Ship-Related Emissions and their Environmental Effects in

YRD/Shanghai

Yan Zhang

Fudan University, Shanghai, China

September 05, 2019

Shipping & Environment conference 2019, Gothenburg, Sweden

Content

• Background and motivation

• Characteristics of shipping emissions

• Influence on air quality and Human Exposure

• Real-world signals observed before and after DECA

• Summary

• The YRD is home to 239.1 million people, accounting for 19 % of the total population of China

• YRD is with some of the largest ports in the world

Yangtze River Delta (YRD)/Shanghai, China

List of busiest container ports

Level in 2015Level in 2004

Data and figure source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_container_portsZhang et al., 2017, STOTEN

High-density Shipping Emissions in YRD, China

Fan and Zhang et al., 2016, ES&T

T h e Easte r n C h i na Se aaround YRD region has bothof high shipping emissionamount and emission density.

Geographical distribution of the modelled total PM 2.5 emissions from shipping in 2015（ Johansson et al., 2017）

DECA 1.0, Dec., 2015 DECA 2.0, Dec., 2018

1. Separate to Detached Coastal ECA2. Designated ‘inland control areas’3. Hainan Province

UPDATED to

1. Characteristics of shipping emissions

What is the amount of the Shipping emission and its rank in anthropogenic sources?

YRD Shipping emissions in 2015 based on AIS

>60%

1/3

SO2，NOX and PM2.5by shipping were 2.2×105，4.7×105, and 2.7 ×104 ton/year，accounting for 7.4％，11.7％ and 1.3％ in all sources, respectively.

Shipping missions (ton/yr) SO2 NOx PM2.5 VOC

Inland shipping 3.3×104 9.2×104 0.40×104 0.27×104

Coastal shipping 1.6×104 2.9×104 0.18×104 0.067×104

Cargo Trucks+ Port Mach. 0.0 02×104 1.98×104 0.069×104 0.13×104

Per. of Inland shipping 11.8% 18.7% 3.6% 0.5%

Per. of Inland shipping 5.6% 5.8% 1.6% 0.1%

Per. of Inland shipping 0.01% 4.1% 0.65% 0.24%

Shipping Emissions in Local Shanghai Port

Container-Cargo trucks & in-port terminal equipment

Coastal shipsInland-water going ships

17% 28.6% 5.8% 0.84% Shipping in all sources:

2. Influence on air quality and Human Health

What is the impact on ambient air pollutants and human health of Shipping in YRD and Local Shanghai?

Simulation network by WRF-CMAQFour nested domains:• Domain 1 (81 km × 81 km): East-Asia and part of south-east Asia• Domain 2 (27 km × 27 km): East-China• Domain 3 (9 km × 9 km): the YRD region (offshore distance approximately 200 NM)• Domain 4 (1 km × 1 km): Shanghai (water area within the jurisdiction of Shanghai MSA)

Estimating burden of disease from air pollution: BenMAP-CE

Gridded Population Exposures

Premature

deathsHospitalizations

Minimum risk

exposure level

Exposure-response relationships

YRD Mortality/Hospitalization ratesChina CDC

Burden of Disease –Health Impacts

11

Impacts on ambient PM2.5 in inland

cities come from more distant

shipping emissions than SO2

• Shipping emissions from as far as 100

NM (busy north-south shipping lanes)

also contributed substantially of ship-

related PM2.5 concentrations for most

coastal YRD cities

Feng and Zhang et al., ACP, 2019

The influence of different offshore coastal areas in YRD：Still important within 100 nm

Shipping emissions on inland waters or within 12 NM of shore accounted for 30% to 85% of the total air quality impacts of ships within 200 NM of shore

PM2.5

Feng and Zhang et al., ACP, 2019

The influence of different ship-related sources in Shanghai port

• Inland-water ships had a larger influence on areas within Shanghai near the Yangtze River and Huangpu River

• The impact of Cargo trucks in January is evident Feng and Zhang et al., ACP, 2019

Influence of different offshore coastal areas in YRD on population-weighted PM2.5

• The highest ship-related

population-weighted PM2.5

concentrations were found

for Shanghai in June (2.6

μg/m3)

• largest contributions are all

coastal cities

Feng and Zhang et al., ACP, 2019

• Shipping within 12NM was a major

contributor to population-weighted

PM2.5 concentrations in 16 YRD cities,

accounted for 52.9% to

• Shipping emissions in 24-48 NM

accounted for 6.8% to 11.5% and ships

48-96 NM from shore accounted for

6.3% to 31.6%

Influence of different offshore coastal areas in YRD on population-weighted PM2.5 Feng and Zhang et al., ACP, 2019

3. Changing signals in real world observed by Field Measurements

What are “evidences” for the impact from shipping?

Peak Time by ATOFMS Vanadiumparticles

Totalparticles

Percent.Vanadium

2010/4/1 20:30 168 1095 15.34%

2010/4/9 9:30 35 679 5.15%

2010/4/21 4:00 399 760 52.5%

2010/4/22 2:00 48 675 7.11%

2012/4/3 4:30 207 2662 7.78%

2012/4/30 1:30 175 520 33.65%

2012/5/2 0:30 222 2150 10.33%

2012/6/28 7:30 347 1502 23.10%

2012/6/30 2:00 35 407 8.60%

2012/9/13 16:30 56 1031 5.43%

2012/9/14 3:00 78 1432 5.45%

Urban: Ship-plume episodes

Liu et al., 2017, EST

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

V Ni Ca Al Fe Si Na Zn

含量

(mg

kg-1

)

Port : Vanadium is a reliable

marker for HFO

Zhao and Zhang et al., 2013, AE

V and Ni

dominant in fine

particle in Port

Elements in HFO fuel samples:

Ratio of V and Ni around 3.0

Ambient V correlated

with ship traffic in port

Zhang et al., 2019 DOI:10.1021/acs.est.9b03315

LSFO Policy in Shanghai: HFO still dominant, ambient SO2 decreased, BUT…

2014

Aug

2014

Sep

2014

Nov

2014

Dec

2015

Feb

2015

Mar

2015

Apr

2016

Jun

2016

Jul

2016

Aug

2016

Sep

2016

Nov

2016

Dec

2017

Mar

2017

Apr

2017

May

2017

Jun

2017

Jul

2017

Aug

0

10

20

30

Num

ber

fraction

V(%

)

(a) all V-containing particles

V-containing

particles increasing

Reduction in SO2 27-55%

Summary

• Regional and Local shipping emissions combine the impact: In the YRD,

shipping emissions affecting air quality were mainly within 12 NM of shore, but

Shipping as far as 100 NM from shore affected air pollutant concentrations on land;

In Shanghai, the inland-water going ships contributed a majority (40-80%) of all

shipping. SO2 decreased, while OC components increased after DECA.

• Implication for future policies: Extended ECA will promote more benefits. Ship

fuel and emissions standards for inland nearby water ships are especially important.

More comprehensive fuel oil policy including multiple-component control is

necessary for preventing air pollution from ship emissions in near future.

AcknowledgementJunlan Feng, Junri Zhao, Haidong Kan, Cong Liu,

Weichun Ma, Shanshan Wang, Fudan University

Allison Patton, Katherine Walker, HEALTH EFFECTS

INSTITUTE (HEI, USA)

Qingyan Fu, Yin Shen, SEMC, Shanghai

Jingyu An , Cheng Huang SAES, Shanghai

Freda Feng, NRDC

Dian Ding, Shuxiao Wang , Tsinghua University

The National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant no. 2016YFA060130X), the

National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 21677038) and HEI Research Foundation.

For more details：Zhang X, Zhang Y*, Liu Y, Zhao J, Zhou Y, Wang X, Yang X*, Changes in SO2 Level and PM2.5 Components in

Shanghai Driven by implementing the Ship Emission Control Policy. ES&T, (Acceped) DOI ：10.1021/acs.est.9b03315

Feng, J., Zhang, Y.*, Li, S., Mao, J., Patton, A. P., Zhou, Y., Ma, W., Liu, C., Kan, H., Huang, C., An, J., Li, L.,

Shen, Y., Fu, Q., Wang, X., Liu, J., Wang, S., Ding, D., Cheng, J., Ge, W., Zhu, H., and Walker, K. , 2019: The

influence of spatiality on shipping emissions, air quality and potential human exposure in the Yangtze River

Delta/Shanghai, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6167-6183, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6167-2019.

Zhang, Yan; Yang, Xin*, Brown, Richard; Yang, Liping; Morawska, Lidia*; Ristovski Zoran; Fu, Qingyan; Huang,

Cheng; 2017. Shipping emissions and their impacts on air quality in China. STOTEN, 186-198

Liu Zhanmin, Xiaohui Lu, Junlan Feng, Qianzhu Fan, Yan Zhang*and Xin Yang*, 2017.Influence of ship

emissions on urban air quality: a comprehensive study using highly time-resolved online measurements and

numerical simulation in Shanghai. ES&T, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03834.2017,202-211.

Fan Q, Zhang Y*, Ma W, Ma H, Feng J, Yu Q, Yang X, S K.W. Ng, Fu Q, and Chen L., 2016. Spatial and

seasonal dynamics of ship emissions over the Yangtze River Delta and East China Sea and their potential

environmental influence. ES&T,. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03965 [J]. （50）:1322-1329

Zhao, M., Zhang Y*., Ma W., et al., 2013. Characteristics and ship traffic source identification of air pollutants in

China’s largest port. Atmospheric Environment, 64,277-286.

THANKS FOR LISTENINGEmail: yan_zhang@fudan.edu.cn