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Your Short Cut to Knowledge

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306

Chapter 18. TilingTiling or tessellation is the covering of a surface with the repeated use of the same shape tile. A typical example is thetiling in a bathroom. In Inkscape, this concept is expanded to include a multitude of options including progressivelychanging the tile size, spacing, and orientation.

The tiles are in reality just clones of the source tile or object. Thus the same methods that apply to clones apply to tiles.(See the section called Clones in Chapter 4, Editing Basics.)

While random use of the Tile Clones dialog can produce exquisite patterns, it is useful to understand the fundamentalsof tessellation in order to have more control over the final design.

An example of using the Tile Clones dialog with a simple cal-ligraphic stroke and the P6M symmetry group (see text).

To construct a tiling, open up the Create Tiled Clones dialog (Edit → Clone → Create Tiled Clones... ).

The Tile Clones dialog with no objects selected.

Symmetry Tab

307

At the bottom of the dialog is a fixed section where you can choose the size of the tiling either by the number of rowsand columns or by the width and height of the area you wish to cover. The terms Rows and Columns are only reallyappropriate for tiling of rectangular tiles (see below). Checking the “Used saved size and position of the tile” forcesthe tiling to use the size and position of the base tile at the last time the tile was used in a tiling. This preserves thespacing between tiles if the bounding box has changed due to editing the base tile. Clicking on the Reset button resetsmost of the entries under the tabs to their default values. The Remove button can be used to undo a tiling when thebase tile is selected. The Unclump button can be used to spread out the clones in a somewhat random fashion (can berepeated). And, finally, the Create button creates the tiling.

With a circle and the default values (P1 symmetry, two rows and two columns), you will get the following tiling:

The simple tiling of a circle. The symmetry is "P1" and there are two rows and two columns.

The circle has been replicated four times in two rows and two columns. The original circle is still there, under the top-left cloned circle. The bounding box of the circle has been used as the base tile size.

This example is not so interesting, but there are many options under the dialog's tabs that can produce many interestingeffects. Each tab will be covered in turn in the following sections.

Symmetry Tab The Symmetries tab is at the heart of the tiling process. Understanding the different symmetries is necessary to havefull control over the outcome of a tiling. The symmetry of the tiling is selected from the pull-down menu under theSymmetries tab (see above figure).

There are three regular geometric shapes that can be replicated to cover a surface completely (without gaps or overlaps).These shapes are: triangles, rectangles (parallelograms), and hexagons. A complete set of tiling symmetries requirestaking these shapes and adding rotations and reflections. It is known that there are 17 such tiling symmetries. (See:Wikipedia entry [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper_group].) All 17 symmetries are included in the Inkscape Cre-ate Tiled Clones dialog. The symmetries are shown next.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper_group

Symmetry Tab

308

Tilings based on a rectangle tile (or 45-45-90 degree triangle). The outlined dark blue tile is the basic unit. Red andyellow dots show the reflection and rotation symmetries. Points of twofold and fourfold rotational symmetry are

shown by pink diamonds and green squares, respectively. The P1 and P2 symmetries also work with parallelograms.

Symmetry Tab

309

Tiling based on regular subdivisions of a hexagonal. The outlined dark blue tile is the basic unit. All tiling havepoints of threefold rotational symmetry (orange triangles). Two also have twofold and sixfold rotational sym-metries (pink diamonds and purple hexagons). The pairs of numbers indicate the row and column numbers.

The basic tile for each of the 17 symmetries is shown in dark blue in the preceding figures. Inkscape uses the boundingbox of an object to determine the basic tile size. For rectangular base tiles, the bounding box corresponds to the basetile. However, for triangular base tiles, the base tile covers only part of the bounding box area. This can result in tiles“overlapping” if an object extends outside the base tile shape (but is still within the bounding box) as in the tiling inthe introduction to this chapter. Overlapping can also occur if the base tile is altered after the tiles are positioned.

Shift Tab

310

On the left is a triangle and circle that are grouped together. The triangle corresponds to the base tile fora P6M symmetry. Note that the red circle is outside the base triangle but is still within the bounding box

of the group (and triangle). On the right is a P6M tiling with the triangle and circle. Note how the red cir-cle ends up above some but below other triangles as determined by the order in which the tiling is made.

As of v0.46, Inkscape always uses the Geometric bounding box to determine the tile size. This avoids problems whencreating a triangular tile with a Stroke where the Visual bounding box doesn't have the same width to height ratio asthe Geometric bounding box.

If you need to adjust the base tile size after having creating a tiling, you can use the XML Editor dialog to change theparameters “inkscape:tile-h” and “inkscape:tile-w” (these will appear after you have cloned the object and are usedonly if the Use saved size and position of the tile button is checked).

Shift Tab The Shift tab allows one to vary the spacing between tiles. With the default parameters, rectangular tiles are arrangedso that their Geometric bounding boxes are touching. The following options are available to add or subtract spacebetween the tiles:

• Shift X, Shift Y: Adds (or subtracts) to the tile spacing in units of bounding box width and height. A random factorcan also be added.

• Exponent: Changes the exponent factor z so that position of each tile is x (or y) = (1 + “shift”)z.

• Alternate: The shift alternates between being added and subtracted.

• Cumulate: The previous shift is added to the new shift. For example, if there was a Shift X of 10%, normally thespace between subsequent tiles would be 10%, 20%, 30%, and so on. With this option, the shifts become 10%,(10+20)% (10+20+30)%, etc. This is useful when one is also scaling the tiles to keep the tile spacing constant. (Seethe Scale Tab section for an example.)

• Exclude tile: The tile width or height is excluded in the calculation of tile spacing. This is useful when using theRotation option to put tiles on a circle. In this case, it is a shortcut for specifying a −100% shift.

Shift Tab

311

The Shift tab of the Tile Clones dialog.

A P1 symmetry tiling with a constant shift of 10% (of the bound-ing box). There is an x shift for each column and a y shift for each row.

Shift Tab

312

A P1 symmetry tiling with a constant shift of 10% (of the bound-ing box). There is a y shift for each column and an x shift for each row.

A P1 symmetry tiling with an exponential shift of 1.1 (2% shift in x and y).

Shift Tab

313

A P1 symmetry tiling with a random shift of 10% (of the bounding box) in both x and y.

Question: What is the symmetry of closely packed hexagons? The answer is P1 as can be seen below. One can use thisfact to trivially generate the board for the game Hex [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_%28board_game%29] inventedindependently by the mathematicians Piet Hein and John Nash.

Closely packed hexagons have a P1 symmetry tiling as shown on the left. On the right is the board for the gameHex. To generate both tilings, a hexagon was tiled using a shift in x of 50% and a shift in y of −25% per row.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_%28board_game%29

Scale Tab

314

Scale Tab

The Scale tab allows one to increase or decrease the size of the tiles depending on the row and column position. Thefollowing options are available to scale tiles:

• Scale X, Scale Y: Scales each tile in terms of percentage. A random factor can be added.

• Exponent: Scale each tile with an exponential factor. The nominal scaling S becomes Sexponent.

• Base: Used to create a logarithmic spiral along with Rotation. The nominal scaling S becomes baseS-1 unless base isone in which case scaling remains unchanged. Use a value less than one for a converging spiral and a value greaterthan one for a diverging spiral. A true logarithmic spiral would use a base of e = 2.718 (or 1/e = 0.368). See theTile Tricks section for examples.

• Alternate: Alternate scaling up and scaling down tiles.

• Cumulate: Scaling is cumulative.

The Scale tab of the Tile Clones dialog.

Scale Tab

315

A P1 symmetry tiling with a negative scaling. There is an −15% x scaling for eachcolumn and a −15% y scaling for each row. The scaling is a percentage of the basetile bounding box. The spacing between the center of adjacent tiles remains fixed.

A P1 symmetry tiling with a cumulative negative scaling. There is a −10% x scaling for each col-umn and a −10% y scaling for each row. There is also a −5% x shift for each column and a −5%

y shift for each row. The Cumulate box is checked for both x and y. A general rule is that tokeep scaled tiles just touching, specify a cumulative shift that is half of the scaling (in percent).

Rotation Tab

316

Rotation Tab The Rotation tab allows one to rotate the tiles depending on the row and column position. As of v0.46, the Rotationcenter is used as the center of rotation. See the Tile Tricks section for examples of using a shifted Rotation center. Therotation is specified in degrees. The following options are available:

• Angle: Rotate by this amount around the Rotation center. A random factor can also be added.

• Alternate: The rotation alternates between being added and subtracted.

• Cumulate: Rotation is cumulative.

The Rotation tab of the Tile Clones dialog.

Rotation Tab

317

A P1 symmetry tiling with a 10° rotation for each row and column.

A P1 symmetry tiling with a 15° alternating rotation for each row and column.

Blur and Opacity Tab

318

Blur and Opacity Tab

The Blur and opacity tab allows one to change the blur and/or transparency of each tile depending on the row andcolumn position.

The Blur and opacity tab of the Tile Clones dialog.

Blur A Gaussian Blur filter can be applied to each clone with different blurring values.

The blur change is specified in percent. The change in blur can be specified to Alternate between a positive and negativevalue; however, a negative blur value can be entered in the Per row and Per column boxes. A Randomizer factor canalso be specified.

Opacity

319

A P1 symmetry tiling with a 2% increase in blur for each row and column.

Opacity The opacity change is specified in percent. The change in opacity can be specified to Alternate between a positive andnegative value. A Randomizer factor can also be specified.

A P1 symmetry tiling with a 10% decrease in opacity for each row and column.A red circle has been placed under the tiling to illustrate the changes in opacity.

Color Tab

320

Color Tab The Color tab allows one to change the Color of each tile depending on the row and column position. The color changeis specified in percent for each of the three components of a color specified with the HSL standard (see the sectioncalled HSL). The Hue repeats itself after a change of 100%. The full scale for Saturation and Lightness componentsare each 100%. The changes in the three parameters can be specified to Alternate between a positive and negativechange. A Randomizer factor can also be specified.

Two key points: First, the Fill and/or Stroke paint must be specified as Unset ( ) (see the section called Fill andStroke Paint). Second, an Initial color must be specified by using the Initial color of tiled clones dialog accessible byclicking on the color button next to the Initial Color label.

Note that it is meaningless to have only a shift in Hue with a starting color of black or white. This is like trying towalk east from the north pole.

The Color tab of the Tile Clones dialog.

Color Tab

321

A P1 symmetry tiling with a 16.7% change in Hue per row and a −16.7% change in Satu-ration per column. The starting color is a red with 100% Saturation and 50% Lightness.✪

A P1 symmetry tiling with an 8.3% change in Lightness per row and a −8.3% change inLightness per column. The starting color is a red with 100% Saturation and 50% Lightness.

Trace

322

Trace The Trace tab allows one to set the color, size, and transparency of the tiles by the color or transparency of the objects(including bitmaps) that are placed under the location of the tiling. To enable this feature, the Trace the drawing underthe tiles box must be checked.

The Trace tab has three sections. At the top is a section for specifying what property of the underlying drawing shouldbe used for input. Options include the color, one of the RGB components, or one of the HSL components. There is alsothe option to use the Opacity, which is the sum of the opacities (Alpha) of all objects under the tile.

In the middle of the tab is a section to modify the input value. One can specify a Gamma1 correction or add a random-ization factor to the input. One can also invert the input.

The bottom section is for specifying what should be affected by the input. Options include Presence (the probabilitythat a given tile will be drawn), color, size, and opacity. The color will only be changed for regions of the base tilethat have Unset fill.

The Trace tab of the Tile Clones dialog.

The following figures show the effect of some of the possible combinations of input and output options. All the figuresuse the first rainbow figure as the input drawing. The rainbow is a radial gradient with multiple stops. The inside ofthe rainbow is defined as a white gradient stop with zero Alpha. The last outside stop is defined with a red color andwith zero Alpha. For most figures, a star inside an unfilled rectangle is used as the base tile. The star has been givenan Unset fill when color is selected in the output.

1 See appendix for definition of Gamma.

Trace

323

The rainbow pattern used for the background (a radial gradient).

Input: Color. Output: Presence.

Input: Color. Output: Color. Background rainbow has been removed.

Trace

324

Input: Color. Output: Size.

Input: Color. Output: Opacity.

Input: Hue. Output: Size. Note how the red has a hue of zero and purple has the maximum value.

Trace

325

Input: Hue, inverted. Output: Color.

Input: Color, 10% random gamma. Output Color. Changes made to other tabs: Shift: random 10%, Rotation:random 20%. A square base tile with Unset fill has been used. The background rainbow has been deleted.

Input: Color, 10% random gamma. Output Color. Changes made to other tabs: Shift:−20%, random 10%, Rotation: random 20%. The number of rows and columns has

been increased to compensate for the shift. The background rainbow has been deleted.✪

Tricks

326

Tricks

It is possible to exploit the Tiling dialog to produce a number of useful effects. The most interesting is placing tilesalong an arc or spiral.

To put a tile along an arc use the P1 symmetry with one row of tiles. One use to have to resort to using a Group to puttiles along a curve. As of v0.46, the Rotation center is used as the center of rotation. One also used to have to specifya shift of −100%. Now one can just check the Exclude tile box.

The base tile is drawn on the left, showing the Rotation center of the tile. On the right is after a P1tiling with a per column shift removed by checking the Exclude tile box and with a rotation of 60%.

The next figure shows how 12 stars can be put in a circle. This would have been an alternative way of placing the starsin the European Union flag if the stars did not need to be placed with one of their points straight up.

Twelve stars in a circle.

This trick can also place objects along a spiral by specifying that the tile should get larger with each column. As ofv0.46, one can put the stars on a logarithmic spiral so that the stars don't run into each after several loops.

Tricks

327

Stars on a logarithmic spiral. The tile size is increased by 2.5% with Base set to 2.7. Each tile is rotated 20°.

Stars on a logarithmic spiral. The tile size is increased by 2.5% with Base set to 2.7. Each tileis rotated 20°. The per column shift has been set to 60% (with the Exclude tile box checked).

Tricks

328

A “P1 symmetry” tiling. 8 rows, 21 columns. Rotation of −11.5° per row and 20.6° per column, Scale of 39.3% perrow and 24.2% per column with a Base of 2.7 for both x and y. The pattern matches that for a pine cone with 8 rows

in one direction and 13 in the other. For the mathematicians: note that 13 times the per column scaling is equal to8 times the per row scaling and that 13 times the per column rotation minus 8 times the per row rotation is equal to360°. This is due to the constraint that the 14th star in the first row is the same as the 9th star in the first column.

A circle tiled on an arc. The red circle with the Rotation center moved off center was the source tile.

Index

439

IndexSymbols3D Box, 1563D Polyhedrons Extension, 372

AAdd Node Extension, 361Align, 150Alphabet Soup Extension, 373Alt Key, 405Angle definition, 137Animation, 66, 401Arcs, 159

Objects placed on, 326Arrange Extension, 341Attributes, 218

Fill, 218Flat color, 219Gradients, 228Patterns, 235

Fill rules, 238Stroke paint, 218Stroke style, 239

Cap style, 241Complex, 243Dash style, 241Join style, 240Markers, 242

AutoCAD, 110Autosave, 104

BBank Note, example, 82Barcode Extension, 373Batch Export, 108Bezier Curve, 165Bezier Tool, 168Bitmap

Copy, 130Bitmaps, 341, 370Blend, 280Borders, 358Bottle, 94Bounding Box

Alignment, 150Cap style, 241Distribution, 151Join style, 241Markers, 243Patterns, 236Tiles, 309

Visual vs. Geometric, 137Box-3D, 156Brighter Color Extension, 342Buttons, 362

CCalendar Extension, 374Calligraphy Tool, 171Canvas, 2

Panning, 122Zooming, 122

Cap style, 241Cartesian Grid Extension, 374Cascading Style Sheets, 398Challenges, 413

Knot, 413Pine cone, 414Red spiral, 413Spiral Gyral, 415Squares, 414

Change case text extensions, 388Charts, 338Circles, 159Clip art, 107Clipping, 252

Bitmap, 238Clones, 19, 130

Find original, 131Tiling, 306

Color, 219CMS (Color Management System), 223CMYK (Cyan Magenta Yellow Key), 221Dropper Tool, 226Extensions, 342Gestures, 226HSL (Hue Saturation Lightness), 221Palette, 3, 223Profile, 219Randomize, 246, 348Replace, 350RGB (Red Green Blue), 220RGB Barrel, 350Style Indicator, 223Swatches dialog, 223Tweak Tool, 246Wheel, 222

Color Calibration, 3Color Extension, 342Color Markers to Match Stroke Extension, 362Color Matrix, 277Command Bar, 2Command Line, 408Complex Strokes, 243

Index

440

Component Transfer, 279Composite, 282Connectors, 338

Creating, 338Modifying, 339Routing, 339

Construct Grid LPE, 191Convert to Braille Extension, 387Convert to Dashes Extension, 362Convolve Matrix, 289Coordinates, 136Copy, 129

Bitmap, 130Drop, 130

CroppingBitmap, 238

Current style, 154Custom Color Extension, 342Customization, 404

Configuration files, 404Custom keyboard shortcuts, 407Custom markers, 406Custom swatches (palettes), 406Custom templates, 405

Inkscape Preferences dialog, 404Outline Mode

At Start Up, 124Colors, 124

SVG Output Format, 405Custom keyboard shortcuts, 407Custom templates, 405, 417Cut, 129

DDarker Color Extension, 343Dash style, 241Defs

File format, 420Vacuuming, 121

Delete, 130Desaturate Color Extension, 344Desktop Cutting Plotter, 110

Convert to Dashes Extension, 362Dialogs

Align and Distribute, 150Nodes, 182

Docking, 4Document Preferences

Coordinates, 136Grid, 8

Document PropertiesPage size, 6

Export, 16, 107

Find, 128Gradient Editor, 231Guide line, 147Hide, 123Icon Preview, 124Import, 22, 33, 104Inkscape Preferences, 404

Pixel size, 137Selection cues, 127Simplify threshold, 186Steps and Snap angles, 154Transforms, 136

Object Properties, 127Open (File), 103Rows and Columns, 152Swatches, 223Text, 213Tiling, 56, 306Trace bitmap, 329XML Editor, 68, 302

Dimensions Extension, 351Displacement Map, 293Distribute

Non-uniform, 152Remove Overlaps, 152Rows and Columns, 152Uniform, 151

Dockable Dialogs, 4Draw From Triangle Extension, 375Draw Handles Extension, 389Dropper Tool, 226Drop Shadow, 274Duplicate, 130

Window, 124

EECMAscript, 401Edge 3D Extension, 362Effects (Extensions), 340Ellipses, 45, 159

Tool Controls, 160Embed All Images Extension, 361Engraving, 175Envelope Deformation LPE, 191Envelope Extension, 363Eraser Tool, 247

Cut-Out Mode, 247Touch Mode, 247

ExamplesAnimation, 66Bank Note, 82Complex Strokes, 243European Union Flag, 17

Index

441

Isometric Projection, 39Logo, 20Parallel lines, 176Scissors on path, 242Soup Can, 44Swedish Flag, 5Tile Pattern, 56Tracing, 32

ExportCommand Line, 409Non-PNG Files, 109PNG, 16, 107

Export dialog, 107Extension

Arrange, 341Extensions, 340

3D Polyhedrons, 372Add Nodes, 361Alphabet Soup, 373Barcode, 373Calendar, 374Cartesian Grid, 374Change Case, 388Color, 342

Brighter, 342Custom, 342Darker, 343Desaturate, 344Grayscale, 344Less Hue, 345Less Light, 345Less Saturation, 346More Hue, 346More Light, 347More Saturation, 347Negative, 348Randomize, 348Remove Blue, 349Remove Green, 350Remove Red, 349Replace, 350RGB Barrel, 350

Color Markers to Match Stroke, 362Convert to Braille, 387Convert to Dashes, 362Dimensions, 351Draw From Triangle, 375Draw Handles, 389Edge 3D, 362Embed All Images, 361Envelope, 363Extract One Image, 361Extrude, 351Flatten Bezier, 363

Flip Case, 388Foldable Box, 375Fractal

Lindenmayer, 380Fractalize, 364Function Plotting, 376Gear, 377Grid, 378Guides Creator, 378Inside/Outside Halo, 352Interpolate, 352Interpolate Attribute in a Group, 364Jitter Nodes, 365LaTeX Formula, 379Lorem Ipsum, 388Lower Case, 388L-system, 380Measure Path, 389Motion, 354Number Nodes, 390Parametric Curves, 380Pattern Along Path, 355Perspective, 366Polar Grid, 382Printing Marks, 383Random Case, 388Random Tree, 384Raster, 370Replace Text, 388Rubber Stretch, 367Scatter, 360Sentence Case, 388Set Attributes, 391Spirograph, 384Straighten Segments, 368Text, 387Title Case, 388Transmit Attributes, 392Triangle, 386Upper Case, 388Web, 391Whirl, 369

Extract One Image Extension, 361Extrude Extension, 351

FFile format, 417Files, 103

Custom templates, 405Export, 16, 107Import, 104New, 103Open, 103

Index

442

Printing, 120Revert, 103Save, 103Save a Copy, 103Save As, 103, 109Vacuuming Defs, 121

Fill, 218Hatchings, 238Spirals, 163

Filter Effects, 254, 272Blend, 280Color Matrix, 277Component Transfer, 279Composite, 282Convolve Matrix, 289Custom, 272Displacement Map, 293Example, 274Flood, 283Gaussian Blur, 295Image, 283Merge, 283Morphology, 297Offset, 297Preset, 254Tile, 284Turbulence, 284

Filter Effects Region, 272Filters, 254

Blend, 280Color Matrix, 277Component Transfer, 279Composite, 282Convolve Matrix, 289Displacement Map, 293Example, 274Flood, 283Gaussian Blur, 94, 295

Clipping and Masking, 296Examples, 296Fill and Stroke dialog, 295Filter Effects dialog, 295Gradients, 296

Gradient Blurring, 296Image, 283Merge, 283Morphology, 297Offset, 297Tile, 284Tile Clones Blurring, 296Turbulence, 284

Find dialog, 128Flags

European Union, 17

Swedish, 5Flatten Bezier Extension, 363Flip case text extension, 388Flood, 283Flourish, 359Foldable Box Extension, 375Fractal (Lindenmayer) Extension, 380Fractalize Extension, 364Fractals

Lindenmayer Extension, 380VonKoch LPE, 204

Full Screen, 124Function Plotting Extension, 376

GGaussian Blur, 295Gear Extension, 377Gears, 192, 377Gestures

Color, 226Stroke, 240

GimpFiltering, 329

Gradients, 47, 228Blurring, 296Editor dialog, 231Reverse, 235

Gradient Tool, 233Grayscale Color Extension, 344Grid Extension, 378Grids, 148Groups, 132

Editing, 132Guides, 17, 146Guides Creator Extension, 378

HHandles

Drawing, 389Hatches (Rough) LPE, 192Hatchings, 175, 202, 238, 246Help, xviHidden Object, 127

IIcon Preview, 124Illustrator, 110, 433Image, 283Import, 32, 104Import dialog, 22, 33, 104Inkscape Preferences dialog, 404Inkview, 416Inside/Outside Halo Extension, 352

Index

443

Interpolate Attribute in a Group Extension, 364Interpolate Extension, 352Interpolate Sub-Paths LPE, 194Isometric Projection, 39, 158

JJavaScript, 400, 401

Set Attributes Extension, 391Transmit Attributes Extension, 392

Jitter Nodes Extension, 365Join style, 240

KKeyboard shortcuts

Custom, 407Knot LPE, 194Koch's Snowflake, 380

LLaTeX, 116

Formula Extension, 379Presentation Styles, 118

LaTeX Formula Extension, 379Layers, 133Less Hue Color Extension, 345Less Light Color Extension, 345Less Saturation Color Extension, 346Lindenmayer Extension, 380Linking (Web), 397Live Path Effects, 189

Bend, 190Construct Grid, 191Envelope Deformation, 191Gears, 192Hatches (Rough), 192Interpolate Sub-Paths, 194Knot, 194Pattern Along Path, 195Ruler, 198Sketch, 198Spiro Spline, 200Stitch Sub-Paths, 201VonKoch, 204

Locked Objects, 127Logo example, 20Lorem ipsum Extension, 388Lower case text extension, 388LPE, 189L-system Extension, 380

MMarkers, 242

Color to Match Stroke, 362

Custom, 242, 304, 406Masking, 252Measure Path Extension, 389Menu Bar, 2Merge, 283Money, 82More Hue Color Extension, 346More Light Color Extension, 347More Saturation Color Extension, 347Morphology, 297Motion Extension, 354

NNegative Color Extension, 348Neon Sign, 66Nodes, 177

Add Node Extension, 361Alignment, 182Auto-Smooth, 182Corner (Cusp), 166Editing

Keyboard, 179Mouse, 178

Inserting, 178, 180Sculpting, 183Selecting, 177Smooth, 165Tool Controls, 180

Notification Region, 3, 11Objects selected, 127

Nudge factor, 139, 177Number Nodes Extension, 390

OObject Properties

Desc, 400Hidden, 127JavaScript (ECMAScript), 400Locked, 127Title, 400

Object Properties Dialog, 400Objects

Hidden, 127Locked, 127Tweak Tool, 244

Object to Path, 176Offset, 297Open Clip Art Library, 107Outline Mode, 124

Colors, 124, 405

PPage, 2

Index

444

Paint Bucket Tool, 248Palette, 3, 223Panning, 122Parallel lines, 176Parametric Curves Extension, 380Paste, 129

In Place, 130Style, 130

Paste Size, 143Paths, 165

Bezier, 165Break apart, 186Combine, 185Creating, 166Editing, 177File format, 419Flatten Bezier Extension, 363Fractalize Extension, 364From other objects, 176Knot, 413Live Path Effects, 189

Bend, 190Construct Grid, 191Envelope Deformation, 191Gears, 192Hatches (Rough), 192Interpolate Sub-Paths, 194Knot, 194Pattern Along Path, 195Ruler, 198Sketch, 198Spiro Spline, 200Stitch Sub-Paths, 201VonKoch, 204

Merging, 13Object to Path, 165Offsets, 185Operations, 186

Cut Path, 187Difference, 29, 186Division, 187Exclusion, 187Intersection, 31, 187Union, 186

Reverse, 186Simplify, 186Tweak Tool, 245

Pattern Along Path, 195, 355Patterns, 235Pencil Tool, 166Perspective, 179, 363, 366Perspective Extension, 366Photorealism, 94Pine cone, 414

Plotter, 376Polar Grid Extension, 382Polygons, 160Polyhedrons Extension, 372PovRay, 115Printing, 120Printing Marks Extension, 383

QQuadrilateral Distortion Extension, 363

RRandom case text extension, 388Randomize Color Extension, 348Randomizer Extension, 365Random Tree Extension, 384Raster Extensions, 370Rectangles, 11, 154

Tool Controls, 155Redo, 126Remove Blue Color Extension, 349Remove Green Color Extension, 350Remove Overlaps, 152Remove Red Color Extension, 349Replace Color Extension, 350Replace Text Extension, 388Reverse Gradient, 235Reverse Path, 186Revert, 103, 126RGB Barrel Color Extension, 350Rotation Center, 139Rows and Columns, 152Rubber Stretch Extension, 367Ruler LPE, 198Rulers, 3, 136

SScatter, 360Scripts, 340Scroll Bars, 3Security Markings, 82Selection, 126

Multiple objects, 127Tool, 126With Find dialog, 128With keyboard, 128With mouse, 127

Sentence case text extension, 388Set Attributes Extension, 391Shadows, 49, 352Shapes, 154SIOX (Simple Interactive Object Extraction), 337Sketch LPE, 198

Index

445

Slices, 109Snap Angles, 154Snap Bar, 2Snapping, 144

Guides, 146Soup Can, 44Spheres, 421Spiral Gyral, 415Spirals, 162

Objects placed on, 326Tool Controls, 163With gradient, 413

Spirograph Extension, 384Spiro Spline LPE, 200Squares, 154Stars, 18, 160

Tool Controls, 162Status Bar, 3Steps, 154Stitch Sub-Paths, 201Straighten Segment Extension, 368Stroke

Gestures, 240Stroke paint, 218Stroke style, 239Stroke to Path, 176Style Indicator, 3, 223Style Sheets, 398SVG

File format, 417Output Format, 405

Symmetries, 307

TTablet Input, 173Templates

Custom, 405Default, 103, 417

Tessellation, 306TeX, 116, 118Text, 208

Baseline, 209Change Case, 388Create, 21Creating, 208Editing, 210Flowed Text object, 209Font, 213In a shape, 216Justification, 214Kerning, 214Linked flowed text, 216On path, 215, 359

Regular Text object, 209Rotating

Individual characters, 214Selecting, 209Spell Checking, 210Style, 211, 213Text to path, 23, 209Underlined, 304Unicode, 208

Text Dialog, 213Text Extensions, 387Tile, 284Tile Pattern, 56Tiling, 306

Base tile, 309Blur, 318Blurring, 296Color, 320Opacity, 319Rotating, 316Scaling, 314Shifting, 310Symmetries, 307Tracing, 322Tricks, 326

Tiling dialog, 56, 306Title case text extension, 388Tool Box, 2Tool Controls, 2

Box, 157Ellipse, 160Node, 180Rectangle, 155Spiral, 163Star, 162

ToolsBezier, 168Box, 156Calligraphy, 171

Hatchings, 175Tablet, 173

Dropper, 226Ellipse, 159Eraser, 247Gradient, 233Node, 177Paint Bucket, 248Pencil, 166Rectangle, 154Selection, 126Spiral, 162Star, 18, 160Tweak, 244Zoom, 123

Index

446

Tool tips, 11Trace bitmap dialog, 329Tracing, 94

Bitmaps, 329SIOX, 337Tiles, 322

Tracing example, 32Transformations, 137Transforming, Rectangles, 136Transmit Attributes Extension, 392Triangle Extension, 386Turbulence, 284Tweak Tool, 244

Colors, 246Objects, 244Paths, 245

UUndo, 126Upper case text extension, 388

VVacuuming Defs, 121VonKoch LPE, 204

WWacom Tablet, 173Web, 394

Animation, 401Extensions, 391JavaScript, 400Linking, 397Object Tag, 394Style Sheets, 398

Web Extension, 391Whirl Extension, 369Window

Duplicate, 124Main, 1

Wire Frame, 124

XXHTML, 394XML Editor, 302

Examples, 304Color markers, 304Underlined text, 304

ZZooming, 122Zoom Tool, 123Z-order, 131

18. TilingSymmetry TabShift TabScale TabRotation TabBlur and Opacity TabBlurOpacity

Color TabTraceTricks

IndexABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXZ