generalmobilization of troops. A systemarose in European countries of ro-tating soldiers between the frontlines and the staging grounds,turning the war into an everydayindustrial process, which broughttogether the capabilities of theeconomy, traffic, and food supply.

In what theatres were Slovenian

soldiers active?

Slovenians can be said without adoubt to have fought on practical-ly all fronts. Tey were found interalia in Belgium, Holland, urkey,Tessaloniki, Dobruja, in Austro-Hungarian and German navies,and elsewhere, as well. CountlessSlovenians never made it back,but were buried somewhere farfrom home. We also cannot forgetabout the Slovenian soldiers whodied in POW camps in variouscountries, including the far cor-ners of sarist Russia.

What was the worst battle on Slo-

venian territory?

In my opinion and in the opinionof many others this was surely

the 11th Isonzo Front battle thebloodiest battle on Slovenian soil.In the 27 days of the 11th IsonzoFront battle, 40,000 Italians mettheir fate and around 108,000were injured. Te Austro-Hun-garian army suffered casualtiesof 10,000 dead, 45,000 injured,20,000 sick, and 30,000 missingsoldiers. Te amount of artilleryused in this battle was extraordi-nary. In terms of the number of or-ganized units, the number of can-ons, the amount of artillery fired,and sadly the number of casual-ties, the 11th Isonzo Front battlerivals the great positional battlesof World War I in the western the-atre. Te interesting thing is, thatat the end of the battle, both sideswere convinced of their own vic-tory. Te 11th Isonzo Front battlecame to a close on 15 September1917, but the battles on the SoaFront were over only at the end ofthe next, the 12th battle. Te lastItalian units withdrew to the oth-er side of the Soa on 28 October1917. For the Italians the defeat wasextremely painful, and had a hor-rible effect on morale.

How did Slovenian soldiers fare

on the battlefields?

Galicia and the Carpathian moun-tains defined the horrors of warfor our ancestors. Te phrase of-ten heard relating to events fromWorld War I is we never imag-ined such a war. It was a shock

to the very pillars of civilisation.Soldiers arrived in the centre of thefire, as at the beginning there werenot even tunnels or trenches. Tewinter was bitter, and they werecompletely under-dressed for it.In Slovenia, for instance in Karst,soldiers suffered from a severelack of water. It is hard to fathomthat level of violence and crude-ness today.

Te war was certainly different

for infantrymen than for their

commanding officers?

Tat is true in part, but the menin the trenches were joined bynon-commissioned officers andofficers of a certain rank. We cansee from the lists of casualties, thatbullets did not seek victims of acertain rank. It is, however, truethat the army was mostly madeup of soldiers of no rank.

What kind of officers were Field-

Marshall Svetozar Borojevi and

the Italian General Luigi Cador-

na?

Borojevi was extremely effective,leading to his nickname Te Lionof Soa, for his brave fighting onthe Isonzo Front. His subordinateshad respect for him, even thoughhe was a hard man, as he was anextremely fair officer. After a suc-cessful battle he even thankedcitizens and Slovenian soldiers onthe battlefield. Count Cadorna cre-ated a rigid and hierarchical style

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In FOCuS InTeRvIeW

I can say that, includ-ing in the opinion ofgreater military expertsthan I, that it is com-mon knowledge, that thevalour, courage, and sac-rifice of Slovenian boysand men shined brightlyon the battlefields in thehonours which decorat-ed the uniforms of theirofficers.

of leadership, leaving his subor-dinates little room for initiative,which proved unsuccessful on thebattlefield. He dealt out extremelyharsh punishments to those sol-diers whom he assessed as beingguilty of failure or of desertingtheir ranks. It is true, however, thatattacks aimed at conquering landrequired an incomparably greaterblood toll than defensive tactics.

Is it known how many Slovenians

died in the Great War?

Te most probable figure is be-tween 35 and 40,000 Sloveniansoldiers, although this is likelynot to be the exact figure, as therecords are poor. A study wouldhave to be made, which no matterhow precise would still not be ab-solute. Would that precision easea troubled conscience or teach ussomething? We would also needto inquire into civilian casual-ties of artillery as well as of chol-era and Spanish flu, which wereconsequences of the conditionsof war. Maybe the solution wouldbe to put in the front lines every-one who makes decisions to go towar and who carve out all sorts ofprofit from it: financial, career, andpolitical!

Something of interest is that be-tween the two World Wars, in-habitants in the Soa valley soughtout, gathered, and dismantledunexploded ordnance, selling theiron and other castings for scrap,thereby improving the economicsituation. Sadly, many fell vic-tim to their own efforts. Tis is nolonger necessary, but nonethelesssometimes collectors suffer anunfortunate accident.

Where was the rear in the battles

of the Isonzo Front?

Te rear was first Gorika to thewest of the Soa, then Karst, to-days Primorska, and then Gore-njska and the rest of the regionsof Slovenia. Here were the sup-ply chains, the military hospitals,and a whole range of other fa-cilities necessary for waging warand housing soldiers. Tis was allbut a part of the mighty Austro-Hungarian war machine. It wassimilar on the Italian side, as well.A consequence of the battles of theIsonzo Front was the large amountof refugees civilians fled into the

heart of Austro-Hungary, as wellas into Italy. Te first wave of refu-gees began in 1915, and this onlyincreased in strength in 1916 and1917. Te return wave of refugees(returning from camps or sheltersif they had fled) lasted until 1920.Tis, too, was similar on the Ital-ian side. It is true, that memoriesof the inhabitants of these areassuggest that refugees in Italy en-joyed better living conditions thanin Austro-Hungary. Te war tooka heavier toll on the Austro-Hun-garian monarchy than on the Ital-ian Kingdom. Readers might beinterested to know that, after warbroke out in August of 1914, refu-gees came to Slovenia from east-ern and north-eastern battlefields,including Muslims and civilianrefugees from Bosnia and Herze-govina, as well as from Galicia.

Who was the biggest hero of the

War?

Every soldier. A great number ofSlovenian families lost a father,brother, or son to the war. Tiscommands respect. Tey were all

heroes. I can say that, includingin the opinion of greater militaryexperts than I, that it is commonknowledge, that the valour, cour-age, and sacrifice of Slovenian boysand men shined brightly on thebattlefields in the honours whichdecorated the uniforms of theirofficers. Perhaps these honourswere not that bright, but they weretruly hard-earned on the battle-field. Slovenian history booksnaturally single out a few names.Albin Mlakar absolutely deservesmention, lieutenant of the Austri-an engineering unit which he ledin May 1916 to capture the Italianfortress of Casa Ratti, and in Sep-tember 1916, he blew up the Ital-ian positions on Monte Cimone inArsiero. In October of 1917 he de-stroyed the fortress on Vri in theKrn mountains. He was the mostdecorated Slovenian officer in theAustro-Hungarian armada. Whenpresented in his full regalia (whichincluded the Signum Laudis, theRed Iron Crown, the Order of Leo-pold, the Gold Medal for Bravery),Emperor Karl I shunned him and

Photo:NationalMu

seumofContemporaryHistoryarchives

The war meant women had to take on ambr of traditioally mal rols. Thirability to do this ld to a chag i attitds.Many married women were forced into theworkplac by th dath of thir hsbads.Other women were drafted into industriesthat had been depleted by military con-scriptio (i th photo: woma workig forIsozo Frot).


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refused to shake his hand whenlearning that Mlakar was a nation-ally conscious Slovenian. Such itwas: for the Habsburgs, Slovenianswere merely cannon fodder.

What monuments are the pretti-

est testament?

If you have in mind the architec-ture of World War I, the churchin Javorca is certainly the finest,then the German cemetery/ossu-ary in olmin. A number of other

cemeteries are also beautifullymaintained. What is missing, likethey have in the west, is a namedindex of those buried. Even Jewsfought in Slovenia, and Sloveniansfought in far-away theatres. If Slo-venia were to emphasise the di-versity of the nations who foughtby using actual names, we wouldsurely attract even more attentionand visits. Definitely that type oftourism, which stems from theinhumaneness of events from 100years ago, would bring us moretourists, who want to see where

war was waged by their ances-tors, and where their remnants lie.I am convinced of this by the nu-merous requests we receive fromother countries for information onwhere relatives were buried.

Again, we may not forget aboutthose casualties of war prison-ers, who died due to impossibleliving conditions and events, e.g.avalanches in Vri and renta, anartillery explosion in Ajdovina,victims of epidemics. In Sloveniathere were prisoners of war from

Italy (at Ljubljanas castle), Serbia,Romania, Russia (lest we forgetabout the numerous nations inthat empire), and possibly fromelsewhere as well.

What role did women have in

World War I, and where were

they most active?

A number of books have beenwritten about this phenomenon. Iam not exactly an expert, but evenin Slovenia women replaced their

male colleagues in professionswhich both had performed beforethe war. It is known that in othercountries they drove the trolleys,and before worked in the tobaccoindustry, taking on other, moredemanding tasks during the war,etc. According to articles in Slo-venian newspapers, it is evidentthat they worked to heal and carefor the sick and wounded soldiersliving in Slovenian hospitals andeven fighting in various theatres:collecting food, baking treats,knitting wool clothing, collect-

ing tobacco products, etc. Schools,including students and teachers,were also a part of the efforts inknitting, sewing, and collectingmoney for the Red Cross.

And the financial impact of the

Great War?

It is appropriate to talk about this.Tis includes war loans, whichwere never repaid, collecting golditems, collecting clothing for sol-diers, all types of food, monetarygifts and other types of gifts andcollections which Slovenians

gathered and donated in Red Crosscampaigns for soldiers, victims,orphans, families of fallen soldiers all regardless of nationality. Wealso collected money by sellingpostcards with different themesand destinations, war signs, sou-venirs and much more. Tis wasthe last minted money, whichmeant something and had value.It was replaced by worthless papermoney. People sacrificed and lost alot. Tere were also war profiteers

from among our people who weresingled out and prosecuted by theAustro-Hungarian legal system.Te question is only to what de-gree of success.

Te museum probably has a lot of

plans in the spirit of the 100th an-

niversary?

Te Museum of Nova Gorica hasseveral topical exhibits plannedfor the period of 2014-2018. I my-self am retiring next year, and Itherefore truly hope that I will bereplaced by younger blood, who

will breathe some fresh new airand innovative vision into the mu-seums operations. Getting backto plans for this and next year, Iwould like to invite all Sinfo read-ers to come check out at least oneexhibit in the next 4 years. Te firstone will be ready this September,and the next one will be in May ofnext year, and so on until Novem-ber 2018. Tey will all portray adifferent aspect of the Great War,from its people, towns and cities,and the time period in general.

If Slovenia were to em-phasise the diversity ofthe nations who foughtby using actual names,we would surely attracteven more attention andvisits. Definitely thattype of tourism, which

stems from the inhu-maneness of events from100 years ago, wouldbring us more tourists,who want to see wherewar was waged by theirancestors, and wheretheir remnants lie.

Photo:NationalMuseumofCo

ntemporaryHistoryarchives

Kids i rfg camp.


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BUSINESS

he anniversary of World War I is one of the principle stories in Slovenian

tourism this year. he public agency SPIRI Slovenia is focusing its promo-tion on the Walk of Peace, which winds its way through the Soa river valley,linking the ruins and remnants of the Isonzo Front from the rivers source to

its mouth.

ourist opportunities upon the anniversary of World War I

Unique approaches in promotion

Petra Goneli, SPIRI Slovenia, public agency

Photo:

Tjaa

Janov

lja

k/Mostp

hotos


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BUSINESS

Te beauties of nature, amouth-watering array ofculinary treats, and well-managed trails framethe stories from the past,which tourists can find inmuseums, private collec-tions, and conversationswith locals.

Te beauties of nature, a mouth-watering array of culinary treats,and well-managed trails framethe stories from the past, whichtourists can find in museums,private collections, and conver-sations with locals.

An increased interest of jour-nalists and agencies in 2013 has

suggested that the anniversariesof the World War I will help toincrement the number of tour-ists between 2014 and 2018. Incollaboration with local partnerswe have established a networkof hotels, agencies, associations,restaurants, and museums alongthe Walk of Peace.

Te Walk of Peace starts in theupper Soa valley and winds itsway through Gorika to Karst

and Brda, also connecting Vene-to and Friuli-Venezia Giulia inItaly. As a result, we maintainexcellent collaboration with theAgenzia urismo Friuli VeneziaGiulia in developing this excel-lent product. Tis year our activ-ities have focused on promotion,which have included presentingthe Walk of Peace and its service

providers at more than 10 inter-national fairs, drafting newslet-ters and advertisements, andputting together study tours incollaboration with local organi-zations for journalists who havebeen excited to write about thehistorical remnants and capti-vating beauty of the surround-ings. Te anniversary of the as-sassination in Sarajevo is uponus, and the representatives of theSPIRI Slovenia public agency

will take Italian journalists on abike ride through the streets ofMilan, which are named afterplaces and events from WorldWar I, using a new approach togenerate interest in visiting Slo-venia.

Te anniversary of World War Iis a unique affair which similarly

requires unique approaches inpromotion and which, with itscross-border themes, has a lotof potential. ourists are inter-ested in the mix of Slovenian andItalian culture, the north wind ofthe Alps, and the warm air of theMediterranean. Some of the visi-tors to the Walk of Peace wouldlike to place their shoes in thefootsteps of their ancestors, asover 20 nations waged war inthe Isonzo Front battles. Other

Rir nadia, napolo bridg.

Photo:

LTOarc

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BUSINESS

At www.slovenia.info/socadotell we added some helpful hints about researchingour heritage from World War I. See the presentation from Drutvo 1313 about thelives of soldiers in the Klue fortress, visit the Kobarid museum, and check out theinfo point of the Walk of Peace, or set off with experienced tour guides to visit theopen air museums along the Walk of Peace. Embrace the emotions of the Church ofthe Holy Spirit in a remote mountain meadow, built by Austro-Hungarian soldiersof varying nations and faiths. Dont miss the bored out Sabotin hill, which providesvisitors with a stunning view. Set out on foot, on bike, in your car, or even with themuseums train. Let the regions gourmet chefs and sophisticated vintners pamperyour taste buds.

Te networking activities of the service providers,packages, and website www.slovenia.info/socado-tell were developed in the context of the project -lab, co-financed by the European Regional Devel-opment Fund and supported with national fundsunder the Cross-border Cooperation ProgrammeSloveniaItaly 20072013.

Photo:DomeGrgl/www.s

loveia

Rir Soa.visitors, such as school groups,would like to uncover their com-mon European heritage. Forsome these stories from the pastare not their main reason forvisiting, but they represent ad-ditional experiences which theycan discover while exercising,either by hiking or bike riding.

Media reactions and the inter-est of the public in such a tour-ist event have been substantial,and as a result we hope that thepositive effect will also be seen inthis years visits to Slovenia andthe other destinations. Te initialfeedback has been quite positive.Tis potential highlights the bigopportunity of this anniversaryfor Slovenian tourism as well,and we are aware that we have alot of work ahead of us.


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BUSINESS

Th Charl Hos was bilt o Gradi Hill arod th Chrch of St. Ato. Mortal rmais of 7,014 kow ad kow Italia soldirs who hadb killd i th First World War wr carrid to th Charl Hos from arby army cmtris.

Th Mmorial Chrch of th Holy Spirit i Jaorca is ddicatd to fall Astro-Hgaria dfdrs of th Tolmi battlld o th Isozo. As thst momt to th First World War i th trritory of Sloia, i 2007 th chrch was classd as a historical momt barig th eropa

Cltral Hritag sig.

Photo:TheWalkofPeaceitheSoaRegioFoudatioarchives

Photo:

Nea

Cu

lpaan

dSPIRITSloven

ia,

Pu

blic

Agencyarc

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Neja Petek, Creative Director of the Nea Culpa agencyCreating stories

Danila Golob

he brochure entitled Soa, do tell presents and connects the region, tour-ism providers and locals, related to the former front along the Soa river(Isonzo Front), in picture and words. his area is now connected in the Walkof Peace, stretching from the Alps to the Adriatic. he brochure is an impor-

tant evidence of successful cross-border integration of tourism players.

Nea Culpa is a tourism marketing agency. Tisboutique agency, offering integrated services,has been connecting tourism enthusiasts, as wellas young communication and marketing profes-sionals, who enrich tourism with their creativityand new ideas, since 2010. It develops and de-signs tourism brands, upgrades tourism productsto stories, advertises tourism providers and des-tinations, and is involved in direct marketing intourism.

Creative director of the

Nea Culpa agency, NejaPetek, presented the pro-cess of creating a story,which leads us along theWalk of Peace from theAlps to the Adriatic hun-dred years after the Ison-zo Front and World War I.

Photo:

Man

kica

Kran

jec


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BuSIneSS InTeRvIeW

Tis boutique agency,offering integrated ser-vices, has been connect-ing tourism enthusiasts,as well as young com-munication and market-ing professionals, whoenrich tourism with theircreativity and new ideas,since 2010.

How did you start cooperating in

the -lab project with the SPIRI

Slovenia agency?

Since the very beginning wewanted to cooperate in creatingSlovenian and transnational tour-

ism stories. Developing commu-nication in the area of tourism atthe national and European level isan exciting and rewarding chal-lenge. I Feel Slovenia is a brand, inwhich we believe. For two yearswe participate as consultants inthe project -lab. We were ex-cited to cooperate with the SPIRISlovenia public agency, which islead partner in the -lab project. Itconnects regions and people, pro-motes innovation in tourism in thecross-border Slovenian and Italianregion, and strengthens the vis-

ibility of its tourism. We are alsomarketing consultants to the Walkof Peace in the Soa Region Foun-dation. During our visit to its visitorcentre and to the foundation andduring the preparation of the mar-keting plan on the basis of the anal-ysis, we gained good insight intotourism in the region, which washelpful in designing the brochureSoa, do tell. In September 2013,we became involved in editorialwork and started writing and pho-tographing tourism programmes inthe framework of SPIRI Slovenia,

which were developed on the -labinitiative to start connecting.

First challenges were workshops

to develop and promote tourism

products related to World War I,

were they not?

Tat is right. -lab established alarge network for developing andmarketing of common tourismproducts. It connected the SoaRegion, the Gorica Hills, the BrdaHills, the Slovenian and ItalianKarst, the Idrija and Cerkno Hills,the Province of rieste, the Region

of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, the NadiaValley etc. At these workshops,SPIRI Slovenia and partners madea good breakthrough in promot-ing providers and destinationsand helping them create com-mon tourism programmes. In theforefront are World War I and the100th anniversary of battles on theIsonzo Font. Te first total war, assome historians call it, is very im-portant, since it shaped the map ofEurope and Slovenia. Te Walk ofPeace from the Alps to the Adriaticstretches along the Soa River and

follows the stories it tells. People in

this region have always been veryconnected. Te region connectsthree worlds and cultures: the Slav-ic, Germanic and Romance. oday,tourism providers and the repre-sentatives of public institutions,

who are in charge of the World WarI heritage, are proud of their roots.Many still remember how theirgrandfathers used to speak all threelanguages: Slovenian, Italian andGerman.

Te brochure Soa, do tell is a

result of your work as well as your

successful cooperation with other

tourism players. What were the

guidelines for its design?

We focused our work around fiveinnovative tourism programmes,which were developed during -

lab workshops and were the forcebehind our editorial work. Teydo not only present war heritage,but offer many experiences inthe region with cultural, naturaland gastronomic treasures. In thisspectacular nature, visitors canparticipate in world-renownedsports activities on (and along) theSoa River and experience culinarydelights that they will not soon for-get. In terms of editorial work, thebrochure was divided in two partsafter several meetings and brain-storming sessions with the -lab

project manager at SPIRI Slove-nia Petra Goneli. Te first part isentitled Boundless Weekends. It isa modern tour guide book for in-dividual guests or groups, whichcan plan their own two or three dayprogramme in accordance withtheir motivation, wishes and na-ture. Tey can look for help in theVisitors Centre of the Walk of Peaceas well as in other tourist informa-tion centres or specialised travelagencies. Te second part focuseson organised multi-day trips: WithGusto along the Walk of Peace and

Along the Walk of Peace on a Bi-cycle. Te Soa, do tell brochuretargets both a narrow and primarytarget group of visitors, who areinterested in World War I heritage,and visitors, who are seeking re-laxation, contact with nature andhospitable locals.

A century ago this region was

devastated by war, however there

is no dark war tourism felt in the

programme. Visitors can experi-

ence boundlessness, freedom and

peace.

Co-creators of the destination

the Local ourism OrganisationSotoje, the Kobarid museum andthe Walk of Peace in the Soa Re-gion Foundation decided not topursue dark tourism but to em-phasise the notion of peace. In line

with the theory of dark tourism wecould talk about the former conflictzone, but today, in practice, there isno need for this in the area of theformer Isonzo Front. After all, visi-tors seek reconciliation with thepast and the present. oday, it ispossible to enjoy peace along theSoa River. During our detailedstudy of events and letters from thepast, we were impressed by the loveand attachment of locals to theirhome environment and villages,which were completely destroyedduring the war. All they wanted

was to return home, live in peaceand rebuild their environment. Forthis reason, it makes sense to rejectthe identity and products of darktourism. Tis is also connects theoverall offer. Te message of peaceis a focal point of all experiences.Generations, which live in the re-gion today, have respect for warheritage and their ancestors, butthey wish to offer visitors freedomand peace. And yes, boundlessnesscan be noticed in every glance andview. Te Soa River changes visi-tors, as many charismatic farm-

ers in the Soa Region say. Tey allhave special attitude towards na-ture and their animals, they nameeach animal and recognize them,even if the herds are large.

Te brochure kindly addresses

readers, invites them to experi-

ence the Soa River and moun-

tains, meet the locals, hear their

stories and become a part of the

Walk of Peace from the Alps to the

Adriatic.

Modern tourists are not interestedin data and do not want to tick-box

museums and attractions. Teyneed to connect with the environ-ment and its stories and they needintensive, convincing and authen-tic experiences, which mark andimpress them. Museum exhibi-tions on heritage or any other ex-hibitions (there are many open-airmuseums along the Walk of Peacefrom the Alps to the Adriatic) arenot popular any more, if they donot address modern visitors. Tisis why the Kobarid museum holdsan exhibition on World War I andat the same time disseminates a

popular message of peace with


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BuSIneSS InTeRvIeW

respect and compassion towardspresent war zones. Along the Walkof Peace from the Alps to the Adri-atic, tourist guides take visitors todefence caverns and networks oftrenches. In addition, they showthem local cuisine and medicinalplants. Members of societies thatpresent daily routine of soldiersalso talk about their feelings to-wards their grandfathers. As youenter the tourist farm Lukevadomaija you become aware that

Miss Joica is not only a curator, butactually lives there as well. In addi-tion to visiting the network of un-derground passages on the SabotinHill, visitors must try home-madeIstrian stew (jota). It is impor-tant that visitors truly experiencethe destination through locals.Modern tourists are not passiveobservers, but active participants,who expect constant contact andcommunication. Tese days, sto-ries are the most important aspect

of tourism. Stories have been partof humanity since the discoveryof fire. Tey challenge, and if theyare good, attract attention and trig-ger a response. oday, every visitoris a partner in conversation, whowishes to enter a story.

While designing the Soa, do tellbrochure and photographing sto-ries, it was extremely important toour Nea Culpa team to be in con-stant contact with people that help

Te first total war, assome historians call it,is very important, sinceit shaped the map ofEurope and Slovenia.Te Walk of Peace fromthe Alps to the Adriaticstretches along the SoaRiver and follows the

stories it tells.

Th cor of th Soa, do tll brochrfatrs Milo Domk, World War Iobjct collctor.

Photo:

Nea

Cu

lpaan

dSPIR

ITSloven

ia,

Pu

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Agency


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Industrial and technology parks offer new possibilities for economic developmentin the ever-changing economic and social environment. On the one hand, they pro-vide new opportunities for the exchange of knowledge and regional dialogue; on theother, they create jobs and foster innovation, creativity and cooperation. We talkedwith UNIDO Director General about technology parks, sustainable development

and the role of Slovenia in industrialization.

LI Yong, Director General of UNIDOechnology parks in Slovenia can find opportunities

in the local entrepreneurial potential

Urka Uakar, imotej oo

Photo:nebojaTeji/STA

Mr LI Yong, Director General of the United

Nations Industrial Development Organiza-tio (unIDO).

UNIDO is a specialized agency of the United Nations for the promotion of industrial development aimedat poverty eradication, inclusive globalization and environmental sustainability. In promoting and accel-erating inclusive and sustainable industrial development, UNIDO offers technical cooperation, standardsetting and advisory services, as well as the creation of partnerships and networks. Tis is reflected in theorganization of various events, including the regional conference in Slovenia, organized in collaborationwith the Ministry of Economic Development and echnology and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.


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BuSIneSS InTeRvIeW

In April this year, Slovenia hostedthe second Regional Conferenceon a New Generation of Industrialand echnology Parks. Te two-day conference attracted interna-tional experts, government repre-sentatives and other professionalswho discussed the role parks havein fostering inclusive and sustain-able industrial development inEurope and Central Asia. As partof his official visit to Slovenia, MrLI Yong, Director General of theUnited Nations Industrial Devel-opment Organization (UNIDO),participated in the opening of theRegional Conference.

Te Slovenian economy is wit-

nessing the emergence of many

new start-ups that use innova-

tive business practices. What are

the most important elements of

state incentives for an appropri-

ate start-up friendly business en-

vironment?

By improving both hard and softbusiness infrastructure countriesenhance the general business cli-mate, which in turn strengthenscompetitiveness and productivity,and also encourages investment,research, development, innova-tion, the use of IC, and job cre-ation. An effective business infra-structure requires multi-layeredmanagement that results in syner-gies between various sectors andparts of society.

Support infrastructure and ad-equate funds are two commonissues faced by start-ups. Science,industrial and technology parkssupport start-ups, new enterpriseincubation, and the developmentof knowledge-based businesses,and offer an appropriate envi-ronment for interaction with the

centres of knowledge creation.Tey serve as bridges betweenacademia and industry, and act asinnovation hubs, promoting inter-active learning and the commer-cialization of research outputs;they can also exploit local entre-preneurial potential.

What best practices can Slovenia

and Slovenian technology parks

contribute to the development of

the business environment?

Many countries have alreadybenefitted and are still benefit-

ting from Slovenias accumulatedtransitional experience, expertiseand know-how, and its progres-sive economic success, making itan important development assis-tance partner.

Te leading partner with UNIDOin the organization of the RegionalConference on a New Genera-tion of Industrial and echnologyParks was the Ljubljana echnol-ogy Park, which has been design-ing and co creating initiatives insupport of entrepreneurial activ-ity in Slovenia. Te experience ofsetting up a business environmentfor Slovenian start-ups and com-panies at the early stages of theirdevelopment is of great value forthe entire region.

I have also been particularly im-pressed by the initiative Start:upSlovenia, an umbrella body fororganizations forming the entre-preneurial support ecosystem,which has a significant impact oneconomic growth and the genera-tion of new jobs.

What are the key conclusions of

the second Regional Conference

on a New Generation of Indus-

trial and echnology Parks for the

countries and businesses compa-

nies in the region?

Te Conference contributed to abetter understanding of the role ofindustrial and technology parks ineconomic diversification and jobcreation in the current global set-ting of worsening environmentaldegradation, high unemployment(especially youth), and rising so-cial and economic exclusion. Itserved as a significant platform forthe exchange of knowledge andadvice on parks.

Te presentations, discussionsand outcomes of this event werehighly relevant for the series ofUNIDO global forums on strate-gies and policies to boost inclusiveand sustainable industrial devel-opment, based on innovation,entrepreneurship and creativity,which I have initiated for 2014 and2015. Te forums are designed tofoster the exchange of substantiveknowledge on strategies, ideas,best practices and success storiesin industrial development, as well

as broker partnerships betweendifferent stakeholders.

What is the current state of the

development of the business en-

vironment in the region?

Te economic transformations inthe region over the past 20 yearshave been remarkable. Severalcountries, notably Slovenia, havedeveloped dynamic and success-ful economies, and become re-gional leaders in many industrialsectors.

At the same time, it is importantto acknowledge that business en-vironments and economic struc-tures across the countries in theregion are highly divergent. Tereis frequently a lack of access toinformation, advanced techno-logical know-how, and financialresources. Many countries alsoface higher transaction costs dueto inadequate infrastructure andweak enabling institutions.

What is the role of technology

parks in promoting inclusive and

sustainable local economic and

industrial development?

Te fundamental basis for pur-suing inclusive and sustainableindustrial and economic develop-ment is the creation of a businessinfrastructure that attracts invest-ment, rewards entrepreneurship,and ensures the generation, flowand commercialization of newknowledge. Science, industrialand technology parks representan integral part of business infra-structure, economic developmentand development planning, andare important instruments for in-dustrial diversification.

In supporting the creation and

growth of industrial agglomera-tions and facilitating regional in-novation clusters, parks act ascatalysts for horizontal and verti-cal linkages and can be used as atesting ground for new reforms,policies and governance ap-proaches to improve the businessenvironment. Tis is also reflectedin the rising demand for UNIDOto provide its services in creatingmodern business infrastructure incountries at different stages of de-velopment and adopting differentdevelopment approaches.

Science, industrial andtechnology parks supportstart-ups, new enter-prise incubation, and the

development of knowl-edge-based businesses.


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CULTURE

Memories of a soldier on the front lineTeir own perspectives

anja Glogovan

One hundred years have passed since the outbreak of World War I. hose whofought, suffered and sacrificed their lives during that war are now long gone.heir recollections, however, remain preserved in parish chronicles and inpersonal records. hese attest to many difficult as well as pleasant moments.

Even moments when soldiers were in cheery mood.

When Slovenian soldiersmarched towards the front linesin the summer of 1914, theysang songs and were accompa-nied by patriotic cheering fromcrowds of people. Most soldiers

believed that the war would beshort and easily won and thatlife would soon return to normal.Despite unhappy forebodings,most of them could not imaginehow strongly the impending warwould affect their lives and whatdisastrous consequences it wouldimpinge upon the Danube mon-archy.

ALL FOR THE EMPEROR

Franc oster, an ordinary Slo-venian soldier, provided a short

written recollection of his un-fortunate fate during World WarI. He did not fail to mention thetragic consequences of the war,nor the consolatory messagesthat gave him comfort and reas-

surance that his sacrifice had apurpose: Te unfortunate warbroke out in 1914 and the fol-lowing year, in 1915, I myselfwas called to join the army. Mostof my comrades perished, but Isurvived. Yet the war took awaythe most valuable thing that Ihad: my eyes. As a blind man, Inow spend my days in an insti-tution for blind people. Here, Iam learning to read, with my fin-gers, the alphabet for the blind. Iam also learning to write in thatalphabet, as I am writing to you

now, and to weave baskets. It is asad life, but these words give mecomfort: All for the faith, thefatherland, the Emperor and forthe Emperors gentle eyes.

However, not all soldiers sharedthe same opinion. Te lengthywar and the ruthless brutalitiesnot only brought despair, wea-riness and passionate desire forpeace, they also caused greatmistrust and criticism againstthe government. Soldier Leo-pold Vadnjal wrote: I went towar once already. As a youngman, I imagined that there wastruth to what they were askingus to believe: that we were sup-posed to kill other people for thesake of the faith, the fatherland

It is a sad life, but thesewords give me comfort:All for the faith, thefatherland, the Emperorand for the Emperorsgentle eyes.

A scene in Kobarid Museum

Photo:

Du

an

Zidar/

Mostp

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CULTURE

Fallen enemy soldierswere treated with gal-lantry and respect, aswell. Death often ex-tinguished the hatredbetween the antagonistarmies that the war hadinstigated.

and the Emperor. After years ofsuffering, I came to realise thatfaith is a personal matter, thateverybody loves their own fa-therland and that one can liveperfectly well without emperors

and kings.

LIFE WAS HAPPY FOR A WHILE

Recollections of the Isonzo Frontby Joe Selan from Nova Selashed light on war events froma humanly perspective and,though full of horrors, they alsospeak of dainties and revelries.For example, Selan describesthe canned food that soldiersate for lunch. On another occa-sion, he tells of how soldiers onthe front line ate their fill of the

first cherries. However, he alsowent through difficult times andstruggled with the fear of deadbodies. As he explains: I wasshocked by the explosions andgrenades. I was in a shiver all daylong. During our daily meal, anItalian soldier threw grenades.Following severe tensions, sol-diers in the barracks gave wayto revelries: We ate chestnutsand drank a lot. Selan furtherdescribes the relations with Ital-ian civilians who had great fearof his army: We came to a vil-

lage. I cant remember its namenow. We took all the horses andpigs. Life was very happy for awhile. We also got lots of hensand wine. We baked and drankall night long. Te conqueringof the Italian territory broughtabout a change in the soldiersmeals; as Selan tells, polenta be-came an increasingly commonitem on their menu. By late 1917,Selans writings ceased.

THE COMMANDERS ARE INCOM

PETENT

Te war also exposed the rela-tions between ordinary sol-diers and commanding officers,which were not always idyllic.Te resentments were largelycaused by the belief that (all)commanders were incompe-tent, though well fed cowards,while ordinary soldiers had toendure fighting and deprivation.Soldiers believed they were be-ing unfairly disadvantaged inthe quality of their sheltering,rankings, payment, food andfurlough. Tey thought that all

In a cavern, 19141918

AH ofcrs joyig food, wi ad f ithe hinterland of the Isonzo Front in Krasdrig a brak i th coict. Was this away of forgetting about everything?

O Christmas ig AH ofcrs, fromth Obsratio balloo it vojica, i akarst shack at th tim of th Isozo Frot.

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CULTURE

myself and buy some neces-saries. On 4 August, at 8:30 PM,I finally arrived happily to myhome in Preserje. My mother,my brothers and my sisters, sur-

prised by my return, welcomedme delightedly. Now I am home,visiting relatives and acquain-tances, and enjoying my fur-lough. However, even duringfurlough, Peterlin was mindfulthat the war was not yet over. Ashe wrote: On 21 August I shallreturn on the fighting line for thecountry, desperate to await theday when peace so longed forshall reign among nations andall of us will be granted unlim-ited furlough.

DESERTION

During the gruesome war, manysoldiers wished for unlimitedfurlough. As war was becom-ing absurd, soldiers took op-portunities to desert. A soldierby the name Novinec wrote: In12 days my wound healed well.Ten, a commission came to the

hospital, selecting soldiers to besent back to their units in battlepositions. I decided firmly that Iwould never pick up a rifle again,or wear it on my back. One af-

ternoon, following medical in-spections where several othersoldiers and I were selected to bereturned to the front line, I tookadvantage of the guards inat-tention. I climbed the wall sur-rounding the hospital and ranas swiftly as I could, as far awayfrom the hospital as possible,hoping that my absence wouldnot be noted.

As Novinecs later records show,his desertion was successful. Af-ter spending some time hiding

at home, he was lucky to obtain,despite some suspicions, the jobof an auxiliary worker in a localmilitary hospital.

People called such desertersthe green cadre. Another sol-dier, named Andrej Zlobec, pro-vided more recollections on thatmatter. In the summer of 1918he deserted from the Cukrarnabuilding in Ljubljana, where con-valescent soldiers to be returnedto the battlefield were stationed.He joined a group of desertersin the rnovski gozd forest. Tereasons for his desertion weretiredness and revolt against theAustro-Hungarian state for na-tional reasons: I am 19. I haveseen enough of front line com-bats, injuries, hunger and cold-ness. I shall desert! If I am ever tofight again, I want to know why!

FELLOW SUFFERERS

During incessant fightings, Slo-venian soldiers also recognisedthe heroism of the enemies.Soldier Karel Jagodi compas-sionately, despite the impassiveorders from the commanding of-ficers, recounts one such eventwhen he witnessed how an Ital-ian soldier struggled to rescuea wounded fellow combatantfrom the rifles of bewilderedAustro-Hungarian soldiers. Ourmen were baffled by the brav-ery. Fallen enemy soldiers weretreated with gallantry and re-spect, as well. Death often extin-guished the hatred between theantagonist armies that the warhad instigated.

Tere were also cases of frater-nising on the front lines. AndrejZlobec provides a unique rec-ollection of how, despite initialhesitation and mistrust, he man-

aged to establish contact withhis Italian colleague and fellowguard: I am watching the Ital-ian man...Te moon is shiningupon his youthful face. No, he isnot going to kill me and neitheram I going to kill him. Te bar-rels of our rifles are pointed up-wards. I do not understand at allwhy I should kill this man. I seeno reason to hate the boy who isstanding there just a few metresaway from me and is offeringme bread again. He wants to ex-change the other half of his loaf

for cigarettes. We are joined byour youth and the desire to live.If only I could speak his languagebetter, I would ask him whetherhe knows why the two of usshould hate each other and whywe should, according to all therules, kill each other. I would askhim whether he knows why weshould both die. When it wastime to change the guards, bothZlobec and the Italian soldier,instead of showing animosity,waived goodbye to each other asold acquaintances. Tey proved

that even soldiers could let go ofall prejudices, stereotypes andmutual repugnance which hadsuch a profound impact on Slo-venian-Italian relations.

THEIR RECOLLECTIONS

Every war has a major creativepotential. It creates and leavesbehind countless testimoniesof cold-bloodedness, cruelty,bloodthirstiness, sadness, fate,death, helplessness, triviality,but also of pleasures. It is becauseof this potential that World WarI also played a role in promot-ing literacy. Literate and illiteratesoldiers received pencils in orderto write down and provide an ac-count of their own perspectives.It was an unfortunate privilegethat they were given the chanceto write on the front lines. Teywould definitely have preferredto leave their traces elsewhere.But it was a fate which they ac-cepted.

Source: Zapiski vojaka Albina Peter-lina; Miha Sluga, Ko riglav nikdar neomahne, Slovencu vdanost ne usahne.

I am watching the Italianman...Te moon is shin-ing upon his youthfulface. No, he is not goingto kill me and neither amI going to kill him.

Th wspapr, Kobarid Msm.

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CuLTuRe InTeRvIeW

Do we live in war or peace? Has World War I really come to an end, or are westill living in both world wars or in their aftermath? hese questions werediscussed by around 90 authors from around 40 countries or PEN centresfrom around the world at the recent 4-day 46th Bled meeting, which focused

on war and peace.

Marjan StrojanWithout bloc division and beyond censorship

Vesna arkovi

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Marjan Strojanis a poet,author, translator, andjournalist. He is also thePresident of the SlovenePEN centre.


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CuLTuRe InTeRvIeW

Tis years meeting focused onthemes arising from the 100thanniversary of World War I. TeBled meetings began during theCold War with the purpose of giv-ing authors a chance to meet andhold discussions with one anotherduring the political circumstancesof the day, free of bloc divisions

and beyond censorship. oday, theBled meetings still continue to of-fer an opportunity for a dialogueamong the literati from variousparts of regions in conflict.

You are warning that the world is

once again engaging in the rheto-

ric from the cold war.

Tis year is a year of commemo-ration. It is a year marked by theanniversary of one of the big-gest and most pointless cases ofslaughter which mankind evercommitted, the anniversary of the

first of the two Great Wars, whichradically altered the course of the20th century, the world today, andall of human history. Te run-up tothe massacre was a well-managedcampaign of hate-mongering,whose purpose was to turn na-tions against each other. Authors,journalists, and reporters can help

the world renounce the languageof hatred. Te language of hatredis easy to use, though insipid andunintelligent, while it is very dif-ficult, though wise and clever, tospeak factually and with under-standing. Tis is the language ofeveryday communication amongpeople, even if they do not knoweach other. Hate-mongering inpolitics is a sign that people aretrying to return the world to aplace that is but a distant memoryin our minds. Europe must not bedivided again. Moreover, return

is impossible, though attempts atreintroducing division always endup claiming their victims.

Tis year you have devoted spe-

cial attention to the situation in

Ukraine.

Te conflicts which have flared upin the region of the former Soviet

Union are extremely dangerous,as there is a lot of external interfer-ence which led to civil war in thefirst place. Military tactics them-selves have changed, too, as waris no longer waged between menin uniform from each side. Tis isan extremely specific situation,and we are afraid it will spill over.Tere are less and less traditionalinternational conflicts, while thereare ever more hotspots, wheremajor powers duke it out indirect-ly. We authors therefore encour-age conflicting parties to resort to

Photo:TaminoPetelinek/S

TA

Te run-up to themassacre was a well-

managed campaign ofhate-mongering, whosepurpose was to turn na-tions against each other.Authors, journalists, andreporters can help theworld renounce the lan-guage of hatred.


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CuLTuRe InTeRvIeW

diplomacy, not to fight, and we areencouraging the United Nations totake a more proactive role in re-solving these situations.

You also held 2 round tables, first

focusing on the effect World WarI had on the literati, from the first

attempts at propaganda to the

later critical views. Ten you fo-

cused on questioning the cultural

and political consequences of

World War I.

World War I was the soil in whichall further events were cultivated,including the rice of fascism andsocial revolutions. Te first roundtable was entitled A Farewell toArms? World War I in literatureand led by me. Te second roundtable entitled Do We Live in War

or Peace? Cultural and PoliticalConsequences of the Great Warwas organized by Writers forPeace of PEN International and ledby one Perak. Teir round tablerevolved around thoughts on newstrategies, which the Writers forPeace could use in the future tode-escalate conflict zones, as theworld has changed immenselysince its founding.

Te meeting was rounded off by a

literary evening dedicated to this

years guest of honour, French

author Pierre Lemaitre, winner

of the prestigious Prix Goncourt

in 2013 for his work Au revoir la-

haut (Goodbye, Up Tere).

In the words of Pierre Lemaitre,World War I had repercussions

which are still felt today. As he il-lustrated, there are connectionsbetween the status in Europe im-mediately after the war and today.

Te young people who returnedfrom the front lines were excludedfrom society. A similar fate hasbeen dealt to todays unemployed;the crisis is a war. Te crisis wassupposed to be over, but the un-employed, who did everythingthey were told before the crisis,find it impossible to integrate backinto society.

In his words, there is a terrifying

connection between Europe right

after the war and Europe today

we live in crisis, fear, seclusion,

and this sets a ripe stage for fas-

cism and nationalism. As Lemai-

tre adds, the current European

model is broken.

Te founding fathers of the Euro-pean Union believed that it wasnecessary to build upon an eco-nomic community, but I think itshould be built upon culture, saidthe author. According to Lemaitre,

we failed to do so, so we will pay aheavy toll.

Te novel deals with the period af-ter the end of World War I. He wasinterested in the long-lasting pain

which arose at the end of the war,and the time when it was neces-sary to learn to live with formerenemies.

PEN was founded in the postbel-

lum world, ravaged by the avarice

of nations and their militaries, as

a bastion of the united kingdom

of humanity, which would, re-

gardless of national borders, exist

in the liberated territory of litera-

ture.

PEN was founded in 1926, and itsPeace Committee in 1984, to pro-

vide support to authors whosecreative process often takes placein dangerous conditions. At thattime, the threat of nuclear weap-ons, constant sabre rattling, anda serious crisis of the mind werethe status quo, without offeringpeople the possibility from escap-ing from their own political andspiritual circle. Te people wereincapable of seeing, and authorstried one way or another to showthem the light.

P

hoto:Daielnovakovi/STA

Te young people whoreturned from the frontlines were excluded fromsociety. A similar fatehas been dealt to todaysunemployed; the crisis is

a war.

Te founding fathersof the European Unionbelieved that it was nec-essary to build upon aneconomic community,but I think it should bebuilt upon culture.


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CULTURE

In May, Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina were struck by severe flood-

ing, which tragically altered the fates of thousands of families. his catastropheaffected all of us, including the organizers of the Bled Film Festival.

Bled Film FestivalMoving images for a better world

Screenings will be ac-companied by interest-ing complementaryevents, interviewerswith the film-makers,round-tables relating toprotecting water re-sources, and of coursesome evening entertain-ment.

Te truth is that water makeslife possible, but can also take itaway. Accordingly, the organizersof the Bled Film Festival (BFF), tobe held this year between 17 and21 June, have chosen a leitmotifwhich will truly be a welcometopic given the events in ourneighbouring countries: water.

Te actor Rade erbedija, a manwho has travelled the world on hisSlovenian passport, making sev-eral appearances in Hollywoodfilms, has taken this opportunityto emphasise that he and his col-leagues, who have invested theirknow-how, energy, and enthu-siasm into BFF, do not want BFFto be just another in the long listof festivals. On the contrary, theirgoal is for BFF to become one ofthe pioneering festivals focus-

ing on ecology, highlighting theproblems of the modern world,especially the problems relatedto water. erbedija himself em-phasised the recent catastrophicfloods.

DOCUMENTARY PROGRAM

Eight films put the spotlight onwater from different perspec-tives. Water can be a saviour forthose with limited access to it;at the same time it can be a de-structive force, ruining humanlives and vanquishing hope. Wa-ter should belong to everyone,but some want to own more thanothers, given their greed, vanity,and arrogance.

Te films focusing on these top-

ics are: Vanishing Point, by Ste-phen A. Smith, Watermark, byCanadian Jennifer Baichwal, theSwiss-Indian film My name isSalt by Farida Pacha, Are YouListening by Kamar Ahmad Si-mon from Bangladesh, BottledLife from the Swiss filmmakerUrs Schnell, Last Call at the Oasisfrom Jessica Yu, Knights of theLagoon by Walter Bencini, andRaw Herring from Dutch film-maker Leonard Retel Helmrich.

Screenings will be accompaniedby interesting complementaryevents, interviewers with thefilm-makers, round-tables relat-ing to protecting water resources,and of course some evening en-tertainment. We will have moreinformation on BFF in the nextissue of Sinfo. See you at Bled!

Pictured along with BFF PR representativeJagoda ori ar world fr-diigchampio Kristija Crai, Sloiaactor Boris Cavazza, President of theBFF Commissio Rad rbdija, BFFDirctor Brako ri, ad Slctor of thBFF Comptiti Program noah Chary.

anja Glogovan

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HERITAGE

Te house is a livingmuseum, as it is lived inby Joica, who found herlife purpose in collectingand preserving objects.Te exhibits bear wit-ness to the life of thelocal population, both inpeacetime and in war-time.

In the village called Kambreko nad Kanalom, situated in the far west of Slove-

nia close to the Italian border and with some 40 inhabitants, lies the tourist farmLukeva domaija.

ourist farm Lukeva domaijaNonas stories live on

Vesna arkovi, Photo: Duan Zidar/Mostphotos


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HERITAGE

Te village consists of 19 housesthat are only occasionally occu-pied, because their owners livein larger settlements in the valley.Most of them are older than 40years. Te demographic picture,they say, is frightening. Tere areno young people to move intothe empty houses and start a lifethere. A shining exception in themiddle of the deserted villages

of Srednje, Avko, Puno, Brdo,Pereti, Bevarji, Humarji, Moilaand Rog is a tourist farm calledLukeva domaija, named afterone of the previous owners. Tebeautifully restored karst-styleone-storey house with an at-tic dates over 200 years back. Itwas home to quite a few families.After World War I, it was ownedby Radivoj Pavi, a teacher atKambreko primary school. o-day the house is partly owned bythe municipality and partly pri-

vately owned. But what makesit special is that it hosts a privateethnological collection and a col-lection of war memorabilia.

Collector and trustee Joica Strgartransformed the house into amuseum, now considered a pearlin the heart of the village. Tehouse is a living museum, as itis lived in by Joica, who found

her life purpose in collecting andpreserving objects. Te exhibitsbear witness to the life of the lo-cal population, both in peacetimeand in wartime. Joica began col-lecting antiques after the earth-quake in 1976; this was the timewhen people began buying facto-ry-made furniture and throwingthe old things away. Tey weretired of being poor and wanted tobecome modern. But she thoughtjust the opposite and preferredthe antiques. She collected them

from landfills, then carefully re-stored them and has maintainedthem to this day. She keeps olddocuments, letters, a woodenwall multiplication table, schoolsupplies, old dishes, clothes, anold photo archive and a library. Inaddition to the ethnological col-lection, there is also a collectionof military objects from WorldWar I. During the Austro-Hun-

garian Empire, the house was ashop, after the World War II it wasa Partisan canteen, later it hosteda consulting room for children,later a tavern, and after the 1976earthquake it became a shopagain. Te house used to be thesocial centre of the village. Teheart of the house is a high stoneMediterranean-type fireplacewith an original hearth benchand other hearth accessories. Tekitchen has been protected as lo-cal ethnological heritage since

When asked which one

is her favourite, she re-plies that it is a letter inan Italian military flaskfrom the World War I unfortunately in too bada condition to be read-able.

During the Austro-Hungarian Empire, thehos was a shop, aftr th World War IIit was a Partisan canteen, later it hosted aconsulting room for children, later a tavern,ad aftr th 1976 arthqak it bcama shop agai.


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HERITAGE

Black kitchen

I additio to th thological collctio, thr is also a collctio of military objcts from World War I.


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GASTRONOMY

Frugal CookbookFor bad and good times

Danila Golob

While there are many good cookbooks, the collection of recipes found in he Fru-gal Cookbook by Marija Remec is one of a kind. he book was published duringWorld War I, when people had to cope with extreme poverty and hunger. Difficult

conditions forced them to start making better use of every resource available.

Due to high military expensesas well as traffic and trade bar-riers, the Austro-HungarianMonarchy imposed restrictivemeasures as early as in 1914.Te Monarchy regulated provi-sions for its military forces andcivil population, banned exportof produce and food products,introduced maximum prices ofthe basic food items (flour, meat,fat), and introduced control overthem. It was also forbidden tofeed livestock with grain andflour, and to slaughter cattle orpigs. In January 1915, the Min-istry of the Interior issued anexplicit warning, reminding allcitizens it is their duty to useall their foodstuffs sparingly, tochange their nutrition habits,

and to consume their food inmoderation. Te Ministry cau-tioned the population againstwastefulness and surplus, andwarned against excessive feasts.It recommended smaller meatrations, meat supplements, andmeatless days. Tat year, rationcard system for bread and flourwas introduced, and in 1916 fur-ther expanded to include fatsand potatoes. Grain crops andstocks from previous years wereregularly confiscated.

FRUGAL AND RESOURCEFUL

HOUSEWIFE

Frugality became the most im-portant characteristic of a goodcook. Housewives had to be re-sourceful and skilled to preparesufficiently nutritious and tastydishes with the modest meansavailable to them. However, theycould find help in the cookbookswith recipes for thrifty cook-ing that were being publishedby numerous publishing houseson the both

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