The Simple Sentence
-
Upload
giangmilk0812 -
Category
Documents
-
view
18 -
download
0
description
Transcript of The Simple Sentence
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 1/86
E_English Grammar Course
LECTURE 3
The Simple Sentence
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 2/86
1. Clause Patterns
2. Sentence Elements and their Meanings
3. Concord
4. Negation
5. Questions, Commands, Exclamations
Issues
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 3/86
Clause Types1
1/1
Clause types Clause Elements
Obligatory vs. Optional
Clause types
Clause types transformed
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 4/86
Clause Types1
1/2
Clause types Clause Elements
Obligatory vs. Optional
Clause types
S, V, O, C, A
They appointed him head of office last week .
S V O C A
Clause types transformed
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 5/86
Clause Types1
1/3
Clause types Clause Elements
Obligatory vs. Optional
Clause types
Clause types transformed
Obligatory clause patterns are those which are required
for the complementation of the verb.
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 6/86
Clause Types1
1/4
Clause types Clause Elements
Obligatory vs. Optional
Clause types
Clause types transformed
I put the book on the table (SVOA) vs. I put the book.
He resembled his father (SVO) vs. He resembled.
(Sometimes) she sings (beautifully).
He is eating (the cake).
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 7/86
Clause Types1
1/5
Clause types Clause Elements
Obligatory vs. Optional
7 Clause types
Clause types transformed
1. SVA Mary is in the house.
2. SVC Mary is kind.
3. SVO Somebody caught the ball.
4. SVOA I put the vase on the table.5. SVOC She has proved it wrong.
6. SVOO Mom buys me a new bike.
7. SV The lady smiled.
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 8/86
Clause Types1
1/6
Clause types Clause Elements
Obligatory vs. Optional
7 Clause types
Clause types transformed
Passive transformation
SV, SVC, SVA equivalents
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 9/86
Clause Types1
1/7
Clause types Clause Elements
Obligatory vs. Optional
7 Clause types
Clause types transformed
Passive transformation
Many critics disliked the play
(SVOd)
The play was disliked by many critics.(S + Vpass + [A])
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 10/86
Clause Types1
1/8
Clause types Clause Elements
Obligatory vs. Optional
7 Clause types
Clause types transformed
Passive transformation
Mom considered him a genius.
(SVOC)
He was considered a genius (by Mom).
(SVC [A])
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 11/86
Clause Types1
1/9
Clause types Clause Elements
Obligatory vs. Optional
7 Clause types
Clause types transformed
SV, SVC, SVA equivalents
1. SV SVC
The baby is sleeping The baby is asleep
2. SV SVC
Two loaves will suffice Two loaves will be sufficient
3. SVC SVA
He is jobless He is without a job.
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 12/86
Clause Types1
1/10
Which clause type does each of the following
sentences belong to?
1. He’s getting angry.
2. He got through the window.
3. He’ll get a surprise.
4. He got his shoes and socks wet.
5. He got himself into trouble.
6. He got her a splendid present.
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 13/86
Clause Types1
1/11
1. SVC He’s getting angry.
2. SVA He got through the window.
3. SVO He’ll get a surprise.
4. SVOC He got his shoes and socks wet.
5. SVOA He got himself into trouble.
6. SVOO He got her a splendid present.
One verb can belong to a number of different classes.
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 14/86
Sentence elements and their meanings2
2/1
Sentence elements
syntactically definedSubject
Object
Complement
Adverbial
See Quirk, pp170
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 15/86
Sentence elements and their meanings2
2/2
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
Empty It
2/3
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 16/86
Sentence elements and their meanings2
2/3
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
IT
She opened the door.
2/4
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 17/86
Sentence elements and their meanings2
2/4
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
IT
The key opens the door.
2/5
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 18/86
Sentence elements and their meanings2
2/5
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
IT
The door opens.
2/6
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 19/86
Sentence elements and their meanings2
2/6
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
ITShe has a new shirt.
2/7
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 20/86
Sentence elements and their meanings2
2/7
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
IT
This room accommodates 20 people.
2/8
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 21/86
Sentence elements and their meanings2
2/8
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
IT
Tomorrow is my birthday.
2/9
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 22/86
Sentence elements and their meanings2
2/9
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
IT
The meeting ended successfully.
2/10
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 23/86
Sentence elements and their meanings2
2/10
Semantic Roles of the Subject
agentive
recipient
affected
instrumental
locative
temporal
eventive
Empty ITIt’s wonderful to meet you.
2/11
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 24/86
Sentence elements and their meanings2
2/11
We opened the door.
He invented the telephone.
We passed the building.
Semantic Roles of the Object
Od Oi
affected
effected
locative
2/12
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 25/86
Sentence elements and their meanings2
2/12
Semantic Roles of the Object
Od Oi
affected
recipient
We paid him a visit.
We gave him some money.
2/13
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 26/86
Sentence elements and their meanings2
2/13
He is tired.
He becomes tired.
Semantic Roles of the Complements
Cs Co
Current attribute
Resulting attribute
2/14
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 27/86
Sentence elements and their meanings2
2/14
Semantic Roles of the Complement
Cs Co
Current attribute
Resulting attribute
We found the room empty.
They left the room empty.
3/1
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 28/86
Concords3
CONCORDS Grammatical concord
Notional Concord
Concord by Proximity
Concord with coordinated
subject
3/2
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 29/86
Concords3
Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb
Subject - Complement
Subject - Object
Pronoun
3/3
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 30/86
Concords3
Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb
Subject - Complement
Subject - Object
Pronoun
SUBJECT sing/plur VERB sing/plur This dish is dirty/ These dishes are dirty.
SUBJECT (clause) VERB sing
What they are doing now is my concern.
3/4
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 31/86
Concords3
Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb
Subject - Complement
Subject - Object
Pronoun
The child was an angel.
The children are angels.
3/5
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 32/86
Concords3
Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb
Subject - Complement
Subject - Object
Pronoun
He injured himself.
3/6
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 33/86
Concords3
Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb
Subject - Complement
Subject - Object
Pronoun
The boy likes his toys
3/7
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 34/86
Concords3
Notional Concord Nominal clause
Collective noun
NoneThe verb agrees with the
idea of plural rather
than the actual
singular form of the noun
3/8
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 35/86
Concords3
Notional Concord Nominal clause
Collective noun
None
What he says isn’t true.
(= The thing he says isn’t true)
What they like best are tea and coffee.
( The things they like…)
3/9
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 36/86
Concords3
Notional Concord Nominal clause
Collective noun
NoneThe cabinet are having a rest.
(All members of the cabinet…)
The cabinet has reached an agreement.(The cabinet as a whole)
3/10
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 37/86
Concords3
Notional Concord Nominal clause
Collective noun
None
None of the students like Grammar.
None of the cheese is fresh.
3/11
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 38/86
Concords3
Concord by Proximity Set phrases
Existential sentence with ‘there’
Either… or
The verb tends to agree
with whatever noun or
pronoun closely precedes
it, instead of the head
word of the subject
3/12
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 39/86
Concords3
Concord by Proximity Set phrases
Existential sentence with ‘there’
Either… or
One in ten take drugs.
3/13
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 40/86
Concords3
Concord by Proximity Set phrases
Existential sentence with ‘there’
Either… or There are two chairs and a desk there.
There is a chair and two desks there.
3/14
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 41/86
Concords3
Concord by Proximity Set phrases
Existential sentence with ‘there’
Either… or
Either my brother or I am to blame for the error.Either the teacher or the students need to do this.
3/15
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 42/86
Concords3
Concord with coordinated
subjectCoordinated subject
representing a single entity
When the NPs refer to the same
thing/ person
normally takes
a plural verb
3/16
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 43/86
Concords3
Concord with coordinated
subjectCoordinated subject
representing a single entity
When the NPs refer to the same
thing/ personThe hammer and the sickle was flying on top of the building.
3/17
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 44/86
Concords3
Concord with coordinated
subject
Coordinated subject
representing a single entity
When the NPs refer to the same
thing/ person
His lawyer and former college friend, Max Weber, was withhim at his death.
4/1
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 45/86
Negation4
The negation of a sentence is accomplishedby inserting not between the operator andthe predication.
E.g.
The attempt has succeeded.
The attempt has not succeeded.
We may win the match. We may not win the match.
4/2
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 46/86
Negation4
1. Assertives vs. Non-assertives
2. Negative intensification
3. Alternative Negative elements
4. Scope of negation
5. Focus of negation
6. Relationship between scope and focus of
negation7. Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation
4/3
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 47/86
Negation4
Assertives Non-assertives
Some
Someone
Somewhere
Somehow
To some extent
Already
A great deal
Too A long way
Too
A long time
Any
Anyone
Anywhere
In any way
At all
Yet
Much
Either Far
Very
Long
Non-assertive forms = items
that do not naturally
occur outside negative,
interrogative, and
conditional sentences.
E.g.
I saw him somewhere.
I didn’t see him
anywhere.
(Quirk p.184)
4/4
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 48/86
Negation4
Negative Intensification = ways to give emotive intensification
to a negative.
I found nothing at all the matter with him.
I have no excuse whatever.
I'll never, never go there again.
I've never in all my life seen such a crowd.She has never spoken to me even a single word.
4/5
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 49/86
Negation4
Alternative Negative Elements (Instead of the verb, another
element may be negated)
An honest man would not lie -> No honest man would lie.
I didn't see any birds -> I saw no birds.
4/6
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 50/86
Negation4
Scope of Negation Normally extends from the negative
word itself to the end of the clause.
E.g.
I definitely didn’t speak to him.
(It’s definite that I did not.)
I didn’t definitely speak to him.
(It’s not definite that I did.)
= The stretch of language
over which the negative
meaning operates
4/7
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 51/86
Negation4
Focus of Negation 1.‘JOHN doesn’t love Mary.
Somebody loves Mary but it’s not
John.
2. John doesn’t ‘LOVE Mary.John likes Mary but it’s not love.
3. John doesn’t love ‘MARY.
John loves somebody else but
it’s not Mary.
The contrastive nuclear stress
falling on a particular part of aclause indicates that the contrast of
meaning implicit in the negation is
located at that spot and the rest of
the clause can be understood in a
positive sense.
4/8
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 52/86
Negation4
Scope & Focus of Negation I didn’t LISTEN all the time.
(I listened none of the time.)
I didn’t listen ALL the time.
(I listened some of the time.)
The scope must include the
focus, and by the position of the focus we can realize the
extent of the scope
4/9
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 53/86
Negation4
Scope & Focus of Negation In each of the following case,
does John love Mary or not?
John doesn’t LOVE Mary because she is a teacher.
John doesn’t love Mary because
she is a TEACHER.
The scope must include the
focus, and by the position of the focus we can realize the
extent of the scope.
4/10
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 54/86
Negation4
Main verb negation vs .
Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation
4/11
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 55/86
Negation4
Main verb negation vs .
Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation Main Verb NegationThe scope of negationincludes the meaning
of the auxiliary itself
4/12
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 56/86
Negation4
Main verb negation vs .
Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation1. can’t (in all sense)
You can’t be serious.
(It is not possible that…)
You can’t go swimming.
(You are not allowed…) She can’t ride a bicycle.
(She is not able to…)
4/13
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 57/86
Negation4
Main verb negation vs .
Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation2. Needn’t
You needn’t pay that fine.
(You are not obliged to…)
It needn’t be my fault. (it is not necessary that…)
4
4/14
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 58/86
Negation4
Main verb negation vs .
Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation3. May not ( = permission)You may not go swimming.
(You are not allowed to…)
4
4/15
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 59/86
Negation4
Main verb negation vs .
Auxiliary negation
Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation
1. May not (=possibility)
They may not bother to come if it’s wet.
(It is possible that they will not
bother to come.)
4
4/16
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 60/86
Negation4
Main verb negation vs .
Auxiliary negation
Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t
Ought not/ oughtn’t
N i4
4/17
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 61/86
Negation4
Main verb negation vs .
Auxiliary negation
Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t
Ought not/ oughtn’t
Don’t worry. I won’t interfere (I’m willing not to interfere.)
He won’t do it (He insists on not doing it.)
They won’t have arrived yet (I predict that they’ve not arrived yet.
N ti4
4/18
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 62/86
Negation4
Main verb negation vs .
Auxiliary negation
Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t
Ought not/ oughtn’t
Don’t worry, you shan’t lose your reward.
(I’m willing to see that you don’t lose your reward.
N ti4
4/19
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 63/86
Negation4
Main verb negation vs .
Auxiliary negation
Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t
Ought not/ oughtn’t
I shan’t know when you return (I predict that I shall not know…)
N ti4
4/20
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 64/86
Negation4
Main verb negation vs .
Auxiliary negation
Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t
Ought not/ oughtn’t
You mustn’t keep us all waiting (You’ll oblige me for not keeping…)
N ti4
4/21
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 65/86
Negation4
Main verb negation vs .
Auxiliary negation
Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t
Shall not/ shan’t
Must not/ mustn’t
Ought not/ oughtn’t
You oughtn’t to keep us waiting (obligation)
He oughtn’t to be long (necessity)
Q ti C d & E l ti5
5/1
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 66/86
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
Types of simple sentencesStatements
Questions
Commands
Exclamations
Q ti C d & E l ti5
5/2
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 67/86
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
Types of simple sentencesStatements
Questions
Commands
Exclamations
Sentences in which the subject is always present and generally precedes the verb.
Questions Commands & Exclamation5
5/3
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 68/86
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
Types of simple sentencesStatements
Questions
Commands
Exclamations
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions
Questions Commands & Exclamation5
5/4
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 69/86
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions
Questions Commands & Exclamation5
5/5
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 70/86
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative QuestionsGeneral Yes – No questions
Has the boat left?
Yes-no questions with positive orientation:
Has the boat left already?
Yes-no questions with positive orientation:
Hasn’t the boat left yet?
Questions Commands & Exclamation5
5/6
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 71/86
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative QuestionsTag questions
• Rising tone = neutral assumption
• Falling tone:
Positive assumption + positive expectation
Negative assumption + negative expectation
Questions Commands & Exclamation5
5/7
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 72/86
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions Declarative Questions
You’ve got the explosive?
He didn’t finished it?
Questions Commands & Exclamation5
5/8
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 73/86
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions Exclamatory Questions
Negative Y-N
Hasn’t he grown!
Wasn’t it good!
Positive Y – N
Am I hungry!
Do I look annoyed!
Questions Commands & Exclamation5
5/9
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 74/86
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions
Wh- word pronouns: who, whom, which, what, whose
• Who went there with her? (Wh-word = S)
• Who(m) did he talk to? (Wh-word = Od)
• Which book have you lent him? (Wh-word = premodifier)
• Whose beautiful antiques are they? (Wh-word = determiner)• Who did you lent to book to? (Wh-word = Oi)
Questions Commands & Exclamation5
5/10
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 75/86
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions
Wh- word adverbs: when, where, how, why, how + adj/adv
• When will you come back? (A time)
• Where should I put these? (A place)
• Why aren’t they coming? (A reason)
• How did they mend it? (A manner)•…
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/11
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 76/86
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
Questions
Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions
Would you like tea, coffee, or milk?
Which ice cream would you like. Chocolate, vanilla, or strawberry?
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/12
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 77/86
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
Types of simple sentencesStatements
Questions
Commands
Exclamationssentences that make use of the imperative mood in the main,
or sometimes of questions with the initial modal- particularly with invitations or requests.
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/13
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 78/86
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
CommandsWithout subject
With subject
With ‘let’
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/14
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 79/86
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
CommandsWithout subject
With subject
With ‘let’
Positive: Be reasonable Negative: Don’t make noise
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/15
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 80/86
Ques o s, Co ds & c o5
CommandsWithout subject
With subject
With ‘let’ ‘You’ as subject Infinite pronoun S
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/16
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 81/86
Q ,5
CommandsWithout subject
With subject
With ‘let’ ‘You’ as subject
-You there be quiet!
-You come here, Jack, and you come over there, Mary.
- Will you come in and sit down?
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/17
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 82/86
Q ,
CommandsWithout subject
With subject
With ‘let’ Indefinite Pronoun S
Positive: Somebody open the door! Everybody shut their eyes!
Negative: Don’t anyone say anything!
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/18
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 83/86
Q ,
Commands Without subject
With subject
With ‘let’
Positive: Let’s go out./ Let each man decide for himself.
Negative: Let’s open the door/ Don’t let him lose heart.
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/19
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 84/86
Q ,
Types of simple sentencesStatements
Questions
Commands
Exclamations
Full exclamation
Short exclamation
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/20
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 85/86
Types of simple sentences Statements
Questions
Commands
Exclamations
Full exclamation
Short exclamation
What an enormous crowd came!How delightful her manners are!
Questions, Commands & Exclamation5
5/21
7/14/2019 The Simple Sentence
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-simple-sentence-56327db49daa0 86/86
Types of simple sentences Statements
Questions
Commands
Exclamations
Full exclamation
Short exclamation What a book!How wonderful!