Sex Differences in Antisocial Behaviors from … › files › prod › news_files › 223 ›...
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Sex Differences in Antisocial Behaviors from Adolescence to Early Adulthood: A Test of the General Theory of Crime Marie-Pier Robitaille, 1 Isabelle Ouellet-Morin, 1,2 Franca Cortoni, 1,3 Eric Lacourse, 1,2 Sylvana M. Côté, 1,2 Frank Vitaro 1,2 & Richard E. Tremblay 1,2 11-8 - 57% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Adolescence Adulthood Portion of Sex Differences Explained by Self-Control Participants N = 3007 (1587 males and 1420 females) from the Quebec longitudinal study of kindergarten children. Self-Reported Measures and Clinical Interviews Official measures Juvenile (12 – 17 y.) and adult (18 – 26 y.) criminal records. Analyses Confirmatory Factorial Analysis (CFA) Hierarchical and Zero Inflated NegaGve Binomial (ZINB) regressions LogisGc regressions and General Linear Models (GLM) Method 6 – 12 years 13 years 15 years 20 – 23 years Informants Mother, Teachers ParGcipant ParGcipant ParGcipant Instruments Social Behavior Ques0onnaire (SBQ) Self-Reported Delinquency Ques0onnaire (SRDQ) Diagnos0c Interview Schedule (DIS) for Children Calendar approach DIS R-Conflict Tac0cs Scale Measures Poor self-control Overall offending Violent behaviors Against property Vandalism Conduct disorder Overall offending Violent behaviors Against property AnGsocial personality desorder (ASPD) InGmate partner violence (IPV) Poor self-control HyperacGvity Irritability ReacGve Aggression Impulsivity DistracGon NOTES. Standardized. χ2 = 5.722, df = 2, p ≤ 0.05. RMSEA = 0.025, CFI = 1.000, TLI = .998, SRMR = 0.004. ***p < 0.001 . 75*** (.01) . 70*** (.01) .74*** (.03) .98*** (.01) .68*** (.01) Objectives 1) Test whether SC is similarly associated with AB in males and females; 2) Test if SC explains the enGrety of differences between these two groups. Introduction Factor Loading to the Estimation of Poor Self-Control using CFA Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence According to Sex Results 0 20 40 60 80 100 Overall offending Violent behaviors Aainst property Vandalism Conduct disorder Criminal record Violent offence Non-violent offence Boys Girls *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Antisocial Behavior in Adulthood According to Sex 0 20 40 60 80 100 Overall offending Violent behavior Against property AnGsocial personality disorder InGmate partner violence Criminal record Violent offence Non-violent offence Men Women n.s. ** *** *** * *** *** *** Sex Differences in Self-Control * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001 Poor self-Control Girls Boys t = 15.27 *** p < 0.001 *** Distinction between the Frequency/Diversity VS Occurrence of AB The Specific Case of Intimate Partner Violence Conclusions • More women than men used both psychological and physical IPV; • At equal levels of SC, women engage in even more IPV than men. • Boys and men engaged in more an<social behaviors than girls and women, with the excepGon of inGmate partner violence. This sex difference varied according to developmental periods, nature of the behaviors and type of measures; • The associaGon between self-control and anGsocial behaviors was similar for males and females in both adolescence and adulthood; • Results suggest that self-control was mainly associated with the frequency/diversity of AB, rather than with its presence/absence; • Self-control IS NOT the sole driving force behind sex differences in anGsocial behaviors. Implications It persists when sex is controlled for. REFERENCES. Fergusson, DM., Boden, JM. & Horwood, LJ. (2013). Childhood Self-Control and Adult Outcomes: Results from a 30-Year Longitudinal Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 52(7):709–17.|Gonredson, MR & Hirschi, T. (1990) A General Theory of Crime. Standford, California: Standford University Press.|Moffiq, TE., Arseneault, L., Belsky,D., Dickson, N., Hancox, Harrington, H., Houts, R., et al. (2011). A Gradient of Childhood Self-Control Predicts Health, Wealth, and Public Safety. Proceedings of the Na0onal Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108(7):2693–98.|Moffiq, TE., Caspi A., Ruqer, M. & Silva, PA. (2001). Sex Differences in An0social Behavior: Conduct Disorder, Delinquency, and Violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.|Praq, TC. & Cullen, FT. (2000). The Empirical Status of Gonredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime: A Meta-Analysis. Criminology 38(3):931–64.|Ruqer, M., Caspi, A. & Moffiq, TE. 2003. Using Sex Differences in Psychopathology to Study Causal Mechanisms: Unifying Issues and Research Strategies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 44(8):1092–1115.| • Other factors that biologically and socially differenGate males and females should be taken into account in order to understand sex differences in anGsocial behaviors. • Self-control is a risk factor for both males and females, parGcularly so in those who are engaged in trajectories depicGng more frequent and severe anGsocial behaviors. 1 University of Montreal 2 Research Unit on Children’s Psychosocial Maladjustment 3 International Center for Comparative Criminology SC was only associated with the frequency and/or diversity of anGsocial behavior, but not with their simple occurrence (presence/absence). Males and Females do not differ regarding their associations between SC and AB Self-Control is associated with all Antisocial Behaviors (r s = .05 to .21, p s < 0.05) In A General Theory of Crime, Gonredson and Hirschi (1990) proposed that self-control (SC) is the main risk factor predicGng individual differences in criminal behavior, and between males and females. To date: • It is mainly accepted that women commit fewer crimes than men; • There is strong empirical support for the associaGon linking SC and anGsocial behaviors (AB) over Gme and on a variety of outcomes. However: • Few studies have tested whether this associaGon is sexually dimorphic, most showing that SC exerts a similar influence on males’ and females’ AB; • The sex gap in AB persists auer controlling for SC, and vary according to developmental periods, nature of the behaviors and type of measures.
Transcript of Sex Differences in Antisocial Behaviors from … › files › prod › news_files › 223 ›...
Sex Differences in Antisocial Behaviors from Adolescence to Early Adulthood: A Test of the General Theory of Crime
Marie-Pier Robitaille,1 Isabelle Ouellet-Morin,1,2 Franca Cortoni,1,3 Eric Lacourse,1,2 Sylvana M. Côté,1,2 Frank Vitaro1,2 & Richard E. Tremblay1,2
11-8
- 57%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60% Adolescence Adulthood
Portion of Sex Differences Explained by Self-Control
Participants N = 3007 (1587 males and 1420 females) from the Quebec longitudinal study of kindergarten children.
Self-Reported Measures and Clinical Interviews
Official measures Juvenile(12–17y.)andadult(18–26y.)criminalrecords.
Analyses ConfirmatoryFactorialAnalysis(CFA)HierarchicalandZeroInflatedNegaGveBinomial(ZINB)regressionsLogisGcregressionsandGeneralLinearModels(GLM)
Method
6–12years 13years 15years 20–23yearsInformants Mother,Teachers ParGcipant ParGcipant ParGcipant
Instruments
SocialBehaviorQues0onnaire
(SBQ)
Self-ReportedDelinquencyQues0onnaire
(SRDQ)
Diagnos0cInterview
Schedule(DIS)forChildren
CalendarapproachDIS
R-ConflictTac0csScale
Measures Poorself-control
OveralloffendingViolentbehaviorsAgainstproperty
Vandalism
Conductdisorder
OveralloffendingViolentbehaviorsAgainstproperty
AnGsocialpersonalitydesorder(ASPD)
InGmatepartnerviolence(IPV)
Poorself-control
HyperacGvity Irritability ReacGveAggression Impulsivity DistracGon
NOTES.Standardized.χ2=5.722,df=2,p≤0.05.RMSEA=0.025,CFI=1.000,TLI=.998,SRMR=0.004.***p<0.001
.75***(.01)
.70***(.01)
.74***(.03) .98***
(.01) .68***(.01)
Objectives 1) TestwhetherSCissimilarlyassociatedwithABinmalesandfemales;2) TestifSCexplainstheenGretyofdifferencesbetweenthesetwogroups.
Introduction Factor Loading to the Estimation of Poor Self-Control using CFA
Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence According to Sex Results
0
20
40
60
80
100
Overalloffending
Violentbehaviors
Aainstproperty
Vandalism Conductdisorder
Criminalrecord
Violentoffence
Non-violentoffence
Boys
Girls
***
*** ***
***
******
******
Antisocial Behavior in Adulthood According to Sex
0
20
40
60
80
100
Overalloffending
Violentbehavior
Againstproperty
AnGsocialpersonalitydisorder
InGmatepartnerviolence
Criminalrecord
Violentoffence
Non-violentoffence
Men
Womenn.s.**
******
*
***
******
Sex Differences in Self-Control
*p<0.05**p<0.01***p<0.001
Poorself-Control
Girls
Boys
t=15.27***p<0.001
***
Distinction between the Frequency/Diversity VS Occurrence of AB
The Specific Case of Intimate Partner Violence
Conclusions
• MorewomenthanmenusedbothpsychologicalandphysicalIPV;• AtequallevelsofSC,womenengageinevenmoreIPVthanmen.
• Boysandmenengagedinmorean<socialbehaviorsthangirlsandwomen,withtheexcepGonofinGmatepartnerviolence.Thissexdifferencevariedaccordingtodevelopmentalperiods,natureofthebehaviorsandtypeofmeasures;
• TheassociaGonbetweenself-controlandanGsocialbehaviorswassimilarformalesandfemalesinbothadolescenceandadulthood;
• Resultssuggestthatself-controlwasmainlyassociatedwiththefrequency/diversityofAB,ratherthanwithitspresence/absence;
• Self-controlISNOTthesoledrivingforcebehindsexdifferencesinanGsocialbehaviors.
Implications It persists when sex is controlled for.
REFERENCES.Fergusson,DM.,Boden,JM.&Horwood,LJ.(2013).ChildhoodSelf-ControlandAdultOutcomes:Resultsfroma30-YearLongitudinalStudy.JournaloftheAmericanAcademyofChildandAdolescentPsychiatry52(7):709–17.|Gonredson,MR&Hirschi,T.(1990)AGeneralTheoryofCrime.Standford,California:StandfordUniversityPress.|Moffiq,TE.,Arseneault,L.,Belsky,D.,Dickson,N.,Hancox,Harrington,H.,Houts,R.,etal.(2011).AGradientofChildhoodSelf-ControlPredictsHealth,Wealth,andPublicSafety.ProceedingsoftheNa0onalAcademyofSciencesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica108(7):2693–98.|Moffiq,TE.,CaspiA.,Ruqer,M.&Silva,PA.(2001).SexDifferencesinAn0socialBehavior:ConductDisorder,Delinquency,andViolenceintheDunedinLongitudinalStudy.NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress.|Praq,TC.&Cullen,FT.(2000).TheEmpiricalStatusofGonredsonandHirschi’sGeneralTheoryofCrime:AMeta-Analysis.Criminology38(3):931–64.|Ruqer,M.,Caspi,A.&Moffiq,TE.2003.UsingSexDifferencesinPsychopathologytoStudyCausalMechanisms:UnifyingIssuesandResearchStrategies.JournalofChildPsychologyandPsychiatry44(8):1092–1115.|
• OtherfactorsthatbiologicallyandsociallydifferenGatemalesandfemalesshouldbetakenintoaccountinordertounderstandsexdifferencesinanGsocialbehaviors.
• Self-controlisariskfactorforbothmalesandfemales,parGcularlysointhosewhoareengagedintrajectoriesdepicGngmorefrequentandsevereanGsocialbehaviors.
1University of Montreal 2 Research Unit on Children’s Psychosocial Maladjustment 3International Center for Comparative Criminology
SCwasonlyassociatedwiththefrequencyand/ordiversityofanGsocialbehavior,butnotwiththeirsimpleoccurrence(presence/absence).
Males and Females do not differ regarding their associations
between SC and AB
Self-Control is associated with all Antisocial Behaviors
(rs = .05 to .21, ps < 0.05)
InAGeneralTheoryofCrime,GonredsonandHirschi(1990)proposedthatself-control(SC)isthemainriskfactorpredicGngindividualdifferencesincriminalbehavior,andbetweenmalesandfemales.Todate:• Itismainlyacceptedthatwomencommitfewercrimesthanmen;• ThereisstrongempiricalsupportfortheassociaGonlinkingSCandanGsocialbehaviors(AB)overGmeandonavarietyofoutcomes.
However:• FewstudieshavetestedwhetherthisassociaGonissexuallydimorphic,mostshowingthatSCexertsasimilarinfluenceonmales’andfemales’AB;
• ThesexgapinABpersistsauercontrollingforSC,andvaryaccordingtodevelopmentalperiods,natureofthebehaviorsandtypeofmeasures.
