SIMULATION OF A HYBRID PHOTOVOLTAIC/FUEL CELL...
Transcript of SIMULATION OF A HYBRID PHOTOVOLTAIC/FUEL CELL...
SIMULATION OF A HYBRID PHOTOVOLTAIC/FUEL CELL
ENERGY SYSTEM
AZIM SHUKRI BIN A SHUKOR
A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of a degree of
Master of Engineering (Electrical – Power)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JANUARY 2013
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DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to my beloved wife, my dearest parents, sister, and friends
who have given me continuous support and
encouragement to pursue my dreams.
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ACKNOWLEGMENT
Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my dedicated supervisor,
Dr. Tan Chee Wei for his guidance, enlightening instruction, and support in my research
and project work. .
I would like to thank my colleagues and friends for their constant support and
encouragement. Special thanks to Mr. Chandran and Mr N.Vikneswaran for their help in
contributing valuable information for me.
Last but not least, I am grateful towards my family for their continuous support
and encouragement throughout my master program
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ABSTRACT
Basically, Malaysia energy production has been always generated from crude oil
and natural gas. Currently, Malaysia has 13GW of electrical generation capacity.
According to Malaysia Suruhanjaya Tenaga, as of July 2007, a total of 19,023 MW
power generation capacity connected to the Malaysian National Grid, with a maximum
demand(MD) of 13,340 MW. Total electricity generation for 2007 is 108,539 GW·h with
a total consumption of 97,113 GW·h or 3,570 kW·h per capita. In 2007 also, the
Malaysia consumes about 514 thousand barrels (23.6 million tonnes) of oil daily against a
production of 755 thousand barrels (34.2 million tonnes) per day. Research shows that
Malaysia only has 33 years of natural gas reserves, and 19 years of oil reserves. As
Malaysia are moving towards further growth and development, the demand for energy is
increasing every day and then. With that kind of scenario, Malaysian government is
looking for other alternative measures as to mitigate the matter and hereby this renewable
energy sources surface out and comes into the big picture. For the time being, 16% of
Malaysian electricity generation is hydroelectric, the remaining 84% being thermal. The
solar generating system is soon to follow and catch up with the latest technology in
hands.
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ABSTRAK
Secara dasarnya, pengeluaran tenaga Malaysia telah sentiasa dihasilkan daripada
minyak mentah dan gas asli. Pada masa ini, Malaysia mempunyai 13GW kapasiti
penjanaan elektrik. Menurut Suruhanjaya Tenaga Malaysia, Julai 2007, sejumlah 19.023
MW kapasiti penjanaan kuasa yang disambungkan ke Grid Kebangsaan Malaysia,
dengan permintaan maksimum (MD) 13.340 MW. Jumlah penjanaan elektrik bagi tahun
2007 adalah 108.539 GW • h dengan penggunaan sejumlah 97.113 GW • h atau 3.570
kW • h per kapita. Pada tahun 2007 juga, Malaysia menggunakan kira-kira 514,000 tong
(23.6 juta tan metrik) minyak setiap hari terhadap pengeluaran sebanyak 755,000 tong
(34200000 tan) setiap hari. Kajian menunjukkan bahawa Malaysia hanya mempunyai 33
tahun rizab gas asli dan 19 tahun rizab minyak. Memandangkan Malaysia sedang
bergerak ke arah pertumbuhan dan pembangunan seterusnya, permintaan untuk tenaga
semakin meningkat setiap hari dan kemudian. Dengan jenis yang senario, kerajaan
Malaysia sedang mencari langkah-langkah alternatif lain untuk mengurangkan perkara ini
dan dengan ini sumber tenaga boleh diperbaharui permukaan keluar dan datang ke dalam
gambaran yang lebih besar. Buat masa ini, 16% daripada penjanaan tenaga elektrik di
Malaysia adalah hidroelektrik, baki 84% menjadi haba. Sistem penjanaan solar tidak
lama lagi untuk mengikuti dan mengejar dengan teknologi terkini di tangan.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Introduction
Today, the energy we use is mainly from fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal. They are
non-renewable and soon it will be completely depleted. Malaysia domestic oil reserves
are expected to dry up by the end of this decade and gas reserves by 2040. However,
with the rapid growth of population and industrialization throughout the world,
somehow it has trigger a drastic increment trending towards electrical energy demand.
Not forgetting the restrains that exist towards the development of electric power
transmission line, which leads to high load density and contributing power quality
concerns. Hence, as been attracted to the attention of power system, many researchers
and designers had come with a reliable solution, especially for rural and remote areas
which then renewable energy becomes the hot topic to talk about.
1.2 Problem Statement
Renewable Energy Sources (RES) such as wind and solar power systems which
previously still under research and study, have now gained famous in the last decade as
one of future prospects of energy resources. However, this wind and solar power system
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have their own problems and limitations related to the inconsistency and uncertainty of
the power that they produce. The inevitable weather conditions will definitely be a
problem and need to be overcome in some design criteria, which later as to justify,
overdesign and oversize of the system parameter is performed to meet much reliable
load demand. The other approach is moving towards integration of renewable resources
together, as to enhance the reliability performance of the system, whereby using the
advantage of one source to compensate for the drawback of another. With this, evolved
the hybrid systems, which in this project will look into the simulation of hybrid
photovoltaic and fuel cell system and to conclude and justify the propose effective
controller which can gain Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and taking the grid-
connection into account.
1.3 Objective of Project
The objective of this project is to investigate and review the various control techniques
which supposed to be used together with Power Conditioning Unit in this Hybrid
Photovoltaic and Fuel Cell System as to obtain Maximum Power Point Tracking in grid-
connection line. This control techniques found, and the hybrid model will be later be
simulated using MATLAB/Simulink simulation package and the results will later be
analyzed for further future improvement. In order to accomplish this objective, it is vital
to understand the fundamental knowledge of the hybrid Photovoltaic-Proton Exchange
Membrane Fuel Cell Energy System based on the literature review done.
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1.4 Scope of Project
Firstly, the Fuel Cells System itself is a wide area as there many type of Fuel Cells. This
project scope and focused on Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, or also known as
PEM Fuel Cell only. Secondly, most of the project is related to MATLAB/Simulink
Design &Simulation. Hence, in order to complete the project, one must have strong
knowledge in MATLAB/Simulink. On top of that, as to develop the hybrid model, a lot
of research and literature review need to be done. Some papers already describe the
topologies used to develop this hybrid model. And some papers shares the problems
arise in obtaining the output result. Finally, for this paper, the scope of project is up until
the simulation results only. Hopefully, it will be useful as for reference to other students
and researchers.
1.5 Project methodology
In order to accomplish the PROJECT OBJECTIVE, initially some study should be made
throughout the literature review done from previous related Thesis, International IEEE
Journals, Case studies, Technical Research & Reviews and some Text books. Later from
the deduced sets of mathematical equations formula obtained from each photovoltaic
and fuel cell system case studies, a comprehensive design module should be made and
simulated through the Matlab/Simulink package. It will further on develop a hybrid
system as integration of photovoltaic and fuel cell system which require a complete
review on various control techniques used. This project require a lot of simulation as to
obtain the best result, and hence the mastering of Matlab/Simulink package is vital and a
must.
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1.6 Thesis organization
Chapter 1: This chapter describes the introduction to the hybrid Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell
energy system as the sources of alternative energy with their basic historical
background. In addition to that it provides introductory explanations about problem
statement, project objectives, scope and methodology.
Chapter 2: This chapter will cover the literature review done for the hybrid
Photovoltaic /Fuel Cell Energy System. There are many methods and topologies as seen
from the published Technical Papers which can be used for reference.
Chapter 3: This chapter emphasizes more on the modeling process of each subsystem
of hybrid Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell Energy System and development of the Simulink block
diagrams in MATLAB/Simulink.
Chapter 4: This chapter will look into the the results obtained from MATLAB
Simulation for each stage in the Hybrid Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell Energy System.
Chapter 5: This chapter elaborate further case study on Fit-In Tariff which already
being implemented in Malaysia and also on the real-time development of Photovoltaic
System which emerge as potential resources for residential area.
Chapter 6: This chapter gives the conclusion of the entire work, and some additional
works have been suggested for future development.
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REFERENCES
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energy system”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 3, No. 1, March 1988
[2] Antonio Luque, Steven Hegedus “Handbook of photovoltaic science and
engineering”
[3] Gil Knier “ How do photovoltaic work”, Science@NASA Headline News
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Residential and Low Power Applications”, A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for
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[5] Dachuan Yu, Engine Research-Advance Power Sources, Caterpillar Inc. ,
S.Yuvarajan, Elect Eng Dept. North Dakota State University “Load Sharing In Hybrid
Power System with a PV Panel and a PEM Fuel Cell” IEEE Applied Power Electronics
Conference, March 2006. pg 1245 – 1249
[6] Zhenhua Jiang, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of New Orleans
“Power Management of Hybrid Photovoltaic -Fuel Cell Power Systems”, IEEE 2006
[7] Loc Nguyen Khanh, Jae-Jin Seo, Yun-Seong Kim, and Dong-Jun Won, “Power-
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[8] Kyoungsoo Ro, Saifur Rahman, Center for Energy and the Global Environment
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WCECS 2008, October 22 - 24, 2008.
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model using Matlab/simulink and its parameter extraction”, International Conference on
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Hybrid Simulation Modeling of Solar PV Cell/Module”, IEEE 2011, pg 1244 –pg 1250
[14] Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition), EG&GServices, Parsons Inc., DEO of
Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology Lab, Nov 2004
[15] Chong Kiat Shiu, “Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of a Stand–Alone Solid
Oxide Fuel Cell Energy System” A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree
of Master of Electrical Power, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2010.
[16] J. Larminie and A. Dicks, Fuel Cell Systems Explained. New York:Wiley, 2001.
[17] Fuel Cell Handbook (Fifth Edition),EG&GServices, Parsons Inc., DEO of Fossil
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[18] Sandip Pasricha, Student Member, IEEE, and Steven R. Shaw, Senior Member, IEEE, “A
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[19] J. A. Smith, M. H. Nehrir, V. Gerez, and S. R. Shaw, “A broad look at the
workings, types, and applications of fuel cells,” in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Summer
Meeting, vol. 1, Chicago, IL, Jul. 2002, pp. 70–75.
[20] Caisheng Wang, Nehrir, M.H., Shaw S.R., “Dynamic Models and Model Validation
for PEM Fuel Cells Using Electrical Circuits”, IEEE Transactions on Energy
Conversion, Vol.20, Issue 2, June 2005
[21]. Emil A. Jimenez-Brea, “Control of Alternative Energy Hybrid System for
Residential and Low Power Applications”, A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for
the degree of Master of science in Electrical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico,
2009.
[22]. Muhammad H.Rashid. “Power electronics circuits, devices, and applications”, (3th
Edition).University of West Florida.: Tom Robbins, 2004.
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Applications, and Design, John Wiley & Sons , Inc., 2003.
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[24] Gyu-Yeong Choe*, Jong-Soo Kim*, Byoung-Kuk Lee*, Chung-Yuen
Won*,”Comparative Study of Power Sharing Algorithm for Fuel Cell and Photovoltaic
Hybrid Generation System” The 2010 International Power Electronics Conference
[25] Li Wei, “Modeling, Control and Simulation of A Small Photovoltaic Fuel Cell
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International Conference
[26] Ying Liu “Advanced control of photovoltaic converters” , Thesis submitted to the
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[27] C. Liu, B. Wu and R. Cheung, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering,
Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, “ADVANCED ALGORITHM FOR MPPT
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PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS” Canadian Solar Buildings Conference Montreal, August
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[29] www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/ [31] Handbook on the Malaysian Feed-in tariff for the promotion of renewable energy
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS xvii
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. General Introduction 1
1.2. Problem Statement 1
1.3. Objective 2
1.4. Scope of Project 2
1.5. Project Methodology 2
1.6. Thesis Organization 3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction 4
2.2. Photovoltaic System 4
2.2.1. Background 4
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2.2.2. Photovoltaic Model 5
2.2.3. Photovoltaic Array 7
2.2.4. Photovoltaic Characteristic 8
2.2.5. Case Study No. 1 9
2.2.6. Case Study No. 2 12
2.2.7. Conclusion 15
2.3. Fuel Cell System 16
2.3.1. Background 16
2.3.2. Fuel Cell Model 17
2.3.3. Fuel Cell Characteristic 20
2.3.4. Case Study No. 1 21
2.4. Power Electronic Interfacing Circuit 23
2.4.1. Introduction 23
2.4.2. DC DC Boost Converter 23
2.4.3. AC DC Converter (Rectifier) 24
3. MODELLING OF THE SYSTEM AND SIMULATION SETUP
3.1. Introduction 27
3.2. The Overall System 27
3.3. System Schematic Diagram 30
3.3.1. Modeling and Simulation of PV Sub-system 23
3.3.2. Modeling of PV MPPT Controller 32
3.3.3. Modeling of DC DC Boost Converter 35
3.3.4. Modeling of Single Phase Inverter 36
3.3.5. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell
Simulation 37
3.3.6. Modeling The Photovoltaic System as Connected
To Grid-Line 38
3.3.7. Modeling The PEM Fuel Cell System as Connected
To Grid-Line 39
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4. RESULT, DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 40
4.1. Introduction 40
4.2. Simulation Results and Discussion 40
5. CASE STUDY ON FiT
5.1. Introduction 49
5.2. The Concept of Feed-In Tariff 50
5.3. Implementation Feed-In Tariff by Photovoltaic
Installation 51
6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
6.1. Summary and Conclusion 55
6.2. Recommendation for Future Works 56
REFERENCES
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 The Factor A according to PV Technology 7
5.1 Quotation sample for Home Solar PV System Installation 51
5.2 Return of Investment for Home Solar PV System Installation 51
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.0 The circuit diagram of the PV Cell 5
2.0 Equivalent Circuit of PV Array 7
3.0 Photovoltaic I-V Characteristic Curve 9
4.0 Generalized PV Module 9
5.0 Subsystem implementation of generalized PV model 10
6.0(a) I-V output characteristics with different Tc 11
6.0(b) P-V output characteristics with different Tc 11
7.0(a) I-V output characteristics with different λ 11
7.0(b) P-V output characteristics with different λ 11
8.0 Photo current Matlab®/Simulink® calculation block 12
9.0 Pspice® Schematic of PV cell 13
10.0 Proposed simulation model of Photovoltaic cell 13
11.0 Characteristic curves of PV Cell under USC 15
12.0 Characteristic curves of PV Module under USC 15
13.0 Conceptual diagram of PEM Fuel Cell 17
14.0 Second conceptual diagram of PEM Fuel Cell 18
15.0 Schematic diagram of a PEM fuel cell and voltage drops across it 19
16.0 Ideal and Actual Fuel Cell Voltage/Current Characteristic 21
17.0 Simulation results are validated with published results of
Avista Labs SR-12 PEM Fuel Cell 22
18.0 P-I Characteristic & simulation results are validated with
published results of Avista Labs SR-12 PEM Fuel Cell 22
19.0 DC-DC Boost Converter circuit 23
20.0 Three-phase full diode bridge rectifier 24
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21.0 Single-phase full-bridge inverter 26
22.0 Fuel Cell and Photovoltaic hybrid generation system types. 28
23.0 Hybrid generation system for Photovoltaic and PEM Fuel Cell 29
24.0 Initial stage of Matlab/Simulink of Photovoltaic system 30
25.0 The completion stage of Matlab/Simulink of Photovoltaic system 31
26.0 Generalized PV Arrays Model 31
27.0 The Photovoltaic Panel Characteristic which shows
the intersection of MPPT 32
28.0 Photovoltaic generation which equipped with MPPT Controller 34
29.0 MPPT Controller by using Block Diagram in Matlab /Simulink 34
30.0 Boost DC DC Switch Controller Example 35
31.0 IGBT used as switch in this Boost DC DC Controller circuit 35
32.0 Modelling of Switched-Mode DC-AC Inverter (averaged model) 36
33.0 Single-phase DC-AC inverter for grid-connected systems
(as look under mask) 37
34.0 Modeling Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell 37
35.0 Modelling of PV Generator connected to Grid System 38
36.0 Modeling 6kW 45VDC Fuel Cell Stack as connected to grid line 39
37.0 I-V Characteristic of Photovoltaic Model system 41
38.0 P-V Characteristic of Photovoltaic Model system 41
39.0 V-I Characteristic of PEM Fuel Cell system 42
40.0 P-V Characteristic of PEM Fuel Cell system 43
41.0 (a) Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) output trend
(b) Time response of PV Power 44
42.0 (a) Time response of PV current
(b) Time response of PV Voltage 44
43.0 Comparison between voltage measurement before and after
DC DC Boost Converter (a) Voltage before DC DC Converter
(b) Voltage after DC DC Boost Converter 45
44.0 Three-phase V-I Measurement after Power Converter (a) Voltage
Measurement (b) Current measurement 46
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45.0 Simulation result on 6kW 4VDC Fuel Cell Stack (a) Fuel Flow
(b) Utilization of Oxygen and Hydrogen (c) Stack Consumption (lpm)
for Air and Fuel (d) Stack Efficiency in % 47
46.0 Time response of PEM FC (a) Voltage measurement
(b) Current Measurement (c) DC Bus Voltage (d) DC Bus Current 47
47.0 Three-phase V-I Measurement for PEMFC after Power Converter
as connected to Grid-line (a) Voltage Measurement
(b) Current Measurement 48
48.0 Home Solar Photovoltaic System Control Circuit 52
49.0 Home Solar Photovoltaic Metering 52
50.0 Home Solar Photovoltaic Metering Installation 53
51.0 Home Solar Photovoltaic Metering Installation by TNB 54
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PEM - Proton Exchange Membrane
PV - Photovoltaic
MPPT - Maximum Power Point Tracking
DC - Direct Current
HVDC - High Voltage Direct Current
AC - Alternating Current
GT - Gas Turbine
BUS - Busbar
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
k - Kilo
V - Volt
P - Real Power
Q - Reactive Power
M - Mega
W - Watt
VAr - Volt-ampere-reactive
s - second
t - time
Hz - Hertz
f - Frequency
% - Percentage