Shaping the Future Exhaust Emissions & Air Pollution.
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Transcript of Shaping the Future Exhaust Emissions & Air Pollution.
Shaping the Future
Exhaust Emissions & Air
Pollution
What are exhaust emissions and how are they harmful?
What are the global regulatory authorities?
Exhaust Emissions & Air Pollution
Urban Pollution
Pollution from road transport vehicles can cause both direct and indirect harmful effects to human health
London Smog 1952
Urban Pollution
Pollution from road transport vehicles can cause both direct and indirect harmful effects to human health
London2013
Urban Pollution
Pollution from road transport vehicles can cause both direct and indirect harmful effects to human health
Beijing2013
Urban Pollution
Exhaust Gas Pollution
WaterOxygen, OzoneCarbon DioxideCarbon MonoxideNitrogen DioxideNitric OxideMethaneAmmonia Formaldehyde (Methanol Fuelled Vehicles)
Hydrocarbons (Non Methane)BenzeneSulphur DioxideHydrogen SulphideParticulates (PM2.5, PM10) Lead
Urban Pollution from Transportation
Source: Passenger Transport Executive Group. Air Quality in the City Regions: A Transport Toolkit, August 2014
Urban Air Quality
World Health Organisation Guidelines
Airbourne pollution in micrograms per cubic meter over a period of time (usually hours)
Urban Air Quality
Deaths Attributable to Air Pollution in the United Kingdom (2010)
Urban Air Quality – London
Urban Air Quality – London
Nowcast
London NO2 Pollution levels at
4:00 pm, Wednesday 12th February, 2014
Urban Air Quality – London
Episodes
London Particulates Pollution levels at
24th to 26th September 2013
Urban Air Quality – London
Mean Annual NO2 during 2010
Urban Pollution from Transportation
Exhaust Gas Pollution
WaterOxygen, OzoneCarbon DioxideCarbon MonoxideNitrogen DioxideNitric OxideMethaneAmmonia Formaldehyde (HCHO or CH20) Hydrocarbons (Non Methane)Sulphur DioxideHydrogen SulphideParticulates (PM2.5, PM10)
Separate Legislation
Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide produce low level atmospheric Ozone (O3)
Ozone inhaled can “corrode” lung tissue causing respiratory health problems
The orange haze over a city caused by ozone build up
Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide, together are called NOx
Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Monoxide causes blood
poisoning
Formed due to the combustion of a carbon based fuel within a fuel rich (oxygen starved) environment
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons (Non Methane Organic Gases, NMOG)
Hydrocarbons react in the presence of nitrogen oxides and sunlight to form ground-level ozone, a major
component of smog.
Some hydrocarbons are also toxic, with the potential to
cause cancer
Formed due to the partial combustion of a carbon based fuel
Ignored
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons react in the presence of nitrogen oxides and sunlight to form ground-level ozone, a major
component of smog.
Maximum Incremental Reactivity Scale (MIR)
Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)
A collection of solid largely carbon particles (primary particles or spherule) often ‘stuck’ together with semi liquid matter
Ref Eastwood et al
Big particles are many spherules stuck together,
not bigger spherules
Primary Particle Formation
Transportation & Evolution
Deposition
Destruction
Particulates
Particulates
Urban Pollution
Particulates
Particulate
Soluble (Volatile) Fraction
InSoluble (Non Volatile) Fraction
Sulphates OrganicsInorganics
(Ash)Carbon Nitrates
4-5 Ring Poly Aromatic HC Rings
Urban Pollution
Particulates – PM10 and PM2.5 (fine particles)
Sources:
Road Transport (Exhaust)Road Transport (Road Dust)Power Generation (Gas)Metal RefiningWaste IncineratorsWood CombustionFertilizers Sea Spray Crops EtcEtc
Global Exhaust Pollution Regulation
Three principle regulatory bodies; Californian Air Resource Board (CARB) United States Environment Protection Agency (EPA) European Union
Approaches; Regulation limits mass of specified pollutant per mile or kilometre
travelled per vehicle Type Approval - Verified Testing of Representative Vehicle (EU) Self Certification & Fleet Average – Body of Evidence (CARB & EPA)
California (CARB) - LEV II Standards (Low Emissions Vehicle) to 2019US Federal (EPA) - Tier 2 Standards European Union (EU) – Euro 5 Standards, Euro 6 from 2014
EU Regulated Emissions
www.dieselnet.com
US Federal Regulated Emissions
www.dieselnet.com
Vehicles have to comply with one of the Permanent Bins plus the Fleet Average of 0.07 g/mile for NOx
Californian Regulated Emissions
Low Emission Vehicles (LEV)Ultra Low Emission Vehicles (ULEV)Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicles (SULEV)
Thank You for Listening