Sesi 9 akuntansi

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Chapter Fifteen Accounting and Financial Statements Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin

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Transcript of Sesi 9 akuntansi

Page 1: Sesi 9 akuntansi

Chapter FifteenChapter FifteenAccounting and FinancialStatements

Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin

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Pengertian AkuntansiProses mengidentifikasikan, mengukur, dan melaporkan informasi ekonomi, untuk memungkinkan adanya penilaian dan keputusan yang jelas dan tegas bagi mereka yang menggunakan informasi tersebut.

Definisi ini mengandung dua pengertian:

1. Kegiatan akuntansi

Bahwa akuntansi merupakan proses yang terdiri dari identifikasi, pengukuran dan pelaporan informasi ekonomi

2. Kegunaan akuntansi

Bahwa infomasi ekonomi yang dihasilkan oleh akuntasi diharapkan berguna dalam penilaian dan pengambilan keputusn mengenai kesatuan usaha yang bersangkutan

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PROSES AKUNTANSI

Pemrosesan dan pelaporan

Pengidentifikasian

dan pengukuran data Pengkomunikasian

Informasi

Transaksi

Pencatatan

Penggo longan

Pengikhtisaran

Laporan Akuntansi

Menganalisis & menginterpretasikan

Pemakai Laporan Keuangan

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PERANAN AKUNTANSI DALAM PERUSAHAAN

Akuntansi adalah sebagai sistem informasi yang menghasilkan laporan kepada pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan mengenai aktivitas ekonomi dan kondisi perusahaan.

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Pihak-pihak yang Berkepentingan

Pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan terhadap perusahaan adalah perorangan atau entitas

yang mempunyai kepentingan

dalam menentukan kinerja perusahaan.

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Profesi Akuntansi

Akuntan yang bekerja pada perusahaan bisnis atau organisasi nirlaba disebut sebagai

akuntan swasta.

Akuntan yang bekerja pada perusahaan bisnis atau organisasi nirlaba disebut sebagai

akuntan swasta.

Akuntan dan stafnya yang memberikan jasa akuntansi berdasarkan honor disebut sebagai

akuntan publik.

Akuntan dan stafnya yang memberikan jasa akuntansi berdasarkan honor disebut sebagai

akuntan publik.

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Uses of Accounting Information

Internal uses:Managerial accounting

Cash flow

Budget

External uses:Reporting financial performance to outsiders

Filing income taxes

Obtaining credit

Reporting to stockholders

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External Accounting Information

Stockholders and Potential Investors

Evaluate soundnessof investments

Government AgenciesConfirm tax liabilities

Confirm payroll

Deductions

Approve new issues of stocks and bonds

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The Accounting Process

The accounting equation

Double-entry bookkeeping

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Persamaan Akuntansi

Aset = Kewajiban + Ekuitas Pemilik

Sumber yang Sumber yang dimiliki oleh dimiliki oleh perusahaanperusahaan

Sumber yang Sumber yang dimiliki oleh dimiliki oleh perusahaanperusahaan

Hak kreditor yang Hak kreditor yang mencerminkan mencerminkan

utang perusahaanutang perusahaan

Hak kreditor yang Hak kreditor yang mencerminkan mencerminkan

utang perusahaanutang perusahaan

Hak pemilik Hak pemilik perusahaanperusahaan

Hak pemilik Hak pemilik perusahaanperusahaan

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The Accounting Equation

The relationship between assets, liabilities, and owners’ equity

Assets

Things of value that a firm owns

Assets

Things of value that a firm owns

Liabilities

A firm’s debts and obligations

Liabilities

A firm’s debts and obligations

Owners’ Equity

The difference between a firm’s assets and itsliabilities

Owners’ Equity

The difference between a firm’s assets and itsliabilities

= +

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Double-Entry Bookkeeping

A system of recording and classifying business transactions in separate accounts in order to maintain the balance of the accounting equation

Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ EquityAssets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equity

$325 = $325$325 = $325

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a. Chris Clark membuka rekening bank a. Chris Clark membuka rekening bank atas nama NetSolutions dan atas nama NetSolutions dan menyetorkan dana sebesar $25.000 ke menyetorkan dana sebesar $25.000 ke rekening tersebut.rekening tersebut.

a. Chris Clark membuka rekening bank a. Chris Clark membuka rekening bank atas nama NetSolutions dan atas nama NetSolutions dan menyetorkan dana sebesar $25.000 ke menyetorkan dana sebesar $25.000 ke rekening tersebut.rekening tersebut.

Modal Chris Clark 25.000 Investasi oleh

Chris Clark

Kas25.000 a.

Aset Ekuitas Pemilik=

=a

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b. NetSolutions membeli tanah senilai b. NetSolutions membeli tanah senilai $20.000.$20.000.

b. NetSolutions membeli tanah senilai b. NetSolutions membeli tanah senilai $20.000.$20.000.

Modal Chris Clark25.000

Kas + Tanah 25.000 Sal..

Aset Ekuitas Pemilik=

=b. –20.000 +20.000Sal.. 5.000 20.000 25.000

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The Accounting Cycle

1. Examining source documents

2. Recording transactions

3. Posting transactions

4. Preparing financial statements

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Equivalent Terms in Accounting

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Laporan KeuanganLaporan laba rugi—Rangkuman dari pendapatan

dan beban selama periode waktu tertentu.

Laporan ekuitas pemilik—Rangkuman dari perubahan ekuitas pemilik selama periode waktu tertentu.

Neraca—Daftar dari aset, kewajiban, dan ekuitas pemilik pada tanggal tertentu.

Laporan arus kas—Rangkuman dari penerimaan dan pengeluaran kas selama periode waktu tertentu.

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The Income Statement

A financial report that shows an organization’s profitability over a period of time:

Month

Quarter

Year

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Key Income Statement Terms

RevenueCost of goods sold (HPP)

Gross income = Revenue – COGS

ExpensesSelling, general & administrative

R&D, engineering

Interest

Depreciation

Net income = Revenue – Expenses

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The Balance Sheet (Neraca)

A “snapshot” of an organization’s financial position at a given moment

Presents an accumulation of all the company’s transactions since it began

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Key Balance Sheet Terms

AssetsCurrent assets

Accounts receivable

LiabilitiesAccounts payable

Accrued expenses

Owner’s equity

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The Statement of Cash Flow

Explains how the company’s cash changed from the beginning of the accounting period to the end

Three categories:1. Cash from (used for) operating activities

2. Cash from (used for) investing activities

3. Cash from (used for) financing activities

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Analyzing Financial Statements with Ratio Analysis

Profitability ratios

Asset utilization ratios

Liquidity ratios

Debt utilization ratios

Per share data

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Profitability Ratios

Profit margin = Net income

Sales

Return on assets = Net income

Assets

Return on equity = Net income

Equity

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Asset Utilization Ratios

Receivables turnover = Sales

Receivables

Inventory turnover = Sales

Inventory

Total asset turnover = Sales

Total assets

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Liquidity Ratios

Current ratio = Current assets

Current liabilities

Quick ratio = Current assets - inventory

Current liabilities

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Debt Utilization Ratios

Debt to total assets = Total debt

Total assets

Times interest earned = Income before interest & taxes

Interest expense

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Per Share Data

Earnings per share = Net income

Number of shares outstanding

Dividends per share = Total dividends paid

Number of shares outstanding

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