Session One Introduction Naturopathy Department · Constantine Hering (Law of cure, 1800 –1880),...
Transcript of Session One Introduction Naturopathy Department · Constantine Hering (Law of cure, 1800 –1880),...
NATP121
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Session One
Introduction
Naturopathy Department
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. . . have patience with everything unresolved in
your heart and [ ] try to love the questions
themselves as if they were locked rooms or
books written in a very foreign language. Don't
search for the answers, which could not be given
to you now, because you would not be able to live
them. And the point is to live everything. Live the
questions now. Perhaps then, someday far in the
future, you will gradually, without even noticing it,
live your way into the answer.~ Rainer Maria Rilke,
Letters to a Young Poet, 1903
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Assessment
• Workbook One due end Week 6 (20%)
• Workbook Two due end Week 12 (20%)
• Quiz held in Week 9 (20%)
• Final Exam held in Exam Week (40%)
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Session Overview
o Conceptual, philosophical and ideological underpinnings
of naturopathy
o Importance and relevance of philosophy and clinical
theory in practice
o Introduction to the framework of the semester
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Naturopathic Philosophy
o Naturopathy, as a generally used term, began with the
teachings and concepts of Benedict Lust.
o It is both a way of life and a concept of healing that
employs various natural means of treating.(Cody, 2006, p.41)
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Whole Medical System
o “whole” – considers all aspects of an individual, their
health, disease & illness (body, mind, emotions, spirit)
o “medicine” - science & practice of diagnosis, treatment &
prevention of illness & disease
o “system” – an organised approach based on a theory of
practice/ philosophy
o Examples: Naturopathy, Traditional Chinese Medicine,
Ayurveda
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Whole Medical System
“Complete systems of theory and practice that
have evolved independently over time in different cultures
and apart from conventional medicine or Western
medicine” (NCCAM 2013)
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History of Naturopathy
o The word Naturopathy is a Latin-Greek hybrid which can
be defined as ‘being close to or benefiting from nature’ (Mitchell, 1998)
o The basic philosophy of naturopathy is that there is an
inherent healing power in nature (Lust, 1919)
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History of Naturopathy
o The profession of naturopathy and its name originated in
the late 19th century (Drs John and Sophia Scheel –
homeopathy and water cure practitioners)
o In 1902 Lust purchased the term “naturopathy” to
describe the eclectic compilation of doctrines of natural
healing that he envisioned to be the future of natural
medicine (Pizzorno, 2006, p.41)
Benedict Lust
o 1872 – 1945
o Lust ‘cured’ by Kneipp cure (In
Woerishofen, 1890 -1892).
o He immigrated to America to
proselytize his principles of the
Kneipp Water-Cure (Micozzi, 2006, p.223)
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Influences of Thought
o Water cure - Vincent Preissnitz (hydrotherapy, 1799 -
1851) influenced Father Sebastian Kneipp (Kneipp/water
cure, 1821 – 1897)
o Nature cure - created by Dr Arnold Rickli (1823 -1926),
F.E. Bilz (1823 - 1903), made popular in USA by Henry
Lindlahr (1862 – 1924)
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Vincent Priessnitz
o 1799 - 1851
o Austrian Farmer
o Father of Hydrotherapy and Nature Cure• Arrested for practicing medicine
without license
o Treated 40,000 people
o Cold water applications - wet sheet pack
o Simple diet, exercise, fresh air, and maintaining circulation
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Father Sebastian Kneipp
o 1821 – 1897
o Bavarian Dominican priest
o Five Pillars of Care
• Water
• Plants
• Exercise
• Nutrition - whole grains, fruits & vegetables with limited meat
• Balance / Spirituality
o 1886 - My Water Cure
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Influences of Thought
o Natural hygienist movement - Sylvester Graham (1974 –
1851) and John Harvey Kellogg (1852 – 1943)
o Homeopathy - Samuel Hahnemann (1755 – 1843),
Constantine Hering (Law of cure, 1800 – 1880), Edward
Bach (Flower essences, 1886 – 1936)
o Autotoxicity - John H. Tilden (1851 – 1940), Elie
Metchnikoff (1845 – 1916)
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Naturopathic Philosophies
o Vitalism (vital force) describes the intelligence that
animates each and every person and it refers to forces
beyond the physical self that govern life, health and
healing. Vitalism postulates that there is a self-organising
principle within all life (some say within all matter). The
vital force is an invisible power which is discernible only
from its effects.(Kaptchuk, 2001)
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Naturopathic Philosophies
o Holism means all, entire or total. It is based on the
realisation that the whole is greater than the sum of the
parts. Holism is based on the understanding that all
entities and systems in the universe exist as a unified
whole. The parts of the whole are dynamically
interdependent and interrelated. The whole is greater
than the sum of its parts and cannot be comprehended
through an isolated examination of its constituent parts.
Holism asserts that the parts must be discussed as an
integrated whole in order to be fully understood.(Barrett et al. 2003)
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Principles and Theories
o Six principles
• First, Do No Harm (primum non nocere)
• Healing Power of Nature (vis medicatrix naturae)
• Treat the Cause (tolle causam)
• Treat The Whole Person (tolle totum)
• Doctor as Teacher (docere)
• Prevention (preventare)
o Three theories
• Humoral Theory
• Emunctory Theory
• Therapeutic Order
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Definition
Naturopathy is a distinct method of healing, underpinned by a
philosophical perspective which recognises that all living
forms possess a self-regulatory, inherent ability for self-
healing. This inherent ability, or Vital Force, operates in an
intelligent, orderly fashion. Naturopathic approaches to health
care are aimed at supporting and enhancing the body’s own
ability to heal itself.
Expressions of health and disease are considered reflections
of the dynamic interchange between the physical, mental,
social, environmental and spiritual landscape of the individual.(cont)
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DefinitionNaturopathy is both an art and a science, drawing upon
several lines of evidence, which range from qualitative,
quantitative, cultural and traditional.
Naturopathic practice integrates a number of modalities,
principally nutrition, herbal medicine and tactile therapy.
These modalities are applied on the basis of specific
principles, and within the context of a healing environment
which endeavours to empower the individual, motivate and
educate them in order to restore, maintain and optimise
wellbeing.
Definition developed by the Naturopathy & Nutrition Forum, 2000 and subsequently
adopted as the definition for Naturopathy for the National Training Package 2002
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Definition
o Naturopathic medicine is a distinct method of primary
health care—an art, science, philosophy and practice of
diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness.
Naturopathic physicians seek to restore and maintain
optimum health in their patients by emphasizing nature's
inherent self-healing process, the vis medicatrix naturae.
This is accomplished through education and the rational
use of natural therapeutics (Snider & Zeff, 1989)
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Other Definitions
One of the many dictionary definitions:
o A system of therapeutics based on natural foods, light,
warmth, massage, fresh air, regular exercise, and the
avoidance of medications. Advocates believe that
illness can be healed by the natural processes of the
body (Mosby's, 2009)
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It’s not what we use to treat,
it’s how and why we treat the way we do
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Common Australian Naturopathic
Modalities
o Nutritional/dietary counseling and teaching
o Lifestyle modification counseling
o Nutritional medicine
o Herbal medicine
o Homoeopathy
o Flower essences
o Soft tissue manipulation
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Scope of Practice
o Legal: Privacy and confidentiality, client access to
records, informed consent by the client, duty of care,
negligence, WHS (Work Health & Safety) and infection
control – their application and relevance to clinical
practice
o Ethics: Standards of behaviour subscribed to by joining a
professional association
o Morals: Personal standards of acceptable behaviour
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What physicians think medicine is profoundly shapes
what they do, how they behave in doing it, and the
reasons they use to justify that behaviour… whether
conscious of it or not, every physician has an answer
to what he thinks medicine is, with real consequences
for all whom he attends… the outcome is hardly
trivial…It dictates, after all, how we approach patients,
how we make clinical judgments.(Pellegrino, 1979)
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Health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity.(Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization)
Normal and harmonious vibration of the elements and
forces composing the human entity on the physical, mental,
moral and spiritual planes of being, in conformity with the
constructive principle of nature applied to individual life.
Health is determined by many factors. (Lindlahr, 1913)
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Health
In the healthy condition of man, the spiritual vital force
(autocracy), the dynamis that animates the material body
(organism), rules with unbounded sway, and retains all the
parts of the organism in admirable, harmonious, vital
operation, as regards both sensations and functions, so
that our indwelling, reason-gifted mind can freely employ
this living, healthy instrument for the higher purpose of our
existence (Hahnemann, 1849)
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Health
1. The reference class is a natural class of organisms of
uniform functional design; specifically, an age group of
a sex of a species.
2. A normal function of a part or process within members
of the reference class is a statistically typical
contribution to their individual survival and reproduction.
3. Health in a member of the reference class is normal
functional ability; the readiness of each part to perform
all its normal functions on typical occasions with at least
typical efficiency.(Boorse, 1977)
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Disease
Abnormal or inharmonious vibration of the elements and
forces composing the human entity on one or more
planes of being, in conformity with the destructive
principle in nature applied to individual life.
(Lindlahr, 1913)
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Disease
o "Biomedical disease is demonstrable pathophysiology or
pathochemistry and is diagnosed by the demonstration
of pathologic features….(it is) a matter of physics and
chemistry” (Jennings, 1986)
o Disease is a state of the human organism that actually or
potentially disadvantages a person for survival,
reproduction or full enjoyment of life (characteristic for
age) other than by sole reason of social circumstance or
by temporary and reversible environmental change (Emson,
1987)
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Illness
o Subjectively experienced phenomena are "illnesses“ (Jennings, 1986)
o An individual’s experience of ill health; the effects of the
signs and symptoms on the individual’s experience of
life.
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Healing
o Heal (verb) Cause (a wound, injury, or person) to
become sound or healthy again (Oxford Dictionaries, 2017)
o Psychological field: A process in the service of the
evolution of the whole personality towards ever greater
and more complex wholeness (Egnew, 2005)
o Nursing field: The process of bringing together aspects
of one’s self, body-mind-spirit, at deeper levels of inner
knowing, leading toward integration and balance with
each aspect having equal importance and value (Egnew,
2005)
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Cure
o (noun) A curative medicine or agent, able to sure
disease. From Latin curare. a substance or treatment
that cures a disease or condition.
o (verb) Relieve (a person or animal) of the symptoms of a
disease or condition. Eliminate (a disease or condition)
with medical treatment.
o The unqualified use of the word ‘cure’ could breach
section 133 (National Law) unless there is acceptable
evidence that a health service cures a condition.
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Legal issues with use of “Cure”
o TGA advertising code 2015
• Any representation regarding abortifacient action; or any
representation regarding the treatment, cure or prevention of the
following diseases: Neoplastic, Sexually Transmitted Diseases
(STD), HIV AIDS and/or HCV; or Mental illness
o ACCC - False or misleading statements
o Code of Conduct for Unregistered Practitioner
• Health care workers not to make claims to cure certain serious
illnesses 1) A health care worker must not claim or represent that he
or she is qualified, able or willing to cure cancer or other terminal
illnesses. 2) A health care worker who claims to be able to treat or
alleviate the symptoms of cancer or other terminal illnesses must be
able to substantiate such claims.
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Standard Model of Diagnosis and
Treatment of Disease
1. Diseases exist as discrete entities
2. Disease entities can be identified
3. Disease entities can be eliminated through treatment
4. Evidence-based application of drugs or surgery
constitutes appropriate and effective treatment
Adapted from Zeff J.L., 1997; Zeff, Snider, Myers, 2006
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Traditional Naturopathic Model for
Restoration of Health
1. Universe is ordered, intelligent, wise, and benign
2. Health is a constant and natural state of being
3. Ill health is an adaptive response to disturbance in
organism
4. Removal of disturbing factors will result in potential
return of normal health
5. Intervention should involve least force necessary to
stimulate self-healing mechanisms
Adapted from Zeff J.L., 1997; Zeff, Snider, Myers, 2006
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What defines a
naturopathic approach
to disease and illness?
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Role of Philosophy and Clinical
Theory in Practice
o Philosophy allows for examination of held beliefs and
encourages logical argument to encourage analysis
and clarity of concepts
o Principles and theories provide structure for the
eclectic nature of the profession
o Philosophical concepts of health, healing and disease
distinguish naturopaths from other therapeutic
systems
o Brings awareness to the lens through which all
patients are viewed to guide diagnosis and treatment
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Ways of Knowing
o Sense perception
o Emotion
o Reason
o Imagination
o Faith
o Intuition
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Evidence-Based Medicine
Evidence-Based Medicine
A systematic approach to clinical problem solving which
allows the integration of the best available research
evidence with clinical expertise and patient values.(Sackett et al, 2000)
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The EBM Model
Clinical Expertise Patient Values Best Evidence
Clinical Reasoning
Treatment
Plan
•Personal
• Peers
•Research
• Peers
•Empirical
•Societal
•Cultural
•Spiritual
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Evidence-Informed Practice
Appears to provide more flexibility regarding the nature of
the evidence and its use, i.e., it implies that many different
levels of evidence and types of evidence (described above)
are needed and used to support decisions in clinical
practice (Woodbury & Kuhnke, 2014).
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Ending Quote for the Day
Knowing how to think empowers you far beyond
those who know only what to think.
~ Neil DeGrasse Tyson
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ReferencesBarrett B, Marchand L, Scheder J, Plane MB, Maberry R, Appelbaum D, et al. Themes of Holism,
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ReferencesKaptchuk, T. (2001). History of vitalism. In: M. Micozzi (Ed.), Fundamentals of complementary and
alternative medicine (2nd ed., pp. 43-56). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone.
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Micozzi M. 2006 Fundamentals of Complementary and Integrative Medicine 3rd Edition. Elsevier Missouri
© Endeavour College of Natural Health www.endeavour.edu.au 46
ReferencesNCCAM, “Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What’s In a Name?” 2013;
http://nccam.nih.gov/ health/whatiscam?nav=gsa
Woodbury, G. & Kuhnke, J. (2014). Evidence-based practice vs. evidence-informed practice: What's the
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