Sin título de diapositiva - WGIN...Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo Centro...
65
Wheat Wheat Harvest Plus Project Harvest Plus Project Ivan Ivan Ortiz Ortiz Monasterio Monasterio CIMMYT
Transcript of Sin título de diapositiva - WGIN...Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo Centro...
WheatWheat Harvest Plus ProjectHarvest Plus Project
IvanIvan OrtizOrtiz MonasterioMonasterio
CIMMYT
CIMMYT
CIMMYT
CIMMYT
CIMMYT
CIMMYT
CIMMYT
CIMMYT Leading CenterWheat H+ Team
• Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)
• Banaras Hindu University• Punjab Agricultural
University• Pakistan Agricultural
Research Council (PARC)• Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences
• University of Adelaide• Cornell University• Danish Institute of
Agricultural Sciences• Michigan State University• PIRSA/SARDI / Australia• Sabanci University, Turkey• IFPRI• CIMMYT
Istanbul, TurkeySeptember 2004
Beijing, ChinaOctober 2005
OBJECTIVE
To develop and deploy wheat varieties that combine high yield and disease resistance
with high micronutrient concentration in the target countries.
Target Nutrients
• Iron• Zinc
• Beta carotene
Target Countries
Based on severity of micronutrient malnutrition and importance of wheat in their diet.
• India• Pakistan
• Turkey• China• Central Asia
Target Levels
Baseline Micronutrient Level in Commercial Crop
Genetic Variation in Wild relatives, Landraces, Un adapted varieties
Iron
Target Increment µg-1 to be added
22 µgg-1
69 µgg-1
35 µgg-1
57 µgg-1
Baseline Micronutrient Level in Commercial Crop
Genetic Variation in Wild relatives, Landraces, Un adapted Varieties
Zinc
Target Increment µg-1 to be added
10 µgg-1
85 µgg-1
40 µgg-1
50 µgg-1
Critical Steps
Target GermplasmGenetic Backgrounds/Progenitors
Trait IncorporationTrait IncorporationTransgenic
DefinitionEnd-Product & Target Area
Evaluation & TestingEvaluation & TestingAgronomic, End-use Quality, G x E
Conventional
Deployment Formal & Informal Seed Systems, PVS, PPB
x M x P
Germplasm Screening
CIMMYT Wheat and Maize Gene Bank
Constructed 1996
167,000 wheat accessions
Beta-Carotene
• So far no genetic diversity for B-carotene in wheat.
• Main pigment in yellow wheat is lutein
Mean and Ranges for Fe and Zn in WheatCIMMYT
FeGermplasm Sample Min Max Mean
ppm ppm ppm
T. dicoccum n=42 22 44 31
T. monococcum n=57 21 62 39
T. dicoccoides n=170 20 61 36
Synthetics n=439 39 67 24
T. spelta n=274 25 67 38
T. spelta n=277 21 60 35
T. aestivum (F7) n=228 27 59 42
T. aestivum n=194 22 43 31Target
+22 ppm
Mean and Ranges for Fe and Zn in WheatCIMMYT
ZnGermplasm Sample Min Max Mean
ppm ppm ppm
T. dicoccum n=42 16 63 32
T. monococcum n=57 33 85 58
T. dicoccoides n=170 24 85 58
Synthetics n=439 20 83 32
T. spelta n=274 17 74 44
T. spelta n=277 16 78 43
T. aestivum (F7) n=228 22 59 31
T. aestivum n=194 18 38 26
Target+10 ppm
Zn Donor Parents (DP) with NARS
Checks DP with NARS New DP
+ 35 ppm
Fe Donor Parents (DP) with NARS
Checks DP with NARS New DP
+ 30 ppm
Modern Varieties
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
YIEL
D
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
GENOTYPEChecks
Differences are statistically highly significant
Modern Varieties
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
Zn
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
GENOTYPE
+ 7 to + 11 ppm Zn
Checks
Differences are statistically highly significant
Znppm
Modern VarietiesSAMNYT – Sister Lines
+27 Zn+17 Fe
Correlation Matrix for Different Nutrients in Triticum spp.
ZnZn P Fe Mg S Cu Mn
1.00 0.72 0.70 0.67 0.65 0.65 0.570.0 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
Na B K Ca0.35 0.30 0.20 0.09
0.0001 0.0001 0.0080 0.2494
Strategy for South Asia
SOUTH ASIAIndia
PAU
BHU
IARIPAU
SOUTH ASIAPakistan
NARC
WHEAT PRODUCTION STATISTICS OF SOUTH ASIA (1999-00)
Country Area(000 ha)
Yield(t/ha)
Prodn.(000 t)
Area Under One Main Variety (000 ha)
Bangladesh 700 2.4 1680 525 (= Kanchan, 75 %)
India (Country) 27000 2.8 75640 4500 (= PBW-343, 16.7 %)
India (North) 5560 4.2 2309 4000 (= PBW-343, 71.9 %)
Myanmar 98 0.9 85 73 (= Sonalika,75 %)
Nepal 660 1.8 1188 200 (= NL-297, 30 %)
Pakistan 9100 2.5 22500 6370 (= Inqilab 91, 70 %)
South Asia 37558 2.7 101093 ----------
North * = States of Punjab and Haryana only.North * = States of Punjab and Haryana only. Data from Ortiz Ferrara
1986
1986
1991
19911992/3 1993/4
1997/8
1995/61994/5
1998
1983
1985
Movement of Yr9 Virulence
Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y TrigoCentro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo
Pak-81 withInqalab
Source: R. P. Singh
20012001
Movement of Yr27 Virulence
Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y TrigoCentro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo
2005
Source: R. P. Singh
Movement of Ug 99 Virulence
Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y TrigoCentro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo
Stem Rust (Puccinia graminis)Stem Rust (Stem Rust (PucciniaPuccinia graminisgraminis))
Breeding
Strategies for Adoption of Biofortified Varieties
• Higher yield • Better disease resistance• Better chapatti quality
Wild Relatives / Landraces• Agronomic Problems
– Rust susceptible (dicoccoides)
– Winter types or excessively late
– Small spike and poor grain fill
– Shattering and not free-threshing
PRESENT
• 40 BC2 with Spelt Wheat • 77 BC1 with other sources• 40 new crosses with Gpc-B1
• 109 ND-643 (Gpc-B1) derived lines in YT in Obregon. – Half tested positive for marker. – Answer if Gcp-B1 linked to higher Fe/Zn
content
Breeding Challenges
High-Throughput Screening Methods - Minerals
Agilent ICP-MS with LC interface
Pre-screening -> discard 75% - 85%
Precision Analysis: Micronutrients
Contamination Index Elements such as Al
Wolfgang H PFEIFFER
ICP Spectrometer
NIRS Prussian Blue Zincon & 2,2 dipyridal
0102030405060
0 20 40 60 80Fe conc. (mg/kg)
Con
c. (m
g/kg
) ZnAl
R2=0.92
The Use of Al to Detect Iron Contamination in Potato
Inqalab
y = 0.79x + 31.08R2 = 0.56
30
35
40
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
Al
Fe
PBW343
y = 0.97x + 26.75R2 = 0.66
25
30
35
40
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0
Al
Fe
Fe contamination with soil
Zn Screening Y05-06
Zn Screening Y05-06PBW343 Sampling
Zn grain concentration (ppm
Zn grain concentration (ppm)
)
Fe Screening Y05-06
Fe Screening Y05-06PBW343 Sampling
Fe grain concentration (ppm)
Fe grain concentration (ppm)
Homogeneous Areas for Selectionand Evaluation for Zn
• Mapping• Zn application• Alpha-lattice, row and column designs and use
of systematic checks.
Genotype x EnvironmentExperiment
• Randomized complete block design with three replication and twenty seven varieties.
• Planted in El Batan for two years and Obregon for three years. A total of six location by year sites.
0102030405060
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25
J731FeK731-FeGL731-FeBV96-FeBV97-Fe
Fe (p
pm)
Grain Fe concentration in six location x years
0
10
20
30
40
501 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25
J731-Zn
K731-ZnG
L731-Zn
BV96-Zn
BV97-ZnZn (p
pm)
Grain Zn concentration in six location x years
G X E for Fe and Zn concentration
Sonora 64Fe Zn
Second FirstSecond ThirdFirst FirstXXX SecondThird. XXX
G X E for Fe concentration
SAMNYT # 7Fe FirstThirdTenthFirstFirst Ninth
Strategies to Increase Bioavailability
• Reduce inhibitors– Low phytic acid
• Increase promoters– High inulins
CIMMYT Wheat
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.0%0.2%
0.4%0.6%
0.8%1.0%
1.2%1.4%
1.6%1.8%
2.0%2.2%
% inulin (n=353)
freq
uenc
y (n
=350
)
Zn-Nitrogen Correlationtested in 4 environments
1) RVT –DRY
2) RVT –WET
3) HAIFA
4) ATLIT
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Mea
n(N
con
tent
)
.01 .015 .02 .025 .03 .035 .04 .045Mean(Zn content)
R=0.9***
Assaf et al., 2005
• As the [Zn] in the grain increases also does the absorbed Zn in rats.
Zn Bioavailability
Welch et al, in preparation
Wheat (2004)
Grandin
(42.2)
T.Dico
ccon
210(2
9.9)
T.Dico
ccon2
09(31
.3)
Pastor
110(3
2.2)
T.Dico
ccon3
7(32.5
)
T.Dico
ccon
36(35
.1)
T.Dico
ccon
173(3
6.1)
T.Dico
ccon
93(38
.4)
T.Dico
ccon
90(38
.8)
Sujata1
30(39
.7)
T.Dico
ccon1
00(40
.3)
T.Dico
ccon
153(4
2.0)
PBW343.1
20(44
.3)
Slvs/Pas
t.160
(44.5)
T.Dico
ccon
174(4
6.1)
Cmh81a
140(5
0.8)
Inqalab
150(6
5.7)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Wheat variety
Cac
o-2
Cel
l Fer
ritin
For
mat
ion
(% o
f ref
eren
ce c
ontr
ol)
Food Processing & Bioavailability
Aleuron EndospermEmbryo
Localization & Staining of Zinc in Wheat Seed
Zinc Staining (µgg–1 seed)
Ozturk et al., 2006Wolfgang H PFEIFFER
Chapatti
Effect of milling on ash and micronutrient concentrationEffect of milling on ash and micronutrient concentration•• No reduction of Fe & Zn when producing atta (whole meal).No reduction of Fe & Zn when producing atta (whole meal).•• Grain size and plumpness influence micronutrient losses in milliGrain size and plumpness influence micronutrient losses in milling; larger and ng; larger and plumper grains have greater micronutrient losses when passing thplumper grains have greater micronutrient losses when passing thru break rolls ru break rolls (cleaner separation)(cleaner separation)
•• In In 80%80%--extraction flour, extraction flour, 5353--60%60% of the total Fe and Zn in the grain is preserved.of the total Fe and Zn in the grain is preserved.•• In In 70%70%--extraction flour, extraction flour, 3838--45%45% of the total Fe and Zn in the grain is preserved.of the total Fe and Zn in the grain is preserved.
Ash and micronutrient concentration (% of total in grain. AveragAsh and micronutrient concentration (% of total in grain. Average of 4 e of 4 cultivars)cultivars)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________MaterialMaterial AshAsh FeFe ZnZn
Yr1Yr1 Yr2Yr2 Yr1Yr1 Yr2 Yr2 Yr1Yr1 Yr2 Yr2 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Grain 100a 100a 100a 100a 100b 100aWhole Meal - - 104.3a 97.9a 105.1a 96.6a80% extr’n. type 53.7b 52.3b 57.6b 54.7b 60.2c 56.3b75% extr’n. type 45.2c 43.8c 46.6c 47.5c 49.7d 46.1c70% extr’n. type 38.2d 38.5d 40.9d 38.9d 44.6e 41.3d___________________________________________________________
Change in Composition affects Bioavailability & Nutritional Profile & warrants consideration in Breeding
C a c o -2 c e l l f e r r i t in fo r m a t io n o f 1 5 v a r ie t ie so f M e x ic o w h e a t f lo u r s a m p le s
(w h o le w h e a t f lo u r v s r e f in e d f lo u r )
Gra
nd in(4
2.2)
B AC AN OR A(2
7.3)
B AC AN OR A(1
4.7)
T OR O
P I(47 .7
)
T OR O
P I(23 .5
)
B ET -HASH S IT
A(32.0
)
B ET -HASH S IT
A(16.4
)
D U R UM2656(3
6.5)
D U RU M2656(2
4.9)
OPAT A-4
85(34.5
)
OPAT A-4
85(16.9
)
B OB W
H ITE (3
1.8)
BOBW
H ITE (1
5.8)
N AINAR I-6
0(33.9
)
N AINAR I-6
0(18.6
)
R AYON -F
89(29.8
)
R AYON -F
89(14.8
)
C MH 81A.1
261(40 .8
)
C MH 81A.1
261(21.2
)
DGO
95.1.1
3(42.9
)
DGO
95.1.1
3(17.6
)
D UR U M2273(3
1.5)
D U R U M2273(2
3.1)
D GO
95.3.4
(42.8
)
D GO
95.3.4
(21 .7
)
D UR U M2812(3
4 .6)
D UR U M2812(2
3.7)
R EB EC A(28.9
)
R EB EC A(16.6
)
P ITIC
-62(2
8.4)
P ITIC
-62(1
4.0)
base line
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
3 0 0
3 5 0
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 0 0
5 5 0
w h e a t v a r ie t ie s a n d F e ( u g / g )
Ferr
itin
form
atio
n (%
of g
rand
in c
ontr
ol)
••Whole grain Fe levels was not correlated with Whole grain Fe levels was not correlated with bioavailablebioavailable Fe levelsFe levels••Fe levels in whole grain were 35Fe levels in whole grain were 35--55% higher than in 80%55% higher than in 80%--extraction flours extraction flours (i.e., milled grain)(i.e., milled grain)••However, Fe bioavailability (However, Fe bioavailability (ferritinferritin formation) was 2x to 5x higher in the formation) was 2x to 5x higher in the refined flours than in the whole grain floursrefined flours than in the whole grain flours
Grain milling and bread prepared by Javier Pena Source: Ross Welch
Biotechnology
• Survey of candidate genes involved in micronutrient uptake, storage and translocation(ferritin, nicotianamin synthase)
Ministry of Food, Agriculture and FisheriesDanish Intitute of Agricultural Sciences
Enhanced iron and zinc accumulation in transgenic rice with the ferritin gene (Vasconcelos et al. Plant Science 164, 371-378)
Enhanced iron and zinc accumulation in transgenic rice with the ferritin gene (Vasconcelos et al. Plant Science 164, 371-378)
Wild type Transgenic
IR68144 is a rice elite cultivar with increased iron content
Fe in seed endosperm
Cysgencis
Biotechnology
• Development of molecular markers for Zn and Fe
• Populations being developed in Adelaide and Sabanci University.
Thank you
