Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.
-
Upload
brittney-richardson -
Category
Documents
-
view
224 -
download
2
Transcript of Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.
![Page 1: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Simple SentencePRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9)
2012-04-24/25
![Page 2: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
NO MORE
![Page 3: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
THE PENULTIMATE TOPIC BEFORE THE FINAL EXAM
SIMPLE SENTENCE
![Page 4: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
LET’S PRACTICE WHAT WE HAVEN’T LEARNED…
SIMPLE SENTENCE - EXERCISES
![Page 5: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
BASIC INFORMATION
SENTENCE TYPES
![Page 6: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES
• STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION = based on the NUMBER AND TYPE of CLAUSES in a sentence:
SENTENCE
SIMPLE COMPLEX COMPOUND
![Page 7: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
VERB CLASSES
• One of the properties of verbs is VALENCY.• VALENCY is the number of obligatory elements
that a particular verb takes.• On the basis of VALENCY verbs can be divided
into five types.
![Page 8: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
VERB CLASSES
VERBS
INTENSIVE EXTENSIVE
INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE
monotransitive
ditransitive
complex transitive
![Page 9: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
ON THE BASIS OF VERB CLASSES
CLAUSE TYPES
![Page 10: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
CLAUSE TYPESVERBS CLAUSE TYPES
INTENSIVE/LINKING VERBS
1. SVCs
2. SVA
EXTENSIVE
INTRANSITIVE 3. SV
TRANSITIVE
MONOTRANSITIVE 4. SVO
DITRANSITIVE 5. SVOiOd
COMPLEX TRANSITIVE 6. SVOCo
7. SVOA
THE SINGLE VERB ELEMENT OF A SIMPLE SENTENCE IS ALWAYS A
FINITE VP.
SO, THESE ARE THE 7 TYPES OF SIMPLE SENTENCES IN ENGLISH
![Page 11: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
CLAUSE TYPES• Naturally, OPTIONAL ADVERBIAL may be added to
sentences of any type:(Luckily) the sun is (already) shining.I (definitely) must send her a birthday card (tomorrow).The S, V, O and C are OBLIGATORY sentence
elements, whereas the A can be either OBLIGATORY or OPTIONAL. The A is obligatory in the SVA and SVOA clause types:
John often goes to the cinema. S(A)VA She kept the children in bed during the storm.
SVOA(A)
![Page 12: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
PAGE 142 – exercise 1 (a-f)
S V A
S V O Co
S V O Co
S V Oi Od
S V O or S V O (A)
S V Cs
![Page 13: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
PAGE 142 – exercise 1 (g-k)
S V Cs
S V (A) Oi Od
S V Cs
S V Cs or S V Cs (A)
S V Cs
![Page 14: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
PAGE 142 – exercise 1 (l-o)
S V O or S V O (A)
S V Cs
S V Cs
S V Cs or S V Cs (A)
![Page 15: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
CLAUSE TYPES: important note
• Sometimes, A VERB MAY BELONG TO MORE THAN ONE CLASS, which is called MULTIPLE-CLASS MEMBERSHIP:
She made [her children] [a chocolate cake]. SVOO She made [a chocolate cake]. SVOShe made [them] [extremely happy]. SVOCoANOTHER NOTE: If deleting an adverbial changes the
meaning of the verb completely and/or the verb class, the adverbial is considered to be obligatory:
Frankenstein lives. Vs. Frankenstein lives [in London].
![Page 16: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
PAGE 142 – exercise 2 (a - b)
I HOPE THEY HAVE SAVED A TABLE BY THE WINDOW FOR US.
MAY I ASK A FAVOUR FROM YOU?
![Page 17: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
PAGE 142 – exercise 2 (a - b)
CAN I PLAY A GAME OF CHESS WITH YOU?
HER GREAT-AUNT LEFT A FORTUNE TO HER.
WE WISH A VERY HAPPY NEW YEAR TO ALL OUR FRIENDS.
![Page 18: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
PAGE 142 – exercise 3 (a - d)
OBLIGATORY (complex transitive verb, V + Co)
OBLIGATORY (intensive verb, V + Cs)
OBLIGATORY (monotransitive verb, V + Od)
CAN BE DELETED, BUT NOT OPTIONAL, BECAUSE THE CLASS CHANGES (“explain” can be both transitive and intransitive)
![Page 19: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
PAGE 142 – exercise 3 (e - i)
CAN BE DELETED, BUT NOT OPTIONAL, BECAUSE THE CLASS CHANGES (“tell” can be both monotransitive and ditransitive)
OBLIGATORY (intensive verb, V + Cs)
CAN BE DELETED, BUT NOT OPTIONAL, BECAUSE THE CLASS CHANGES (“fly” can be both transitive and intransitive)
OPTIONAL
OPTIONAL
![Page 20: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
PAGE 143 – exercise 4 (a - e)
NO OPTIONAL ELEMENTS
NO OPTIONAL ELEMENTS
EITHER THE FIRST OR THE SECOND, BUT ONE HAS TO STAY
AMBIGUOUS, EITHER “FOR EVERY MEMBER OF THE FAMILY” IS OPTIONAL, OR “A PRESENT FOR EVERY MEMBER OF THE FAMILY” IS ONE BIG OBJECT
![Page 21: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
PAGE 143 – exercise 4 (f - j)
“FOR YEARS” IS OBLIGATORY BECAUSE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
EITHER THE FIRST OR THE SECOND, BUT ONE HAS TO STAY
![Page 22: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
PAGE 143 – exercise 5 (a - e)
V Cs = INTENSIVE
V Oi Od = DITRANSITIVE
V O Co = COMPLEX TRANSITIVE
V O (A) = MONOTRANSITIVE
V A (A) = INTENSIVE
![Page 23: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
PAGE 143 – exercise 6
1) S + V (DITRANSITIVE) + Oi + Od2) S + V (COMPLEX TRANSITIVE) + Od + Co
1) S + V (MONOTRANSITIVE) + Od2) S + V (INTENSIVE) + Cs
![Page 24: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
BASIC INFORMATION
NEGATION
![Page 25: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
GENERAL TYPES OF NEGATION
• CLAUSE NEGATION – the whole clause is syntactically treated as negative:– She’s not an attractive woman in any respect(, is she?)
• LOCAL NEGATION – one constituent (but not necessarily a clause element) is negated:– She’s a not unattractive woman in some ways. (NOT: in any respect)
• PREDICATION NEGATION – very rare, applies only after certain auxiliaries (often depends on pronunciation):– They may not go swimming. [=They are allowed not to go swimming]
NEGATION IS REALIZED THROUGH USE OF NEGATIVE ITEMS.
![Page 26: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
NEGATION via NEGATIVE ITEMS• The clause can be negated:– EITHER BY NEGATING THE VERB, – OR BY NEGATING OTHER SENTENCE ELEMENTS.
• Depending on what sentence element is being negated, it is necessary to use different negative items:– VERB NEGATION: the negative particle NOT is always used: He
does not dring. She is not a model wife.– NEGATION OF OTHER SENTENCE ELEMENTS can be achieved
using DIFFERENT NEGATIVE ITEMS:• Words negative in form and meaning: no, none, never, not• Word negative in meaning only (not negative in form): rarely, seldom,
scarcely, barely, little, few• VERBS, ADJECTIVE, PREPOSTIONS with IMPLIED NEGATIVE MEANING:
refuse, deny, fail; reluctant, unaware; without, against; unless
![Page 27: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
NEGATION: SCOPE OF NEGATION• The SCOPE OF NEGATION is the stretch of language
OVER WHICH THE NEGATIVE MEANING OPERATES AND WHERE NON-ASSERTIVE ITEMS MUST BE USED.
• The SCOPE OF NEGATION EXTENDS FROM THE NEGATIVE ITEM TO:– THE END OF THE CLAUSE (NOT NECESSARILY THE END OF
THE SENTENCE),– THE END OF THE NEGATED PHRASE (IF ONLY A SINGLE
PHRASE IS NEGATED), OR– THE BEGINNING OF THE FINAL ADJUNCT.
• WHY IS THIS SUCH A BIG DEAL?
The POSITION OF THE NEGATIVE ITEM may drastically INFLUENCE THE MEANING OF THE WHOLE
SENTENCE:
![Page 28: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
SCOPE OF NEGATION
• She definitely didn’t speak to him.= It is definite that she didn’t speak to him.
• She didn’t definitely speak to him.= It is not definite that she spoke to him.
![Page 29: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
PAGE 145 – exercise 9 (a-d)
THERE AREN’T ANY STUDENTS IN THE CLASSROOM YET.
I WOULDN’T LIKE TO GO ANYWHERE FAR AWAY.
WE CANNOT BE FRIENDS ANY MORE/ANY LONGER.
HE HAS NEVER/RARELY GIVEN ME ANY USEFUL ADVICE.
![Page 30: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
PAGE 145 – exercise 9 (e-h)
YOU CAN’T PARK EITHER ON THE LEFT OF RIGHT HERE.
THE WEATHER DOESN’T SEEM ANY BETTER.
SUSAN WILL NEVER MANAGE TO DO ANYTHING USEFUL.
THERE WAS NO CHANCE ANYBODY WOULD COME.
![Page 31: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
PAGE 145 – exercise 9 (i-l)
BILL WAS UNENTHUSIASTIC TO READ ANY OF THE BOOKS.
NO PROBLEM CAN BE SOLVED LIKE THAT.
LITTLE OF THE FOOD WAS BAD.
THEY WON’T GO SHOPPING.
![Page 32: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
PAGE 146 – exercise 10
(REALLY,) I (REALLY) DON’T (REALLY) UNDERSTAND.
THAT (SIMPLY) IS (SIMPLY) NOT ACCEPTABLE.
I (DEFINITELY) DON’T (DEFINITELY) KNOW (DEFINITELY) WHAT ….
(EVEN) HE (EVEN) DOESN’T (EVEN) TRY (EVEN).
![Page 33: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
BASIC INFORMATION
SENTENCE TYPES AND DISCOURSE FUNCTION
![Page 34: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Sentence types and discourse functions
![Page 35: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
PAGE 146 – exercise 11 (a-d)
WHAT IS HER NAME?
WHERE DOES SHE COME FROM?
DID SOMEONE CALL HER LAST NIGHT?
CAN’T YOU GIVE US ANY HELP?
![Page 36: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
PAGE 146 – exercise 11 (e-h)
YOU’VE GOT YOUR CAMERA WITH YOU?
SHALL WE TRAVEL BY BUS OR TRAIN?
HASN’T SHE GROWN!
IS THAT A REASON FOR DESPAIR?
![Page 37: Simple Sentence PRACTICE CLASS #8 (#9) 2012-04-24/25.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649cf55503460f949c3b6b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
THE ENDThank you for your time!