SHIP OPERATIONS - Old Dominion Universityaverma/nsf/Ship...SHIP OPERATIONS 1. Marine Tech 2009 -...

Marine Tech

2009 - 2011

Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU

SHIP OPERATIONS

1

Marine Tech

2009 - 2011


This module is intended to introduce participants

to basic concepts in ship loading operations and

ship stability.

Module Description and Goals

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CONTENTS• Types of Ships 5 min

• Ship Organization 5 min

• Cargo Operations 40 min

• Hands-on Activity 1 25 min


• Ship Motions 10 min

• Ship Stability 20 min




Total 3 hrs3

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• Drill Ship: Vessels carrying

out drilling operations,

equipped with drilling rig

and its own propulsion

machinery

• Bulk Carrier: Single deck

vessel carrying

homogeneous unpacked

cargoes

visual.merriam-webster.com/.../drill-ship.php

www.ships-info.info/label-bulk-carriers.htm

Types of Ships

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Types of Ships

• Container Vessel: Ship

specially designed to carry

standard containers

• Float-On/Float-Off:

Special Vessels which

may be submerged to

allow the floating on or

off of cargo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_ship

commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Float_on_Floa...5

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Float_on_Float_off_Ship_NT.PNG

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Colombo.Express.wmt.jpg

Marine Tech

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Types of Ships

• Barge: A flat bottomed boat

used for transport of heavy

goods.

• Tug Boats: Boat used to

maneuver, primarily by

towing or pushing other

vessels. Tugboats are also

used to tow barges

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thames_gravel_barge.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North-shore-tugboats.jpg6

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fc/North-shore-tugboats.jpg

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Find the type of ship

Transport heavy goods

Carry unpacked cargoes

Carry standard containers

Carry out drilling operations

Used for towing barges

Barge

Bulk carrier

Container Vessel

Drill ship

Tug Boats

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SHIP ORGANIZATION

The captain/Master is the highest responsible officer,

acting on behalf of the ships owner

Captain/Master

Deck

Department

Engine

Department

Steward

Department

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The department is

responsible for

ship’s overall

appearance,

preservation and

for safely

receiving,

discharging and

caring of cargo

during a voyage.

Deck Department:

SHIP ORGANIZATION

9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_officer

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Container_lashing_with_rods.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chief-mate-cargo-handling.jpg

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Deck Department Personnel

Chief Mate

Second Mate

Third Mate

Boatswain

Able Seamen

Ordinary seamen

Cargo Operations

and Stability

In charge of

navigation

Safety Officer

Duties

Deck duties

SHIP ORGANIZATION

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The department responsible

for getting the ship to and

from anywhere and

responsible for all the

equipment used throughout

the ship

Engineering Department:

SHIP ORGANIZATION

www.sailorsmaritimeacademy.com11

www.maritime-connector.com/ContentDetails/168

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Engine Department Personnel

Second Engineer

Third Engineer

Fourth Engineer

Oiler

Pump man

Ordinary seamen

Chief Engineer Oversee Engine Department and

maintenance of equipment

In charge Refrigeration systems main engines

In charge of boilers ,feed pumps and fuel

condensers

Responsible for electrical, sewage

treatment

Operation of liquid cargo transfer system

Duties

SHIP ORGANIZATION

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The department

responsible for

maintaining the ship’s

store , providing repair

parts, laundry services

and also feeding the

people

Steward Department:

SHIP ORGANIZATION

13

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward's_Department

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/SS_Africa_K%C3%BCche.jpg

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Steward Department Personnel

Chief Cook

Steward’s

Assistant

Chief Steward

Preparing and

serving meals

and keeping

inventory

Duties

SHIP ORGANIZATION

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SHIP ORGANIZATION

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• In charge of everything aboard ship

Master

• Maintenance of ship and stowage of cargo

Chief Mate

• In charge of machinery aboard ship

Chief Engineer

SHIP ORGANIZATION

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Cargo Operations

• Stowage of Cargo

• Loading / Unloading Cargo

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Cargo Operations

Goods carried by a ship

are known as cargo

Stowage:

Stowage is the amount of

room for storing cargo on

board a ship

18freport.wa.gov.au

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Types of Cargo

Bulk Cargo

Container Cargo19www.etftrends.com

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_cargo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg

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The Twenty Foot Equivalent or

TEU represents the cargo

capacity of a standard shipping

container 20 foot long and 8

foot wide

Units of Cargo Capacity

A 40-foot long container equals 2 TEU.

Carrying Capacity – 24 tons

20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Container_01_KMJ.jpg

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Principles of Stowage

The fundamental objectives of cargo stowage are:

- To protect the ship

- To protect the cargo

- To obtain the maximum use of available cubic of ship

- To provide for rapid and systematic loading

and discharging

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Stowage of CargoCargo is stowed in holds and tanks of the ships

www.hesnes.no/company/saga/cargo.jsp?id=2322

Cargo holds

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Ships designed for carrying large amounts of cargo must

take on ballast water for proper stability.

Loading/Unloading Cargo

23

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Ballast_tank_boat_cross_section.png

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deck

Ballast

Tanks

Water

levelWater

level

earthsys.ag.ohio-state.edu

Ballast would be discarded when the cargo is loaded.

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At source port

At destination port

• Cargo In -1

• Ballast water Out -

• Ballast Water In -

• Cargo out -3

2

4

25

1

4

3

2

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Loading Cargo

There are three basic

methods of arranging

items in cargo hold:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_loading 26

http://www.msc.navy.mil/sealift/2006/May/graphics/cargodrawing.jpg

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Loading Cargo

27

1. Horizontally:

When a single item or

class of items is to be

stored in a layer that fills

from side to side and front

to rear.

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Loading Cargo

2. Vertically:

Items are stored in columns

that go from top of the hold on

down so that several types of

items are available during any

stage of emptying hold

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Loading Cargo

3. In Blocks:

Assortments of

various types of

items are made up

and loaded together.

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Loading Cargo

HANDS–ON ACTIVITY - 1

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Stowage of Cargo

Given a certain amount of cargo what is the

amount of space that will be consumed in

stowing it?

31

Volume

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Given certain volume of space what is the

number of tons, units or pieces that will go

into the space?

Stowage of Cargo

32

Weight

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A value that is used to answer the above two

questions:

Stowage of Cargo

Stowage Factor

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Stowage of Cargo

Stowage Factor:

The stowage factor is defined as the number of cubic feet

required to stow 1 ton of a given cargo.

f = 2,240/D cu ft/ton

= 2,240 x V/W cu ft/ton

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Where,

f = Stowage factor

D = Density of the commodity in pounds per cubic

foot

2,240 = The number of pounds in 1 long ton

V = Volume of the container

W = Weight of container in pounds

Stowage of Cargo

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Dr. Alok K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU36

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Stowage of Cargo

A cargo consisting of cases weighing 400 pounds and

measuring 2.5 feet x 1 feet x 1 feet to be stowed. Find

stowage factor(f)?

f = 2240 *V/W

V = 2.5 x 1 x 1= 2.5 cu ft

W = 400 pounds

f = 2240 x 2.5/400

f = 14 cu ft/ton

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Broken Stowage:

The cargo space which is unavoidably lost when stowing cargo

due to the type and nature of cargo loaded.

Stowage of Cargo

Broken

Stowage

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V = Volume of cargo hold

v = Volume of cargo

stowed in V

The percentage of broken

stowage =L= (V-v)/V *100

Stowage of Cargo

Broken

Stowage

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Stowage of Cargo

Given a certain volume of space(V), a cargo with a stowage

factor(f) and estimated broken stowage percentage (L) the

number of tons(T) of cargo that will fit into space is

T = (V *(1-L)) / f

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Marine Tech

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The volume of the cargo hold is 60,000 cu ft. Estimated broken

stowage is 10 percent and stowage factor is 56. Find the

number of tons(T) that can be stowed in the hold?

T = (V *(1-L)) / f

T = 60000*0.9/56

T = 964 tons

Stowage of Cargo

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BREAK

435 minutes

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Cargo Loading

Draft: The draft of the

ship’s hull is the vertical

distance between the

waterline and the bottom

of the hull

Water Line

44

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Draft_scale_at_the_ship_bow_(PIC00110).jpg

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Cargo Loading

A ship can be fully loaded in three ways:

1. FULL IN WEIGHT: It can be full in weight when it

is at its maximum draft

45

Max draft

Draft line Water line

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Cargo Loading

2. FULL IN SPACE: It can be full in space when the hold is

filled up to the hatch covers

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3. FULL AND DOWN: It is full in weight as well as in space

Max draft

Cargo Loading

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Cargo Loading


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Cargo Loading

Load the ship to obtain a Full and Down condition and

calculate Broken Stowage.

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Cargo Loading

Step 1: Calculate the volume of the cargo hold (V) :

Measure the height (h) ,width (w) and depth (d).

50

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Water line

Step 2: Load the ship till the ship is at its maximum draft.

Cargo Loading

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Water line

Cargo Loading

52

Max draft

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Cargo Loading

Step 4: Calculate percentage of broken stowage :

L= (V-v) / V *100

L : The percentage of broken stowage

V : Volume of cargo hold

v : Volume of cargo stowed in V

53

Step 3: Calculate total volume occupied by the cargo(v) :

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Gantry cranes are

used to move

containers to or

from the ship.

Cargo Loading

Container being

loaded on a ship

Types of Cranes Used:

54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)

http://www.msc.navy.mil/sealift/2004/June/graphics/GantryCraneOps.jpg

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Another type of

Gantry Crane

Cargo Loading

55

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Portainer_%28gantry_crane%29.jpg

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Bulk handling

crane used for lifting

bulk cargoes

56

Cargo Loading

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Deck cranes are located

on ships and boats and

used for cargo loading

and unloading where

shore unloading facilities

are not available

Cargo Loading

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Cargo Loading - Video

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• Pitch: Vessel rotates

about the transverse

(side-to-side) axis.

• Roll: Vessel rotates

about longitudinal

(front/back) axis.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_motions

Ship Motions

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Ship Motions

60

• Yaw: Vessel rotates

about vertical

(up/down) axis.

• Surge: Linear

longitudinal

(front/back) motion.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/59/Translations.PNG

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Ship Motions

61

• Heave : Linear

vertical (up/down)

motion.

• Sway: Linear

lateral (side-to-

side) motion.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/59/Translations.PNG

Marine Tech

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Find the type of Motion

Linear longitudinal motion

Motion along longitudinal axis

Motion along transverse axis

Linear vertical motion.

Roll

Heave

Pitch

Surge

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Ship Stability

• The stability of a vessel refers

to its ability to stay upright in

the water.

• The main consideration is the

correct distribution of cargo

weight.

celebrating200years.noaa.gov/.../cargo-ship.html 63

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If too much weight is in the upper decks of ship, the ship will

have small amount of stability and be in a condition known as

tender.

If too much weight is concentrated on lower holds the ship will

have excess of stability and be in a condition known as stiff.

Ship Stability

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• Hogging – too much weight at the ends

• Sagging – too much weight amidships

Ship Stability

Fore Aft

AftFore

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While stowing the cargo, the only necessity

is to ensure that the weight is equal on both

sides of the ship’s centerline

Ship Stability

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Ship Stability

The initial stability of a ship

refers to the relationship

between three important

points on it.

The Center of Gravity (G)

The Center of Buoyancy (B)

The Metacenter (M)

M

G

B

Cross sectional view of ship67

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Center of Gravity

The center of gravity

(G) is the point at

which the whole

weight of the vessel

can be said to act

vertically downward.

68

G

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Center of Gravity

As a general rule a

lower center of gravity

means a more stable

vessel

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Center of Buoyancy

A body submerged wholly or

partially in a fluid is buoyed

up by a force equal to the

weight of the fluid displaced.

Center of buoyancy(B) is the

center of gravity of the

volume of water the hull

displaces.

70

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Find Center of Gravity and Center of Buoyancy

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Metacenter

Metacenter is the

intersection between

the line through the

center of buoyancy of a

hull in equilibrium, the

line through the center

of buoyancy when the

hull is inclined slightly

G

M

B

M

G

B

72

Line through B

When ship is in

equilibrium Line through B

When ship is

inclined

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacentric_height

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/26/MetacentricHeight.png

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Metacentric Height “GM”

Metacentric Height

(GM) is the distance

between the metacenter

and the center of gravity

of the vessel.

GM

G

M

B

M

G

B

73

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/26/MetacentricHeight.png

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Adding or shifting

weights vertically

causes center of gravity

to move in the same

direction.

If center of gravity is

too high the ship

becomes unstable.


www.caradvice.com.au/date/2006/07

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M

G

If Meta center(M) is

above the Center of

Gravity(CG) the ship is

stable. Will tend to

upright itself when tilted

by a wave.

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G

M

If Meta center(M) is

below the Center of

Gravity(CG) the ship is

unstable. Will not

upright itself if tilted by

a wave.

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Metacentric Height


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The weights (w) are shifted from

center through a distance of d cmModel used for metacentric

height calculation

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Shift in Center of

Gravity = GG1= (w*d)/W

G = Original center of gravity

G1= New center of gravity

d = distance moved in cm

W = weight of ship

w = weight of washers

79

wd

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Metacentric Height (GM)

= GG1* BC/AB

80

AB

BC

Plumb

Weight

Plumb

Line

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Free Surface Effect

Free surface effect is

one of the several

mechanisms where a

ship can become

unstable and roll-over

(capsize).

81http://www.tc.gc.ca/marinesafety/Tp/tp10038/27-stab-free-surface-effect.htm

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It refers to the tendency of liquids and of small objects which

can act as liquid and can shift inside cargo holds.

Free Surface Effect

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Free Surface Effect

When a vessel with full

tank heels over, the

contents of the tank do not

shift.

The tank's centre of gravity

does not change, so it does

not affect the vessel's

stability

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Free Surface Effect

When a vessel with

partially filled tank heels

over, the contents of the

tank will shift.

The centre of gravity

moves over to the side,

making the vessel less

stable.

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This effect is similar to that

caused by adding weights on

deck raising the vessel’s CG

which causes a decrease in

GM and thereby it’s stability

Free Surface Effect

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Free Surface Effect

How to avoid free surface effect?

• Try to have as few partially filled tanks and compartments as

possible.

• By dividing a tank into two equal parts with a baffle, the free

surface effect is greatly reduced.

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Free Surface Effect


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Review of Topics

• Types of ships based on their application

• Different departments in a ship and its organization

• Cargo loading and unloading operations

• Six types of ship motions in response to the sea

• Stability of a ship

• Calculation of Metacentric height

• Free surface effect

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For more information on this module

Please contact:

Dr. Alok K. Verma, P.E., CmfgE

Ray Ferrari Professor

Director-Lean Institute

Old Dominion University.

Phone (757) 683-3766

Fax (757) 683-5655

Email: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

SHIP OPERATIONS - Old Dominion Universityaverma/nsf/Ship...SHIP OPERATIONS 1. Marine Tech 2009 -...

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