Sheq foundation health promotion

SHEQ FOUNDATIONSHEQ FOUNDATIONHEALTH IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM

TOPICS COVERED INCLUDEO CS CO C U

DIABETESS OHYPERTENSION

CHOLESTROLCHOLESTROLEATING HABITSEATING HABITSSEXUALLY TRANSMITED DISEASESS U NS S S SDRUG & ALCOHOL ABUSE

DIABETES

DIABETES DEFINITIONS O• Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases characterized by high levels ( ) g p y g

of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.

• Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin an anabolic hormonerelative deficiency of insulin, an anabolic hormone.

• The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple• The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

• The effects of diabetes mellitus include long–term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs.

TYPES OF DIABETES

1 di b d l h h b d ’ i d i

S O S

• Type 1 diabetes develops when the body’s immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells, the only cells in the body that make the hormone insulin that regulates blood glucose. This form of diabetes usually strikes children and young adults, although disease onset can occur at any age.

• Insulin – dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)) - is as a result of the absence or destruction of the beta cells.

• Most children with diabetes have IDDM and a lifetime dependence on exogenous insulin.

• Type 2 diabetes is associated with older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity African Americans Hispanic/Latino Americans Americanand race/ethnicity. African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, American Indians, and some Asian Americans and Native Hawaiians or Other Pacific Islanders are at particularly high risk for type 2 diabetes.

i li d d di b lli ( ) i h di d• non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) - is a heterogeneous disorder.

• Most patients with NIDDM have insulin resistance and their beta cells lack the ability to overcome this resistance.

TYPE 1 &2&

INSULIN IN THE BODYSU O

CAUSES AND TREATMENT OF DIABETES

CAUSESDIABETES

• Obesity and inactivity• Family history of type 2 diabetesy s o y o ype d be es• Environmental factors interacting with a genetically

susceptible personsusceptible person.TREATMENT

Th l f th i t hi d i t i l i• The goal of therapy is to achieve and maintain euglycemia as well as near-normal hemoglobin A1c (HBA1c) levels (<7%).

i h ill di i b d i i i ll• Patients who are not ill at diagnosis can be treated initially with lifestyle changes (e.g. diet, exercise, weight control).

• Insulin therapy is indicated in symptomatic patients with persistent hyperglycemia or with ketoacidosis.

• Pharmacologic therapy.

Values of Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitusg

Management of Diabetes• The major components of the treatment of diabetes

Management of Diabetes• The major components of the treatment of diabetes

are:Objectives

• Diet and ExerciseA

• To achieve optimal blood glucose concentrations.Exercise

• Oral hypoglycaemicB

• To achieve optimal blood lipid concentrations.

id ihypoglycaemic therapy

B • To provide appropriate energy for reasonable weight, normal growth and development,

• Insulin TherapyC

growth and development, including during pregnancy and lactation.

• To prevent, delay, and treat diabetes-related complications. To improve health throughTo improve health through balanced nutrition.

A. Diet• Diet is a basic part of management in every case. Treatment cannot be effective unless adequate

attention is given to ensuring appropriate nutrition.

A. Diet

• Dietary treatment should aim at:• ensuring weight control• ensuring weight control• providing nutritional requirements• allowing good glycaemia control with blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible

i i d bl d li id b li i• correcting any associated blood lipid abnormalities

• Recommended Carbohydrate consumed should be in the form of starch (polysaccharides)• maize, rice, beans, bread, potatoes, cassava, wheat, couscous, semovita, plantain, ‘amala’,

garri, pap, etc.• Non recommended Carbohydrate - All refined sugarsNon recommended Carbohydrate All refined sugars

• Honey, glucose, sucrose, and their products (soft drinks, malt drinks, sweets, toffees, etc.)should be avoided except during severe illness or episodes of hypoglycemia (reduced blood

l )glucose).• Reduce Animal fat

• butter lard egg yolk pork other foods high in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol replacedbutter, lard, egg yolk, pork, other foods high in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, replaced with polyunsaturated fats such as vegetable oils.

B. Exercise e c se

• Physical activity promotes weight reduction and improves insulin sensitivity, thus lowering blood glucose levels.

• Together with dietary treatment, a programme of regular physical activity and exercise should be considered for each person Such a programmeconsidered for each person. Such a programme must be tailored to the individual’s health status and fitness.

• People should, however, be educated about the i l i k f h l i d hpotential risk of hypoglycaemia and how to

avoid it.

C. Insulin Therapy

Short-term use:• Acute illness, surgery, stress and emergencies • Pregnancy eg cy• Breast-feeding• Insulin may be used as initial therapy in type 2 diabetes in marked• Insulin may be used as initial therapy in type 2 diabetes in marked

hyperglycaemia S t b li d ti (di b ti k t id i• Severe metabolic decompensation (diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar nonketotic coma, lactic acidosis, severehypertriglyceridaemia)hypertriglyceridaemia)

Long-term use:• If targets have not been reached after optimal dose of combination

therapy or BIDS, consider change to multi-dose insulin therapy. When i i i i hi i li h ld b d d i liinitiating this,insulin secretagogues should be stopped and insulin sensitisers e.g. Metformin or TZDs, can be continued.

CHOLESTROL

Cholesterol

S ft f t lik b t f d i b d d iSoft, fat-like, waxy substance found in your body and in manyfoods.

Bl d d ll• Bloodstream and cells• Needed for cell membranes and hormones and to make vitamin

DD• Comes from 2 sources

– Body produces it (mostly genetic) in liver (1000 mg day)y p ( y g ) ( g y)– Food sources (animal products – meats, poultry, fish, eggs, butter,

whole milk, and cheese, not from plant sources) (100 – 500 mg day)– Foods with trans fats or saturated fats may cause the body to produce– Foods with trans fats or saturated fats may cause the body to produce

more cholesterol

D d h l t l ??• Do we need cholesterol ??Yes, for our body to work well. But in excess amount, cholesterol will build up inside the walls of our blood vesselscholesterol will build up inside the walls of our blood vessels.

GENDER AND HEART DISEASE (WOMEN)

Most important risk factors• Diabetes

(WOMEN)• Diabetes • Low HDL • High triglycerides • Waist measurement of 35 inches or more

I fl di d• Inflammatory disorders

Symptoms/disease• Fatigue, malaise, shortness of breath, nausea, depression g , , , , p• First heart attack at average age 70 with higher fatality rate than men • More likely to have microvascular disease

Diagnostic proceduresDiagnostic procedures• ECG stress test less informative than nuclear test • When angiography shows no discrete lesions: IVUs and pressure flow studies

T t tTreatment• Less likely to have bypass surgery or angioplasty for coronary lesions • Longer hospital stays, higher complication rate

High LDL is responsible for 70% of heart diseases (leading killer of men and women after 45)

Every 2% raise in HDL = 2% in men and 3% in women decrease in CAD risk

GENDER AND HEART DISEASE (MEN)

Most important risk factors

( )

Most important risk factors• High LDL • High blood pressure in young men

Symptoms/disease• Unstable angina warrants immediate attention • First heart attack at average age 65

Diagnostic proceduresg p• Stress tests more reliable than in women • Angiography more likely to be informative

Treatment• More likely to receive bypass surgery, angioplasty for coronary lesions • Shorter hospital stays• Shorter hospital stays • More likely to enter cardiac rehabilitation

ABOUT CHOLESTEROL• Must be transported through blood• Carriers are called lipoproteins

– Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)– High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

• Lipoprotein = protein + fat– LDL, more fat, less protein– HDL, more protein, less fat

• LDL = “bad”– Too much can clog arteries by forming plaque– Atherosclerosis can cause heart attack or stroke

• HDL = “good”– Tends to carry cholesterol away from arteries

and back to liver– May also remove excess cholesterol from

plaque in arteries, slows buildup

• Triglyceride not a cholesterol also made in body (body fat stored as triglyceride)• Triglyceride not a cholesterol, also made in body (body fat stored as triglyceride) and from food. Help transport dietary fat, metabolism. Trigger liver to make more cholesterol, rising LDL and total cholesterol

Cholesterol Healthy Levelsy

CHOLESTROL &DIETC O S O &

CHOLESTEROL & FAT COUNTER

What affects cholesterol?• Diet

– Poly and monounsaturated fats may help lower cholesterol when used in place of saturated fats, but still limitlimit

– High carbs, excessive alcohol may increase triglycerides S l bl fib l LDL t HDL– Soluble fiber may lower LDL, not HDL

• Weight• Physical activity• AgeAge• Gender

H di• Heredity

Prevention of high cholesterole e t o o g c o este o

Why does it matter?

• Coronary heart disease is caused by atherosclerosis

y

Coronary heart disease is caused by atherosclerosis• Single leading cause of death• The higher LDL you have plus risk factors increases

risk for heart attack– Smoking– High Blood pressureg p– Low HDL– Family history of early heart diseaseFamily history of early heart disease– Age

Prevention of high cholesterol• Get it checked

g

• Watch fats, eat healthyC l th 300 f h l t l d• Consume less than 300 mg of cholesterol a day

• Be active• Quit smoking• Some may need medication• Some may need medication

HYPERTENSION

HYPERTENSION

Hypertension means high blood pressure. High blood pressure is an increased pressure in your bl d l d th f th i lblood vessels, and therefore there is less space for your blood to travel through It can be caused by many factors such as stress, high cholesterol, and inactivity. It is classified into mild, moderate, and severe hypertension. If you have mild, moderate, or yp y , ,severe hypertension, you have an increased risk of having a heart attack or a stroke.

UNTREATED HYPERTENSIONU S O

BLOOD PRESSURE Hypertension is a major cause of morbidity and mortality.yp j y y Normal Blood pressure (BP):

o Systolic BP< 120mmHg or/and

o Diastolic BP < 80mmHg.

Classification of BP is based on the average of two or more properly measured d BP di h f ffi i iseated BP readings on each of two or more office visits.

Blood Pressure classification SBP mmHg DBP mmHg

Normal <120 And <80

Pre-Hypertension 120-139 Or 80-89

Stage 1 Hypertension 140-159 Or 90-99Stage ype te s o 0 59 O 90 99

Stage 2 hypertension > 160 Or > 100

SYMPTOMS OF HYPERTENSION• 1 in 3 adults has hypertension• No symptoms, nearly 1/3 of those people don’t know they have

it• No known cause• 2 forces

– Blood pumps to arteries and through circulatory system– Arteries resist blood flow– Arteries resist blood flow

• Arteries elastic, stretchy• Heart beats 60-80 times a minute• Sodium/salt

– Holds excess fluid in body, heart has to work harder• Potassium• Potassium

– Blunts effects of salt on blood pressure

Factors Influencing the Development of HypertensionHypertension

• Alcohol consumption• Lack of exercise• Lack of exercise• High-normal blood pressure g p• Family history of hypertension

Af i A i• African-American ancestry• Stress managementg• Overweight, reduce fat andexercise..don't be a coach potato

LIFE STYLE MODIFICATION

P i i l f lif t l difi ti i l d Principles of lifestyle modification include:o Encourage healthy life styles for all individuals

o Prescribe life style modifications for all patients with prehypertensiono Prescribe life style modifications for all patients with prehypertensionand hypertension.

Components of lifestyle modifications includeComponents of lifestyle modifications includeo weight reduction,

o DASH eating plano DASH eating plan,

o dietary sodium reduction,

o aerobic physical activity ando aerobic physical activity and

o moderation of alcohol consumption.

HEART DISEASE RISK FACTORS• Uncontrollable

A– Age– Male gender– Heredity (including race) – African Americans = higher blood pressure AlsoHeredity (including race) African Americans higher blood pressure. Also

higher among other races• Controllable

– Smoking (2-4x higher than non-smokers)– High cholesterol (high HDL can be positive risk factor)

Hi h bl d– High blood pressure– Physical inactivity

Obesity/overweight (especially in abdominal area)– Obesity/overweight (especially in abdominal area)– Diabetes

• Other factors• Other factors– Stress– Too much alcoholToo much alcohol

• Moderate drinkers = less risk than non-drinkers (may increase HDL cholesterol)

WEIGHT MANAGEMENT

FAT IS A REQUIREMENT FOR LIFEFACTS:

W ’t li ith t f t

Q

• We can’t live without fats• A fat-free diet is not healthy• Too much may result in obesity & risks for diseasesToo much may result in obesity & risks for diseases

FUNCTIONS:• Supplies energy for our activities & body processes in building cells, bile

formation, hormone production, etc.• Cushions our organs & protects our bones from injury• Cushions our organs & protects our bones from injury.• Keeps us warm in cold weather.• A carrier for Vitamins A, D, E, KV , , ,• Source of the Essential Fatty Acids for:

– GrowthM i t f h lth ki– Maintenance of healthy skin

– Normal functions of brain & nervous system

• Adds flavor to food & satisfies our hunger longer.

FAT & CHOLESTEROL LIMITSHOW MUCH FAT?

& C O S O S

• No more than 30% of total calories• E.g. if you consume 2000 calories/day,g y y• 30% x 2000 calories = 600 calories• 1 g fat = 9 calories• 600 calories = 600 / 9 = 67 g of fat/day

HOW MUCH CHOLESTEROL?• • Not more than 300 mg/day

FOODS TO AVOID & USEOO S O O & US

CHANGE EATING HABITSC G G S

• Eat right• Avoid food that are rich in saturated fat.• Look for the word “Hydrogenated” or “partiallyy g p y• hydrogenated” or “Trans fat “ on food labels.• Avoid food which has this label.

Li it h h f i d f d t• Limit how much fried foods you eat.• Limit how many prepared baked goods you eat.• Eat fewer egg yolks, hard cheese, whole milk,

cream, butter and fatty meals.• Eat food that are high in fibre – Oats, peas, lentils,

beans, cereals and brown rice.,

FOOD & EXERCISE REQUIRED TO BURN OFF (1 0F 8)OFF (1 0F 8)

Sandwich 5 pieces – 580 CalorieSandwich 5 pieces 580 Calorie

Activity

• Swimming – 1 hr 20 min

• Walking moderate – 2 hr 10 min

FOOD & EXERCISE REQUIRED TO BURN OFF (2 0F 8)BURN OFF (2 0F 8)

Banana 1 No. – 140 Calorie

Activity

» Singing – 9 min» Walking moderate – 5 min


Red Wine 175 ml glass – 119 Calorieg

Activity

Gardening for 25 min• Gardening for – 25 min

• Mowing for - 20 min


Beer one can 375 ml (or)

Whisky with soda 75 ml - 156 calorie

Activity

• Golf – 35 min

• Table tennis – 35 min• Table tennis 35 min

• Climbing stairs – 15 min


Deep fried pork one piece – 84 Calorie

Activity

• ironing – for 40 minh k f 20 i• house work – for 20 min


Rice and Fish Curry – 514 Calorie

Activity

» Bowling - 3 hour 40 Ming» Bicycling – 2 Hour 40 min» Child Care - 3 hour 10 min


IndomieIndomie noodle 1 Bowlnoodle 1 Bowl –– Calorie 366 CalCalorie 366 CalIndomieIndomie noodle 1 Bowl . noodle 1 Bowl . Calorie 366 CalCalorie 366 Cal

Activity

• Health club exercise – 1 hr• Moderate walking – 1 hr 30 min


JollofJollof 1 plate . 1 plate . –– Calorie 1000 CalCalorie 1000 Cal

ActivityActivity

•• Carrying heavy loadsCarrying heavy loads–– 2 hr 10 min2 hr 10 min

LACK OF SLEEP

Leptin - satiety hormone lowGhrelin - hunger hormone high

DOs• have regular sleep-wake pattern

l b d & d thi l i• leave bedroom & do something relaxing

• relax at the end of the day DON’Ts• avoid stimulating food / activities• avoid arguments / debates• avoid arguments / debates• avoid long afternoon naps

Adults - 6 to 10 hoursAdults - 6 to 10 hours

The Choice is Yours!

OBESE OROBESESLIM

OR

Points to Ponder• Anything ingested contains

Points to Ponder

CALORIES except water and green tea

A d• Any unconsumed excess calories will be stored for future need as FAT cells

• Balance between intake and requirement

• Simplest way is to

WATCH YOUR WEIGHT

Sexually Transmitted diseases

STD’SSEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

S SSEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

• SYPHILIS• GONORRHEA

• CHLAMYDIA • CANDIDOSIS

• GENITAL HERPES• CONDYLOMATOSIS

• CANDIDOSIS • HEPATITIS B• NON SPECIFIC URETHRITIS

• AIDS• TRICHOMONIASIS

INGUINAL GRANULOMA

• PEDICULOSIS• SCABIES

• INGUINAL GRANULOMA• VENEREAL ULCERS

• AMEBIASIS

IN 1995 WHO ESTIMATED THE NUMBER OF NEW CASESIN 1995 WHO ESTIMATED THE NUMBER OF NEW CASES OF STD AT 340 MILLION VULNERABLE GROUPS

ADULTS•ADULTS•DRUG USERS•MIGRANT WORKERS•SEX WORKERS

SYPHILIS

• It is caused by a micro-organism Treponema Pallidumy g(Treponema Pallidum) that can befound in the blood, skin and mucosallesions of the sick persons.

• It is subdivided in three stages:1. 10-90 days after infection the firstsymptom (painless ulcer) begins at the

t tentrance spot.2. Even if not treated, it regresses

t l b t th i ispontaneously, but the microorganismspreads throughout the whole body.3 The microorganism is almost non3. The microorganism is almost non-existent in the body, but it has alreadycreated severe damages to differentcreated severe damages to differentorgans. It can go on for decades.

Primary syphilis

Early syphilis (primary stage) – Ulcer of the penis: There is a

y yp

Early syphilis (primary stage) Ulcer of the penis: There is a primary lesion of the penis.

Early syphilis (primary stage) – Ulcer: The ulcer is round with a well defined d Th b i l S hiliti l i l d t t d tiledge. The base is clean. Syphilitic ulcers are painless and are not tender until

secondarily infected. Typically they are indurated.

Early syphilis (primary stage) –Ulcers located on other areas: These l i f fi d i th th

Thursday, October 10, 2013

lesions are of a finger and in the mouth (oral lesion).

Secondary Syphilis

E l hiliEarly syphilis ( d t )Early syphilis

(secondary stage) –Skin lesions:

(secondary stage) –Condylomata lata: Multiple condylomata lataSkin lesions:

syphilitic rash of the forehead.

Multiple condylomata lataof the perineum. These raised, flat, wart-like skin l i t i l llesions are a typical pale pink-gray in color. They are highly infectious.

Early syphilis (secondary stage)

Skin lesions:

are highly infectious.

– Skin lesions: leukoderma coli (“collar of Venus”): Whitish patches in areas of increased pigmentation arepigmentation are visible on the neck of this patient.

Syphilis - General Issuesyp

• Nowadays it’s curable and rarely exceeds the first stage, obviouslyif treated on time.

• It can be diagnosed with blood analysis too.

• It gives no immunity and reinfection is possible.

• Treponema Pallidum goes beyond placental barrier infecting thefetus and causing congenital syphilis.

• It is extremely susceptible to high temperature and commondisinfectant Therefore is transmissible only trough direct contactdisinfectant. Therefore is transmissible only trough direct contactwith blood or skin lesions or mucous membranes full ofspirochetes.


GONORRHEA

• First symptoms appear 3-5 days afterthe infecting contactthe infecting contact.

• The bacterial agent is called: NeisseriaGonorrhoeae.

• Distinguished by abundant purulentsecretion, yellowish in color, from

th t ti l l i thurethra or uterus - particularly in themorning.

• More than ever resistant to penicillin• More than ever resistant to penicillin• If neglected or not treated at all brings

serious complications - sterility, chronicp y,infections, narrowing of urethra, etc.

• It is transmitted with any kind of sexualintercourse.


GONORRHEA

Gonorrhea – Cervicitis and Vaginitis: a white mucopurulent exudatewhich is draining through the terminal part of womb (center of picture) and g g p ( p )vagina.

Gonorrhea – Urethral discharge: There is mild erythema of the external aperture of furethra, which is a common feature.

Gonorrhea - Gonococcal arthritis: There is swelling and redness of the hand joints . Arthritis is a common feature of extended gonococcal infection.

COMPLICATIONSCLINICAL FEATURES– URETHRAL

DISCHARGE

COMPLICATIONS– EPIDIDYMITIS– DISSEMINATED DISCHARGE

– PAINFUL URINATION

SS NINFECTION

– URETHRALSTRICTURE

GONORRHEA GENERAL ISSUES

Chlamydia Infections

Chlamydial cervicitis Chlamydial conjunctivitis Chlamydial venereal lymphogranulomaChlamydial cervicitis Chlamydial conjunctivitis Chlamydial venereal lymphogranuloma

It is a er common disease and ma create sterilit both in men and omen• It is a very common disease and may create sterility both in men and women.• After 1 - 3 weeks from infection the symptoms appear:

IN MEN it manifests with urethral inflammation and watery secretion associated withIN MEN it manifests with urethral inflammation and watery secretion associated withburning. If not cured may cause testicle inflammation.IN WOMEN it is manifested with prickly pain, vaginal secretion, abdominal pain. Thei f ti t th b i id bd i i fl tiinfection can progress to the womb an inside abdomen causing severe inflammationwith consequent sterility.

TRICHOMONASTRICHOMONAS

P it di th t th t b f d i th i• Parasite disease, pathogen agent that can be found in the urine,in vaginal secretion and sperm.

• The man often do not present the disease symptoms WhenThe man often do not present the disease symptoms. Whenpresent, they are the same as of urethral infection with whitishsecretion.

• In women the abundant, white or yellow, frothy secretion withunpleasant smell is observed, accompanied by burning andvaginal pain as well as with pain during the sexual intercoursevaginal pain, as well as with pain during the sexual intercourse.

Trichomoniasis – Vaginal discharge :There is a f hit di h P i d i th lprofuse white discharge. Pain during the sexual

intercourse is common

CANDIDOSIS

• It is caused by a fungus called Candida Albicans.

• Symptoms appear 3-90 days after infection.

• In men the redness of glandis and preputium together the white spots andg p p g pitching can be seen.

• In women this infection can appear also without sexual intercourse becauseppof the humidity and heat normally present in the genital region. It appearswith severe itching and redness of entire surface, with appearance of smallg ppwhite spots.

• May be provoked by an indiscriminate use of antibiotics or by diabetes.y p y y

• It requires a long treatment.

• Candidal balanitis: Several discrete areas of redness on the• Candidal balanitis: Several discrete areas of redness on the

glandis penis. Such lesions may be asymptomatic but are

ft i t d ith i it ti d ild ioften associated with irritation, soreness and mild pain

during urination

VENEREAL DISEASES CAUSED BY PARASITES

Pediculosis, Scabies,• These diseases are caused by insects. While the first is almost exclusively due

to sexual transmission, it has tendency to locate only in pubic area, the secondis transmitted with other kind of contacts toois transmitted with other kind of contacts too.

• Both of them indicate the low level of personal and/or environmental hygieneand can transmit also other types of diseases.

• The most important symptom is itching, mostly during the night.• While crab-louse lives on pubic hair, Sarcoptes Scabies (element that gives the

disease called Scabies) lives under the skin where it bores real channels anddisease called Scabies) lives under the skin where it bores real channels andlays its eggs.

• Scratching often creates skin lesions.• Besides the use of insecticides, the best treatment is the increment of hygiene.

VENEREAL DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES

GENITAL HERPESGENITAL HERPES

It shows up with small blisters on t l it li d lik

Genital herpes – Ulcers of the penis (foreskin retracted): Herpes lesions startexternal genitalia grouped like

branch or chain. They are painful and produce burning sensations.

(foreskin retracted): Herpes lesions start as redness or small blisters, which progress to pustule formation and ulcer formation. The lesions are usually painful and itchyand produce burning sensations.

The symptoms begin after 3-14 days after the infection

The lesions are usually painful and itchy. Pain during urination is often present.

days after the infection encountered during a non protected sexual relationship with a i k E ft thsick person. Even after the

symptoms have disappeared virus remains in the body andremains in the body and periodically can cause the reappearance of the symptoms.

CONDYLOMATASymptoms begin 1-3 month

after the infection, with warts

grouped like a cauliflower, gray

or reddish in color sometimesGenital warts: Warts on penis.

or reddish in color, sometimes

with purulent secretion and

unpleasant smell. They can

appear on penis, vagina,

uterus, anus and rectum.

CHANCROIDCHANCROID

CLINICAL FEATURES• CLINICAL FEATURES– ULCERS ON GENITAL

AREAS• COMPLICATIONS

AREAS– ENLARGED LYMPH

NODES

– INFECTION OF ULCERS– RUPTURE OF LYMPH

NODESNODES NODES

HEPATITIS B

Hepatitis is a serious disease of theHepatitis is a serious disease of the Liver. It is the inflammation (swelling) of the Liver. It is also transmissible with sexual intercourse, because the virus that causes it can be found in saliva, sperm vaginal secretions blood etcsperm, vaginal secretions, blood, etc.• The symptomathology may appear

even 6 months after the infectinggcontact.

• It damages liver cells and oftenbecomes a chronic diseasebecomes a chronic disease,worsening further with cirrhosis andmalign liver tumors.

• The contact with the virus can bediagnosed trough specific blood tests.

• Today safe and effective vaccinesToday, safe and effective vaccinesexist.

HEPATITIS

AIDS

It is a disease caused by the Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) –a virus that attacks and reduces the defense forces of the human bodyand can cause AIDS;Serum positive - Carrier of the HIV virus can transmit the infection to theth d i lik l t t i k f AIDSothers and is likely to get sick of AIDS;

AIDS (sickness) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, disease causedby HIV virus (Final stage)by HIV virus (Final stage).

AIDS - TransmissionAIDS Transmission

1. Sexual transmission – HIV is transmitted by both homosexual and heterosexual contact; HIV infection is predominantly a sexually transmitted disease; the virus has been demonstrated in sperm and vaginal fluid.disease; the virus has been demonstrated in sperm and vaginal fluid.

2 Transmission by blood and blood products – 90 to 100 percent of2. Transmission by blood and blood products 90 to 100 percent of individuals who were transfused with HIV infected blood became infected; among IDUs (injectable drugs users), HIV infection occurs trough parenteralexposure to infected blood via contaminated drug paraphernalia (needlesexposure to infected blood via contaminated drug paraphernalia (needles and syringes).

3. Maternal-Fetal/Infant transmission – HIV infection can be transmitted from an infected mother to her fetus during pregnancy or to her infant during delivery Postnatal transmission has been clearly documented stronglydelivery. Postnatal transmission has been clearly documented, strongly implicating colostrum and breast milk as the vehicles of infection.

Primary infectiony

•Has an average incubation period of 2 4 weeks A 25-year-old male with HIVperiod of 2-4 weeks•Lasts approximately 1-2 weeksIs often self limiting

A 25 year old male with HIV seroconversion rash and associated fever and Lymphadenopathy.

FREQUENT SIGNS/SYMPTOMS:

•Is often self-limiting

Fever Fatigue Pharyngitis Joints and muscular pain Night sweats Inflammation of lymphatic nodulesLoss of appetite and weight loss Rash and/or skin ulcerations

Symptoms of late HIV infection

Fever Dry cough Persistent diarrhea Unexplained weight loss Retinitis

HIV Increases risk of developing

life threatening illness Tuberculosis PneumoniaPneumonia Meningitis

C Cancers

Avoiding AIDSg

• Unprotected sexual intercourseintercourse

• Contaminated needles, syringes etcsyringes etc

• Infected blood or blood productsproducts

• Pregnancy, childbirth and breast feedingbreast feeding

How STDs can be prevented?

Knowing very well your own partner it is a fundamental precaution toKnowing very well your own partner - it is a fundamental precaution toreduce the risk before having sex.

Avoiding frequent changing of partner - According to the expertsg q g g p g pchange of more than one partner a year is considered promiscuousbehavior, therefore at risk.

Avoiding sexual relations with unknown persons or with those withAvoiding sexual relations with unknown persons, or with those withrisky behaviors (promiscuous persons, drug addicts, homosexuals,bisexuals) and with those whose attitudes we do not know.

Always using a condom - a mean not 100% safe against all venerealdiseases, but which undoubtedly reduces considerably the risk ofcontagion.g

Going to the physician - whenever suspecting to have a sexuallytransmitted disease, or when unprotected sex with a partner havingSTD especially by HBV or HIV has occurredSTD, especially by HBV or HIV, has occurred.

Abstaining from sexual intercourse - if having a sexually transmitteddisease, until completely cured.p y

Talking with the partner - regarding own sexual life and informinghim/her about eventual past sexually transmitted diseases.

ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE

ALCOHOL & DRUG ABUSE

• Alcohol abuse means having unhealthy or dangerous drinkinghabit such as drinking everyday or drinking too much at a time

• Drug abuseg

Using drugs in a way that harms the user or others. It i l d b f It includes abuse of :

o illegal drugs,

o prescription drugs

o over the counter drugs.g

DRUG & ALCOHOL ABUSE IMPACTS

Drug abuse and excessive alcohol consumption are plain dangerous. g p p g Alcohol and drug abuse affect

o health o ability to function and think.

Women are relatively affected even more than men.Al h l d d b d t th Alcohol and drug abusers are danger to others

o on the high ways, o at work,o at work, o at school and

o at home.

Alcoholism o often runs in families (genetic) but (g )o drinking habits are influenced by your environment and o Also influenced by life situation such as friends or stress levels

ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE / DEPENDENCE

Drug abuse like alcohol abuse can lead to d ddependence

o where you become addicted to the drug. The drug eventually controls the life of the addicts

o Many consequences followso Taking more of the drugs over long period of time and need

more of the drugs to get “high”o Spending and wasting valuable time trying to get drug and giveo Spending and wasting valuable time trying to get drug and give

up other activities in your search for the drug. o Quitting difficulty – continue the use the drug even if it harms Q g y g

your relationships and cause you physical problems. o If you stop, you feel sick (withdrawal) syndrome

COMMON SIGNS OF ALCOHOL/DRUG ABUSE

Changes in eating and sleeping habits.g g p g

Problems at work or school because of drunkenness. These range from lateness to absenteeism.

Less attention to dressing, grooming and less interest even in sex.

Unnecessary anger/aggression towards others and treating others badly Unnecessary anger/aggression towards others and treating others badly.

After drinking you can’t remember what happended while you were drinking (blackouts)(blackouts)

Poor family relationships.

Dropping very good old friends for new ones-especially people who now indulge with you in abuse of drugs.

Sneaky behavior, lying or stealing.

You cannot quit drinking or control how much you drink.

Drinking more to get same effect.

PHYSICAL SIGNS OF DRUG ABUSE

Red eyes, sore throat, dry cough, feeling tiredRed eyes, sore throat, dry cough, feeling tired Loss of weight Needle marks on arms or other areas of the body Small “pin point” pupils Small pin point pupils Seeing things that do not exist (hallucinations) Rapid heart rates, memory loss, impotence, infertility. Tremors convulsions violent conduct Tremors, convulsions, violent conduct Stupor, coma, death.

Commonly Abused Substance• ALCOHOL • MORPHINE • CANNABIS

• METHAMPHETAMINE • BENZODIAZEPINE• COCAINE• AMPHETAMINE

cold pills,cough syrups,valium,paracetamolparacetamol,codeine,morphine,

Commonly Abused Substance

SUBSTANCE OTHER NAME / BRAND NAME

ROUTE OF USE

MEDICAL USE ABUSE EFFECTUSE

‘Beer,’ Wine, ‘Whisky’, ‘Brandy’

Orally Antiseptic/ Disinfectant (Ethyl / Methyl Alcohol -

External use only)

cirrhosis, major cause of deaths and injuries due to accidents;

effects on a baby during pregnancy;ALCOHOL Brandy , ‘Cognac’, etc.

External use only) effects on a baby during pregnancy; stomach pain due to a bleeding ulcer or irritated stomach lining.

"speed " Orally Treatment for attention irritability anxiety insomnia

METHAMPHE

speed, "meth," "chalk," "ice," "crystal," " l "

Orally, Intranasally(snorting the powder), by

dl

Treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity

disorder (ADHD); extreme obesity, and narcolepsy

irritability, anxiety, insomnia, confusion, tremors, convulsions, and cardiovascular collapse and

death; (long-term effects) paranoia, i iMETHAMPHE

TAMINE"glass," “crank,”and "tina."

needle Injection, or by Smoking

aggressiveness, extreme anorexia, memory loss, visual and auditory

hallucinations, delusions, and severe dental problems p

MORPHINE

Oramorph, Astramorph, Duramorph,

Orally, by IV and IM

injection

Relief of pain associated with myocardial infarction (heart attack), sickle cell

severe depression, anxiety, insomnia, mood swings, amnesia (forgetfulness), low self-esteem, MORPHINE p

Infumorph j ( )

crisis, surgery, trauma, cancer, kidney stone; adjunct to general and

epidural anesthesia

( g )confusion, paranoia, and other

psychological disorders

epidural anesthesia


SUBSTANCE OTHER NAME / ROUTE MEDICAL USE ABUSE EFFECTBRAND NAME OF USE

Marijuana, “ganja ”"grass "

Orally, Smoking

Analgesia, or pain relief, glaucoma treatment

problems with memory and learning; distorted perception;

CANNABIS

ganja, grass, "pot," and "weed"

Smoking glaucoma treatment learning; distorted perception; difficulty in thinking and problem

solving; depression, anxiety, personality disturbances, loss of

di i i d hcoordination; increased heart rate; and cancer of the lungs and other

parts of the respiratory tract

bennies, speed, and uppers

Orally, IV injection

Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),

inflammation of the heart lining, damaged blood vessels, and skin

abscesses; increase blood pressure,

AMPHETAMINE

narcoplepsy and other sleep disorder

irregular heartbeat, rapid heart rate, and irreversible, stroke-producing damage to small blood vessels in

the brain episodes of violentthe brain, episodes of violent behavior, paranoia, anxiety, confusion, and insomnia.


SUBSTANCE OTHER NAME / ROUTE OF MEDICAL USE ABUSE EFFECTBRAND NAME USE

Blow, nose d

Orally, S iff /

Local (topical) anesthesia bizarre, erratic, and violent b h i i it bilit tl

COCAINE

candy, snowball, tornado, wicky stick, Perico

Sniffng/ snorting or blowing, Smoking,

behavior, irritability, restlessness, tremors, vertigo, muscle twitches,

paranoia, deaths resulting from cardiac arrest or seizures followed ,

(Spanish) g,

Injection by respiratory arrest.

BENZODIAZE

Xanax, Lexotan, Valium,

Midazolam, A i

Orally; IV and IM

injection

Treatment of anxiety, insomnia, agitation,

seizures, muscle spasm and l h l i hd l

hallucinations, slurred speech, ataxia, coma, hypotonia, weakness, altered mental status, impairment f i i i d i lPINE Ativan,

Dormicum, etc. alcohol withdrawal of cognition, amnesia, paradoxical

agitation, respiratory depression, hypotension

EFFECTS ON BODY ORGAN AND SYSTEM

• ANAEMIA -reduce oxygen carrying red blood cells leading to anaemia, trigger fatigue, lightheadedness, shortness of breath etc.lightheadedness, shortness of breath etc.

• CIRRHOSIS -Alcohol/drug is toxic to liver cells, causing scarring of the liver and inhibiting its functions (this may not be related to quantity) and is commoner in women.

• CANCERS- increases the risk of cancers especially of the liver, cancers associated with alcohol: oral (mouth) throat, esophagus, and breast

• CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES -leads to formations of blood clots in the blood vessels Leads to heart attacks/stroke.

• HIGH BLOOD pressure-leads to kidney failure, heart diseases and stroke.

• Pancreatitis -causes stomach irritation (gastritis), Interfere with digestion leading to severe abdominal pains persistent diarrhea damage the organ that helps to regulate blood sugarabdominal pains, persistent diarrhea ,damage the organ that helps to regulate blood sugar leading to diabetes.

• DAMAGE TO NERVES -cause nerve damages leading to painful “pins and needles” DAMAGE TO NERVES cause nerve damages leading to painful pins and needles feelings, numbness of the extremities, as well as

• INFECTIOUS DISEASES - suppress the immune system providing a toehold for infections lik t b l i HIV/AIDS i & th STDlike tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia & other STDs.

• OTHERS include seizures, depressions & dementia

CONCLUSIONS

• It is your choice to drink or use drugs;

• It is also your choice to seek advice, treatment or

QUITQUIT

THANK YOUOU

• IF YOU NEED MORE INFORMATION ON• IF YOU NEED MORE INFORMATION ON TOPICS COVERED PLEASE CONTACT YOUR HEALTH CLINICYOUR HEALTH CLINIC

• Follow SHEQ Foundation onQ• www.sheqfoundation.org• www.facebook.com/sheqgh• www.linkedin.com/company/sheq-foundationwww.linkedin.com/company/sheq foundation

Sheq foundation health promotion

Health & Medicine

Transcript of Sheq foundation health promotion