Fajar Surya Muhaad - 1306437170
!aihan Alisha "abila - 13064371#6
$ain A%%aino - 1306437044
 
!e(iew) Foundation
De*nition) the lowest load-bearing +art o& a building, ty+ially below ground le(el
.oonly ade o& onrete
/deal &oundations ha(e an adeuate load a+aity with liited settleent
 y+es) Dee+ and Shallow &oundations
 
Shallow Foundation
trans&ers building loads to the earth (ery near the sur&ae
Design .onsiderations)
Able to sa&ely arry o+ression, tension, and shear loads, and +ossible oents
Struturally e2ient
eotehnial e2ient
 
Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation
5sed &or ight, e8ible strutures) older residential onstrution, residential
onstrution whih inlude a baseent, and in any oerial strutures
5sed &or 9ea(y, rigid strutures) other unoon building, suh as large bridge, tower, and the
e+ire state building:
!euires nie soil ondition) hard, uni&or soil
.an be used e(en with +oor soil ondition) liue&ation, so&t lay
and sands
 y+ially ore e8+ensi(e
 
S+read Footing Foundation Desri+tion)
Foundations onstruted by inreasing the area at the base o& the struture by eans o& o>sets: S+read is gi(en under the base o& a wall or a olun by +ro(iding o>sets:
Wall &ooting)
a oon and the si+lest ty+e o& s+read &ooting &oundation: .onsists o& a nuber o& ourses o& bris, the lowest being twie the thiness o& wall abo(e: ?ase width o& the wall is inreased by +ro(iding @ one-&ourth o& bri lengthB o>sets on either side o& the wall: De+th o& eah ourse is 10 : ?otto ourse is #0 dee+:
Method o& .onstrution o& Wall Footing)
aying a bed o& lean eent onrete the entire length o& the wall: he thiness o& lean onrete bed is 1@: he width is #0 to 30 ore than the botto ourse:
For &oundations o(er o+ated soil, the onrete bed below the bri wall &ooting ay be distributed: A&ter laying onrete bed, it should be o+ated and ured be&ore laying the base ourse o& the wall:
Suitability)
 
Masonry =illar Footing)
5sing isolated &ootings to su++ort the indi(idual +illars and oluns onstruted in bri or asonry: hey are ste++ed down in the wall &ooting a&ter +ro(iding 1@ o>set o& &oundation onrete on all the sides:
.onrete .olun Footing
 
• Desri+tion)
 he &oundation whih onsists o& one or two tiers o& wooden or rolled steel setion with s+ae *lled u+ with onrete is nown as rillage &oundation: his is so alled beause the bed onstruted in this ty+e o& &oundation is alled grillage: his ty+e o& onstrution a(oids dee+ e8a(ation and +ro(ides the neessary area at the base o& the struture to redue the intensity o& +ressure within the sa&e bearing a+aity o& the soil:
 y+es)
Method of construction of steel grillage foundation:
For onstruting steel grillage &oundation, a trenh is e8a(ated to the alulated width and about 0:C0 - 1:@0 dee+: ?otto o& the trenh is raed and le(eled:
 hen a layer o& lean eent onrete 1) ) 16 B, about 30 thi, is laid and o+ated:
A&ter this, a layer o& rih eent onrete 1) # )4 B, about 1@ thi is s+read and o+ated to &or a onrete bed:
E(er the onrete bed thus +re+ared, the botto tier onsisting o& a nuber o& steel / - beas o& designed diensions are +laed at s+ei*ed distane a+art, using s+aer bars:  he s+ae in between and around the steel beas is then *lled with eent onrete:
En this botto tier, a seond layer o& steel / - bea is +laed, i& reuired:
 
rillage Foundation
Method for construction of the timber grillage foundation, Wooden +lans, usually @ to in thiness, are laid side by side longitudinally
on the +re+ared bed o& the trenh e8a(ated &or this +ur+ose:
 he +lans should be arranged in a width 4@ to 60 ore on either side than the designed width o& the base ourse o& the struture:
En this botto layer o& +lans, retangular tiber setions o& suitable si%e are laid at about 3@ enter to enter:
 hen a to+ layer o& +lans, usually to 10 in thiness, arranged side by side, in width eual to that o& the base ourse o& the struture is to be built o(er it
 
Suitability of steel grillage foundation:
Steel grillage &oundations are use&ul &or strutures lie oluns, +iers, stanhions subjeted to hea(y onentrated loads and hene are e+loyed &or &oundations o& the buildings suh as theaters, &atories, town, halls et:
 iber grillage &oundations are usually +ro(ided &or tiber oluns subjeted to hea(y onentrated loads:
 
Desri+tion)
 he &oundation onsists o& a thi !ein&ored .onrete slab o(ering the whole area o& a at
Method o& onstrution o& !a&t Foundation)
 he whole area is dug out to the s+ei*ed de+th and 30 ore wide than the area to be o(ered:
 he bed is o+ated and s+rinled o(er with water:
 hen a layer o& lie onrete or lean onrete is laid to a suitable thiness to at as a botto o(er:
A&ter this, the rein&oreent is laid: he rein&oreent onsists o& losely s+aed bars +laed at right angles to one another:
 hen the eent onrete is laid and o+ated to the reuired thiness:
 
Suitability)
 
Slab-on-rade Foundation
A slab-on-grade &oundation is a single layer o& onrete , onolithi and used in areas where ground does not &ree%e:
Method o& onstrution )
  he slab is +oured thier at the edges , to &or an integral &ooting , +lae the rein&oring rods , the slab is rested on a bed o& rushed gra(el , and ast a wire esh in the onrete:
Ad(antages)
1: /t is a>ordable
#: /t is ore o&ortable
3: /t o>ers a (ery balaned and o&ortable en(ironent
4: /t redues the aount o& .E# +rodued in the anu&aturing and trans+ortation o& aterials
Disad(antages)
1: Shi&ting soil, in(asi(e tree roots and earthuaes +ose serious +robles &or hoes onstruted on slabs:
#: Any ras in the &oundation an ause ajor, long-ter issues that are o&ten (ery di2ult and ostly to re+air:
3: Slabs are +rone to inset in&estations:  
Slab-on-grade Foundation
 
!ubble renh Foundation A rubble trenh is si+ly a ontinuous trenh &ooter around the strutural +erieter, dug as dee+ly as the ground &ree%ing +oint in winter, and *lled with stone:
Method o& onstrution)
1: Dig a trenh to &rost de+th +lus 4 inhes and slo+e to daylight or dry well:
#: ine trenh with *lter &abri to +re(ent silting-in o& the &ooter o(er tie:
3: Add 4 inhes o& stone and ta+ it one around
4: ay 4-inh diaeter +er&orated +i+e ontinuous on to+ o& the slo+ed stone:
@: Fill the reainder o& the trenh ush to grade, or just below, using 1-1G# inh gra(el, ta+ing a&ter e(ery (ertial &oot o& *ll:
6: .oat &orwor &or the grade beaB with biodegradable oil:
7: Set &orwor &or grade bea or slab-on-grade thiened +erieter bea:
: =our onrete grade bea:
 Ad(antages)
3: ower reenhouse as <issions:
4: /t ontains reyled ontent
@: /t has i+ro(ed drainage and &oundation +er&orane
 Disad(antages)
 
Desri+tion)
wor well with any ty+es o& sustainable buildings: hey are low ost, &ast and easy to build, reuire no eent, and reuire no &ors or e8+ensi(e eui+ent:
<arthbags are si+ly sandbags *lled with soil, sand or aggregate obtained &ro or near the building site: 5nlie adobe or raed earth, whih reuire a rather s+ei* i8, alost any ty+e o& soil or aggregate will wor: Aggregates are +re&erred &or &oundations beause they will readily drain away any oisture and +re(ent wiing into the wall syste:
 
Soe ty+ial uses inlude)
<arthbags on a rubble trenh &oundation to raise wall syste abo(e gradeB
<8a+le) an earthbag wall or straw bale wall staed on to+ o& aggregate-*lled earthbags or earthbags *lled with eentGlie stabili%ed *ll aterial:
Aggregate-*lled earthbags starting below grade and e8tending well abo(e grade in ood- +rone areas redues ris o& the struture being underinedB
<8a+le) a rubble trenh ould get soured away and soil-*lled bags on lower ourses ould dissol(e in a ood:
<arthbags *lled with soria lightweight (olani aggregateB in old liates
 
eneral /n&oration
De*nition) the a+aity o& soil to su++ort the loads a++lied to the ground
5ltiate bearing a+aity) the (alue o& bearing stress whih auses a sudden atastro+hi settleent o& the &oundation shear &ailureB
 
Deterining ?earing .a+aity)  er%aghiHs ?earing .a+aity heory
Assu+tions)
Foundation is (ery rigid relati(e to the soil
Soil abo(e botto o& &oundation has no shear strength
A++lied load is o+ressi(e and a++lied (ertially to the entroid o& the &oundation
"o a++lied oents +resent
 
is the e>eti(e ohesion
is the (ertial e>eti(e stress at the de+th the &oundation is laid
yI is the e>eti(e unit weight when saturated
? is the width or diaeter o& the &oundation
 
", ", and "y
 
Meyterho&Is ?earing .a+aity <uations
A bearing a+aity theory that an be a++lied to rough shallow and dee+ &oundations
 
  Where)
Nc, ", "r) Meyerho&Is bearing a+aity &ators de+end on soil &rition angle, &:
Nc L ot & " 1B
Ng L "-1B tan
c, q, g) inline load &ators
C: .ohesion o& soil
$pr) tan#4@N&G#B, +assi(e +ressure oe2ient:
q: angle o& a8ial load to (ertial a8is
 
?GB /L/L1- GC0RB#
& L 0 SLSgL1 DLDgL1 /gL1
&10R SLSgL1N0: 1P+?GB
DLDrL1N0: 1QP+ DG?B
/gL1-G&B#
!e&erenes
 er%aghi, Parl; =e, !al+h ?ra%elton; Mesri, holare%a TSoil mechanics in engineering practice” , "ew Uor: Vohn Wiley Sons, 1CC6