Shadow Flicker Noise Birds & Bats Land Area...
Transcript of Shadow Flicker Noise Birds & Bats Land Area...
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Wind 101 EnvironmentShadow Flicker
NoiseBirds & Bats
Land Area Occupied
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Shadow Flicker Zone
© NordexSouth
North
Analysis Software is Available
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Noise• Distinctly Audible
They Are Not SilentThey Will Be Heard
• Great Reductions in Noise• But Noise is Constant--Ever-Present
Except During Calms
• Small Turbines Are NoisiestFor Their Size
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Air 303-403 Noise
Bergey Noise
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Noise Footprint
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Calculated & Measured Noise EmissionsSource Sound Power Levels at 8 m/s
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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1 10 100Diameter (meters)
60
70
80
90
100
110
120Sound Power Level dBA
1980s 1990s1999 SmallMicro H40
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L=22 log D + 72
L=22 log D + 65
BWC 850
H40
AirX
Air303
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Noise LimitsSelected Noise Limits, Sound Pressure Levels in dBA
RuralResidentialMixedCommercial50556065DayGermany35404550Night404550LeqDayNetherlands303540Night4540LeqDenmark1
45L50High speedEngland 240L50Low speed60606575L50DayMinnesota50506575L50Night65657080L10DayMinnesota55557080L10Night4545L8.3Kern County, Calif.3
45L90Riverside County, Calif.6050L90Palm Springs, Calif.4
1. Not to exceed 45 dBA beyond 400 m from wind turbine2. L50 approx. 350 m from the nearest turbine.3. L8.3., not to exceed 50 dBA.4. 50 dBA if lot is actually used as residential.
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Noise Community Response
noise than that indicated here.and neighbors could be either more or less sensitive to wind turbineNote: This table was derived for noise sources other than wind turbines
Community Response to Noise from Sources Other Than Wind Turbines
Estimated Community ResponseAmount by whichNoise ExceedsBackground Level
DescriptionCategorydBNo observed reactionNone0Sporadic complaintsLittle5Widespread complaintsMedium10Threats of actionStrong15Vigorous actionVery Strong20
Source: Harvey Hubbard, Kevin Shepherd, NASA, 1990.
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Birds & Bats• Before & After Studies
of Big Projects• Studies Necessary
for Small Projects?
Cros de Gerand, France
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Birds & Bats• Bats
Appalachian Mts & Buffalo Ridge (MN)Bat Conservation Society ReportCause Unknown & Further Research NeededSeasonal Shut Down Possible
• Birds, Altamont PassIssue UnresolvedDisaster for Raptors & Wind Energy
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Birds Killed in the Altamont Pass
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Source: Developing Methods to Reduce Bird Mortality in the Altamont Pass WRA, August 2004, P500-04-052.
Per Year Low High
Total 1,766 4,721
Raptors 881 1,300
Raptors/MW 1.5 2.2
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Land Area Required -Rectilinear
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
160-250 kW: Mojave, California
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750 kW: Lake Benton, Minnesota
1 mi1.7 km
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1 MW: White Deer, Texas
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Land Area Required
• ~1% of Land Used• Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
1% = 50% of Consumption, Today2% = 100% of Consumption, 2020
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Schleswig-Holstein Wind Density
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
kW/km2 kW/capita
Schleswig-Holstein 208 1.2
Sachsen-Anhalt 178 1.5
Brandenburg 156 1.8
Niedersachsen 148 0.9
Denmark 76 0.6
Iowa 30 1.4
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Wind Density in Northwest Schleswig-Holstein
MW kW/km2 Population kW/capita
Nordfriesland Kreis 2010 847 414 165,707 5.1
Friedrich-Wilhelm-Lübke-Koog
47.5 3,519 164 290
Dithmarschen Kreis 2010 718 511 135,136 5.3
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Land Area Occupied and Spacing
ha/MW
<20 ha 3
>20 ha<60 ha 5
>60 ha 7
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Smaller projects require less land area than large projects because of “edge” effects. DEWI Spring 2011.
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Aesthetic Guidelines:
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Design As If People Matter
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Increasing Acceptance #1
“Your Own Pigs Don’t Stink”
Jutland, DenmarkPaul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Public Opinion Surveys• “Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder”
True, But Most People Agree on “Beauty”
• Broad Support ~ 70%-90%On Both Sides of the Atlantic
• In the Abstract!Benefits GlobalImpacts Local
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Acceptance of Wind Energy
Post-Installation
Time
Percent Acceptance
Low
High Pre-Project
During Project
Source: L. Arkesteijn, Energy Connection
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Power Plant Acceptance
Thayer, R. Consumer Attitude and Choice
#
#
#
#"
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Visual Quality Health & Safety Environmental Impact Overall2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5Ratings
WIND
BIOMASS
FOSSIL
NUCLEAR
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Increasing Acceptance #2• Minimize Wind’s Footprint
Physical--Roads, Foundations, BuildingsEnvironmental & Visual
• Seek Harmonywith Neighbors & the Environment
• Wind as a part of the Landscape • Not a Wind Landscape
as in California• NIMBY to POOL
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Aesthetic Design--Not New Idea
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org CalPoly 1984
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Provide Distinct Visual Units
Paul Gipe, wind-works.orgCalPoly 1984
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Keep Ancillary Structures Off Hills & Ridges
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Chris Blandford Assoc.
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Provide Visual Uniformity
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Keep Them Spinning
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Keep Them Clean
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Use a Drip Pan or a Diaper (Nappie)
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Bury All Intra-Project Lines
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Bury All Intra-Project LinesMontefalcone, Italy
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Avoid Visual Clutter
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org, 2003, with Telephoto Lens
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Avoid “Industrialization”
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Avoid Mixing Types
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Use Open SpacingDon’t Get Greedy
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Remove Dead Turbines
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Remove Headless Horsemen
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Dress for SuccessNacelle CoversNose Cones
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Minimize Roads• Use Existing Roads• Use Existing Tracks• Minimize Width• Minimize Radius• Harden Where Needed
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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. . . Or Eliminate Roads
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Minimize Physical Footprint
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
. . . Especially in Arid Terrain
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Avoid Steep Slopes
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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No Mountain-Top Removal!
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Avoid Cell (Mobile) Phones
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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No Billboards
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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No Logo!
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Or Subtle Logo Only
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No Logo!Or Subtle Logo Only
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Control Erosion
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Revegetate Site
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Use Proper Proportions
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Eliminate FencingSends the Wrong Message. . .“Keep Out, Danger”
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Inform Public
Simpler is Better
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Provide Parking
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Provide Access
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Avoid Garish Patterns
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Tvind, Denmark
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Use White, Off-White, or Gray
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Keep Sites Tidy
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Remove Trash & Litter
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Remove “Bone” or Scrap Yards
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Spring Forth . . . Organically
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Avoid Surface Expression of Foundation
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Pay Attention to Detail
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Harmonize Structures
Buildings
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
With Other Structures on Landscape
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Harmonize StructuresTransformers (Use
Architectural Façades)
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Harmonize Structures
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Place Transformers Inside Towers
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Harmonize Structures
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
• Harden AccessWhere Needed
• Paint Over Graffiti
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In Sum . . . Be A Good Neighbor
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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. . . With Rural Residential
Wind Energy is CompatibleWith Most Existing Land Uses
Yorkshire, England
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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. . . With Harbors
Thyborøn-Harboøre Vindmøllelaug
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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. . . With Dikes& Breakwaters
Zeebrugge, BelgiumPaul Gipe, wind-works.org
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. . . With Row Crops
Minnesota, USAPaul Gipe, wind-works.org
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. . . With GrazingNoordoost Polder, the Netherlands
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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. . . With Vineyards
Donzere, FrancePaul Gipe, wind-works.org
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. . . With Some ParksDepending Upon the Level of Protection
Wellington (Brooklyn), NZ
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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. . . With Outdoor Recreation
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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. . . With Cycling
Royd Moor, England
Westerwald, Germany
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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. . . With Commercial Uses
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Lauwersoog, the Netherlands
Westerwald, Germany
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Lauersoog, Netherlands: 4x?
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Map © Google.com
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. . . With Stadiums
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Clevel
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Cleveland, Ohio
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
. . . With Urban Skyline
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. . . With Schools
• 1999-2013• 12 million kWh• 850,000 kWh/yr• Generation
posted on School Web site!
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Forest City, Iowa
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. . . With Tourism
Chateau de Lastours, FrancePaul Gipe, wind-works.org
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. . . With Tourism
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Lille Havfrue, København
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. . . With Historical Sites
Tre Kroner Historic Park, DenmarkPaul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Lynetten Co-op København
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Trekroner
Lynetten
Little Mermaid
Map © Google.com
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. . .With Rural VillagesNevada, Iowa 2x250 kW
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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. . . With Sewage Treatment Plants
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Ringkøbing, Denmark: 75 kW, +20 Yea
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Lackawanna, New York
. . . And Urban Renewal
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Lackawanna, New York
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. . . With Walking & Jogging
Paul Gipe, wind-works.orgDunkerque, France
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. . . With HikingTehachapi Pass, California
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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. . . With Religious Sites
White Deer, Texas
Montefalcone, Italy
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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Druiberg--German Sacred Ground
• In the Distance--Brocken• Harz Mts. Highest Point• Site of Goethe’s Witches’
Sabbath in “Faust”
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
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