Low Energy Techniques in Pavement Engineering and Management

Prof. Björn BirgissonDivision of Highway and Railway Engineering

The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)

&

Prof. Dariusz SybilskiIBDiM (Road & Bridge Research Institute), Warsaw, Poland

Presentation at Transportforum 2009 Energieffektiv väg- och banhållning

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What will I talk about?

• Sustainability and environmental protection in Highway Engineering

• Variety of Warm Asphalt Mixtures

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• Sustainability and environmental protection in Highway Engineering

• Variety of Warm Asphalt Mixtures

Sustainable and Environmental Friendly Roads – Material Solutions

• Contribution of the Asphalt Industry• Use of materials

– Re-use – recycling – Use of secondary materials

• Minimising waste– No waste

• Environment – Reduction emissions & odour

• Living environment– Noise reduction

• Energy consumption– Energy & CO2 reduction

• Energy harvesting pavements (longer pavement life, less heat island effect in cities)

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Sustainable and Environmental Friendly Roads – Design and Management Solutions

• Development of new high-performance, long-lasting pavement material solutions and designs for:

– Whole life pavement analysis and design that integrate:

• Mechanistic design principles • LCC • vehicle-road interaction for reduced fuel consumption (5-10 percent for trucks, up to 40

percent for passenger cars!)

• QA/QC for improved reliability, longer life

– Pavement management systems that focus on reducing energy usage

• Asphalt & Cement with Titaniumdioxide (TiO2):

NONONONO22

NONONONO22

Nitrog. oxidesCar

TiO2TiOTiO22CaCaCa

clean

Smog Eating Pavements: Photocatalytic PavementsSmog Eating Pavements: Photocatalytic PavementsAlso Reduce Heat Island Effect!Also Reduce Heat Island Effect!

Ca(NO3)2washed awayCa(NOCa(NO33))22

washed awaywashed away

cleanOxidationOxidation

Ca(NO3)2Ca(NOCa(NO33))22

UVUV

dirty

• Example Asphalt with Coating:

1. NOx-pollutants attach to TiO2-Nanoparticles 2. UV (Sun) activates TiO2 producing Ca(NO3)2 that taken away by rain

Via MorandiVia Morandi,, Milano, 2002NOx-Red: 14...50% (5...90kLux)

Italcementi, Technical Report, May 2005)

St UlrichSt Ulrich SouthTirol (IT)Impreg top 20mm

Prof. Bocci, Univ. delle Marche, Ancona

Photoroad

normal

IchikawaIchikawa

http://www.fujitaroad.co.jp/tec/hosou/environment/foto-news.htm

Modification of Asphalt to Lower Modification of Asphalt to Lower Construction TemperaturesConstruction Temperatures

• Additives to control viscosity during mixing and paving

– Does not increase viscosity during paving or recycling of the pavement

– Will automatically form asphalt film thicknesses needed for good cracking, rutting and durability performance at a specified construction temperature

• Gradation and mix sequencing to control mixing and construction temperatures

• Foamed asphalt technology• Wax bitumen• Smart polymer networks that set at a given

threshold cooling temperature • = Aggregates

Long Life, Low Energy, Low C02 Emission Portland Long Life, Low Energy, Low C02 Emission Portland Cement Paste and ConcreteCement Paste and Concrete

• Developed pozzolanic “nano-clay” systems that are more cost effective than silica fume systems

• Allows significant replacement of cement in concrete (up to 40 percent) –Cement manufacturing is energy intensive and produces up to 8 percent of all C02 emission in e.g. the U.S.A.

• Developed ductile concrete with very low shrinkage properties

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

0 .000 0 .002 0 .004 0 .006 0 .008 0 .010 0 .012 0 .014 0 .016

S tra in

U n m o d ified C o n cre te

M o d ifica tio n I

M o d ifica tio n II

Nanomodified Cement PasteTensile Stress-Strain Response

Nanomodified ConcreteCompressive Stress-Strain Response

Greatly Improved Durability for Greatly Improved Durability for Longer LifeLonger Life

• Superior interface transition zone properties• Low permeability High durability

Normal Concrete Nanomodified Concrete

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• Need for environment protection• Variety of Warm Asphalt Mixtures

General techniques

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Additives and techniques

• Bitumen foaming techniques• Paraffinic and wax additives • Emulsion based techniques• Low-viscosity vegetable based binders• Chemical additives

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Beginnings of Warm Asphalt Mixtures

• Shell + Kollo Veidekke, Norway: WAM-Foam, 1997

• Next– SASOL, Germany: Sasobit– EUROVIA, Europe: Zeolite, 2001

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Examples of Foaming techniques

• Initiation of bitumen foaming process– WAM-Foam® 130°C – Aspha-min® (Zeolite) 130°C– LEAB® (the Netherlands)– LT-Asfalt® 90°C (The Netherlands)– LEA® - Low Energy Asphalt 90°C

(France)

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•Bitumen at

• 180°C•BituFoam®

BituFoam® Nynas

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•Water foam volume

•increase by 22%

Sasobit® - What is it?

• A high molecular mass synthetic aliphatic hydrocarbon

• Fischer-Tropsch synthesis from coal or natural gas

• High melting - congealing point min. 99°C, melting range 70-115°C

• Hard• Low viscosity

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•19•Hilde Soenen, Nynas

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Emissions measurements

• Reduction of the emissions into the atmosphere– NO2 - 18%– SO2 - 18%– CO2 - 23%– VOC - 19%

• Reduction of energy use– Diesel - 23% (1 l/t)

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Advantages WAM (1)

• Lower mixing temperature• Lower energy consumption (lower fuel

consumption 1÷2 liters/tonne)• Reduction of energy costs of 10-30%• Reduction of green house gasses• Minimize fumes, emissions, and odours• Reduction of workers exposure to fumes

at the plant and paving site• Lower laying temperature

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Advantages WAM (2)

• Reduction of hinder to neighbours near work sites

• Cooler working conditions• Less hardening of the binder• Potential for longer haul distances and

still have workability• Positive effect on compaction / higher

compaction degree

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Advantages WAM (3)

• Pave in cool weather and still obtain density / extension of paving season

• Permit higher RAP content without excessive emissions or poor workability

• Lower compaction temperature or an extended time for compaction

• Lowering dust rejection • Facilitate deep patches • Earlier opening of road for traffic

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Questions?

• Aging• Durability• Water in pavement in foaming

techniques• Water in aggregate in all WAM

techniques – emulsification of bitumen

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Thank you for your attention