Septic Tank

THE INSTITUTION OF CIVILENGINEERS (INDIA)

PROJECT REPORT

ON

ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF

WASH ROOM, SEPTIC TANK & SOAK PIT

SUBMITTED BY

KULDEEP CHANDER RAINAMEMBERSHIP NO. 50940

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

ER. SALVANT RAJ DR. SANJEEV KUMAR GUPTALECTURER, CIVIL ENGG. H.O.D CIVIL ENGG.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,G.C.E.T,JAMMU

ANALYSIS & ESTIMATE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF WASHROOM, SEPTIC TANK & SOAK PIT

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Project Report Entitled

ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATE FOR CONSTRUCTION

OF WASH ROOM, SEPTIC TANK & SOAK PIT

is original and has been successfully completed by the student

KULDEEP CHANDER RAINA

(MEMBERSHIP NO. 50940)

For the completion of his A.M.I.C.E course in

CIVIL ENGINEERING

FROM

THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (INDIA),

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

ER. SALVANT RAJ DR. SANJEEV KUMAR GUPTA LECTURER, CIVIL ENGG. H.O.D CIVIL ENGG.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ,G.C.E.T, JAMMU

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Keeping up with the

tradition of torch bearer of the nation, I

would like to highly acknowledge and pay

respect to one and all who helped me in

completion of this project at different

stages.

I owe my sincere gratitude

and humbleness to Respected Head of

the Department, Dr. Sanjeev K Gupta

and Er. Salvant Raj, Lecturer in Civil

Engg. Deptt. for being a guiding light,

and whose persuit and confidence in me

were instant booster during this

Endeavour. They also helped me in

understanding basic aspects of the

project.

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My family members and

friends also hold a speial mention her

believing in me and supporting me.

Kuldeep Chander Raina)

M. No.50940

SYNOPSIS

For my project work, it was given to me to carry out

Analysis of various items of work associated with the

construction of Wash room, Septic tank and Soak pit

for a small educational institute (of say 100 strength).

The drawings for the project were given to me by my

Guide Sir.

To start with, I thoroughly studied

the drawing and the help, wherever, found necessary

was taken. Then, the quantities of various items of

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work as per the drawings, such as Earthwork in

Excavation, Concrete work, Brickwork in foundation

and super structure, Plaster work, White washing,

painting etc., were calculated using the Long wall –

Short wall method. For ease to understand, the

quantities for Wash cum WC, Septic tank and Soak pit

have been worked out separately under different

heads and listed in the report the same way.

For me to be conversant to the

prevalent rates, I have been given to work out the

analysis of rates of various items of work associated

as stated above. The analysis of items of work have

been prepared using the market prevalent rates to

get the per unit rate of the item.

Finally the abstract cost of the

project work has been calculated multiplying the

quantities worked out with the rates as per the

analysis. Also, the abstract of consumption of

materials have been worked out.

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(Kuldeep Chander Raina)

M. No.50940

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INDEX

TOPIC PAGE NO.

1) INTRODUCTION 9-18

2) ESTIMATION 19-29

3) DETAILS OF ITEMS 30-60 INVOLVED IN WORK

4) DRAWINGS 61-64

5) ESTIMATION OF QUANTITIES 65-82 OF WASHROOM CUM WC

6) ESTIMATION OF QUANTITIES 83-89 OF SEPTIC TANK

7) ESTIMATION OF QUANTITIES 90-92 OF SOAK PIT

8) ABSTRACT OF CONSUMPTION 93-96 OF MATERIALS

9) CONSUMPTION STATEMENT OF 97-98 MATERIALS

10) ANALYSIS OF RATES OF DIFFERENT 99-124 ITEMS

11) ABSTRACT OF RATES & QUANTITIES 125-130

12) REFERENCES 131-132

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. PAGE NO.

1. Estimation of quantities 66 of wash room cum wc

2. Estimation of quantities of septic tank 84

3. Estimates of qty. Of soak pit 91

4. Abstract of consumption of materials 94

5. Consumption statement of materials 98

6. Abstract of rates & quantities 126

LIST OF DRAWINGS

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DRAWING PAGE NO.

1) Septic tank 61

2) Soak pit 62

3) Wash room 63

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INTRODUCTION

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A Septic Tank may be defined as a primary

sedimentation tank with a longer detention period (12

-36 months) against period of 2 hours in a ordinary

sedimentation tank and with extra provisions for

digestion of settled sludge.

Since the digestion of settled sludge

is carried out by anaerobic decomposition process,

the septic tank unit is generally classified under the

units which work on the principle of anaerobic

decomposition. Moreover, due to anaerobic

decomposition of the settled sludge, foul gases will

evolved in the tank, and as such, a septic tank will be

completely covered tank, provided with a high vent

shaft for a escape of gases

A septic tank is thus, a horizontal

continuous flow type of a sedimentation tank, directly

admitting raw sewage, and removing about 60 to 70

% of the dissolved matter from it. The effluent from

such a tank will be sufficiently foul in nature, and will

have to be disposed of either for submerge irrigation

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or in cess–pools or soak pits, or to be treated in

trickling filters before disposing it of in water courses.

The sludge settled at the bottom of

the tank, and the oils and greasy matter rising to the

top surface of sewage as scum, are allowed to remain

in the tank for a period of several months, during

which they are decomposed by the anaerobic

bacteria to form gases and liquids by the process of

sludge digestion. The resultant sludge so obtained,

will consequently be less than that obtained in the

ordinary settling tank (the quantity is reduced

because of digestion).

The digested sludge from the tank is

periodically (at intervals of 6 to 12 months, and in no

case exceeding 3 years) removed , and taken to a

nearby sump, from where it is pumped up to the

ground, and disposed of in a sanitary manner,

preferably after drying it

The septic tank are generally

provided in areas where sewers have not been laid

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and for catering to the sanitary disposal of sewage

production from isolated communities, schools,

hospitals, other public institutions, etc.

IMPORTANCE OF A SEPTIC TANK

Septic tanks are required in those

areas where there is dearth of sewage system and

seepage or soak pits are required if in addition of non-

availability of sewerage system there is a dearth to

drainage system. This is to make the area hygienic

and freedom from all those diseases which are

caused due to unhygienic condition.

In the urban areas the people are

very much aware about the importance of drainage

and sewerage but still there are some places even in

urban areas which lack the system of disposal of

human waste and liquid particularly in the rural areas

this is a biggest challenge before the government

machinery such as ministry of health rural

development and work department . There are many

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villages which do not have proper system of drainage

and sewerage and as a result the resisdance are

prone to various type of diseases.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Septic tank is usually designed so that waste water

takes at least 24 hours to pass through them. It

should be cleaned once in three years and sometimes

earlier depending upon the number of users. It should

be located at such a place which is accessible for

cleaning and slightly away from main unit.

A septic tank works on the basis of

biological actions brought by bacteria which converts

the solid matter of sewerage into liquid and gases. He

mineral matter settler as sludge and is converted into

liquids and gases by anaerobic action in the absence

of oxygen. 50% to 60% sludge is dissolved and the

remaining is removed and cleaned.

It should be a water tight chamber

provided with a vent pipe provided with owl. A free

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board of about 30 cms is kept above the water for the

purpose of gases to collect and escape.

SOAKAGE PIT

Soakage Pits :- The converted pit through which the

effluent from septic tank is allowed to be soaked or

absorbed into the surroundings the soils is called a

Soak pit

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The capacity of such pits depends

upon the percolation rates conducted in each

pervious strata. The effective area of soak pit is

generally the vertical wall area of the pervious strata

below the inlet. The area at the bottom and that of

the impervious strata are not considered.

Soak pit are generally classified into

two types as mentioned below:-

1) Empty soak pit.

2) Filled soak pit.

1) Empty Soak pit: - It is an empty covered pit

lined with bricks, stone or concrete block with a

dry open joints and with 75mm (minimum) backing

or coarse aggregate. The inlet pipe is kept 900mm

below the top level of the pit. The side of the tank

above the inlet pipe are sealed, jointed and plastered

with 20 mm thick cement plaster. The sides of the pit

below the inlet pipe are of brick or stone or cement

concrete block with dry joints. The outer side is

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packed with 75mm (minimum) thick dry coarse

aggregate.

2) Filled soak pit: - It is not covered at the top. It is

filled with stone aggregates or brick bats. A masonry

ring is provided at the top in order to prevent any

damage to the pit by floods of surface run off. Lining

is not provided in this case.

The inlet pipe, is generally, kept

900 mm below the top of the pit. Above the inlet pipe

and the 150 mm below the inlet pipe, the side walls

are constructed in Masonry. Side walls below this,

are filled with300mm thick coarse sand. The pipe at

the inlet point is provided with a brick chamber with

dry joints. The thickness of the brick is 10 cm.

If the pit is filled with the stone

aggregates, then the stones should be removed

periodically for drying and cleaning purposes. If it is

not done then, the sludge fills up the voids thus

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blocking the passage thereby creating a flood at the

ground surface

IMPORTANCE OF SEEPAGE OR A SOAK PIT

Seepage or Soakage pits are

required for the disposal of the liquid of the liquid

parts which overflows into it from the main septic

tank. It is constructed with a special design having

dry open joints backed by packed with coarse

aggregates which works as a fitter. These are dug up

holes having a diameter of 1 to 2 m and a depth of

minimum 1 .5m but for 100 users the depth will be

increased for about 2.5m.

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ESTIMATION

An estimate is a calculation of the quantities of

various items of work, and the expenses likely

to be incurred there on. The total of these probable

expenses to be incurred on the work is

known as estimated cost of the work. The estimated

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cost of a work is a close approximation of

its actual cost. The agreement of the estimated cost

with the actual cost will depend on

accurate use of estimating methods and correct

visualization of the work, as it will be done.

Importance of correct estimating

is obvious. Under-estimating may result in the client

getting an unpleasant shock when tenders are

opened and drastically modifying or abandoning the

work at that stage. Over-estimating may lose the

engineer or estimator his client or his job, or

in any case his confidence.

Estimating is the most important of

the practical aspects of construction management,

and the subject deserves the closest attention of one

aspiring to a career in the profession. It is a

comparatively simple subject to understand;

however, as it brings one up against practical

work, methods and procedure, knowledge of it cannot

be acquired without close application.

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Purpose of Estimating:

To give a reasonably accurate idea of the cost

An estimate is necessary to give the owner a

reasonably accurate idea of the cost to help him

decide whether the work can be undertaken as

proposed or needs to be curtailed or

abandoned, depending upon the availability of funds

and prospective direct and indirect

benefits. For government works proper sanction has

to be obtained for allocating the required

amount. Works are often let out on a lump sum basis,

in which case the Estimator must be in a

position to know exactly how much expenditure he is

going to incur on them

1. Estimating Materials

From the estimate of a work it is possible to

determine what materials and in what quantities

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will be required for the work so that the

arrangements to procure them can be made.

2. Estimating Labour

The number and kind of workers of different

categories who will have to be employed to

complete the work in the specified time can be

found out from the estimate

3. Estimating Plant

An estimate will help in determining amount and

kind of equipment needed to complete the work.

4. Estimating Time

The estimate of a work and the past experience

enable one to estimate quite closely the length

of time required to complete an item of work or

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the work as a whole Whereas the importance of

knowing the probable cost needs no emphasis,

estimating materials, labor, plant and time is

immensely useful in planning and execution of

any work.

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATES

There are several kinds of estimating techniques;

these can be grouped into two main categories

1. Approximate estimates

2. Detailed estimates

1. Approximate Estimates

An approximate estimate is an approximate or rough

estimate prepared to obtain an approximate cost in a

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short time. For certain purposes the use of such

methods is justified.

2. Detailed Estimate

A detailed estimate of the cost of a project is

prepared by determining the quantities and costs

of everything that a contractor is required to provide

and do for the satisfactory completion of

the work. It is the best and most reliable form of

estimate. A detailed estimate may be

prepared in the following two ways

(a). Unit quantity method

(b). Total quantity method.

(c) Unit Quantity Method

In the unit quantity method, the

work is divided into as many operations or items as

are required. A unit of measurement is decided. The

total quantity of work under each item is taken out in

the proper unit of measurement. The total cost per

25


unit quantity of each item is

analyzed and worked out. Then the total cost for the

item is found by multiplying the cost per

unit quantity by the number of units.

For example, while estimating the

cost of a building work, the quantity of brickwork in

the building would be measured in cubic meters. The

total cost(which includes cost of materials. labor,

plant, overheads and profit) per cubic meter of

brickwork would be found and then this unit cost

multiplied by the number of cubic meters of brickwork

in the building would give the estimated cost of

brickwork.

This method has the advantage that

the unit costs on various jobs can be readily

compared and that the total estimate can easily be

corrected for variations in quantities.

(b)Total Quantity Method

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In the total quantity method, an item of work is

divided into the following five subdivisions:

(I)Materials

(II)Labor

(III)Plant

(IV)Overheads

(V) Profit.

The total quantities of each kind or class of material

or labor are found and multiplied by their individual

unit cost. Similarly, the cost of plant, overhead

expenses and profit are determined. The costs of all

the five sub-heads are summed up to give the

estimated cost of the item of work.

Standard Method of Measurement of Building

Works:

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The different methods of measuring used by various

Central and State Government

departments and by construction agencies were

found to be a serious difficulty to estimators

and a standing cause of disputes. For this reason a

unification of the various systems at the

technical level had been accepted as very desirable

and wanting. Although the standard has no legal

sanction and as such need not be adopted unless it is

referred to in the contracts.

Principles of Deciding Unit of Measurement:

A beginner may find it difficult to remember the units

of measurement of different items.

Memorizing of units of measurement would be greatly

simplified if he knows the principles kept

in view while selecting the units of measurements.

Following are the most important principles

of selection of unit of measurement:

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1. The unit of measurement should be simple

and convenient to measure, record and

understand.

2. It should be one, which provides for fair payment

for the work involved.

3. In the result it should yield quantities, which are

neither too minute nor too large.

4. The price per unit should not be a very small figure

or a very large one, that is, generall costlier

items will be measured in smaller units, cheaper

ones in large units.

5. The unit of measurement may sometimes depend

upon the unit for the raw material and or labor

and/or important dimensions. For example, stone

masonry is measured in cubic meters

because raw materials are measured in cubic

meters plastering or pointing is measured in

square meters, as the labor is considerable.

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DETAILS OF THE ITEMS OF THE WORK INVOLVED

AND ESTIMATED IN THE PROJECT WORK

Earthwork in the excavation for the foundation

trenches:

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Earth is excavated for the foundation trenches to the

exact width and depth of the foundation with the

vertical sides and the bottom leveled both

longitudinally and transversely .The quantity of the

earthwork is calculated in Cubic meter (cum) up to

two decimal place multiplying the actual required

length x breadth x depth of the excavation .The

earthwork for step shall be included.

Earthwork in filling: - This consists of two parts

(a) Foundation of trenches and

(b) Plinth filling.

Normally excavated earth from the foundation

trenches is used for filing. The exact rammed and

consolidated volume is calculated. But considering

the quality of the earth. Plinth filling may be done by

standard this case plinth filling work shall be

separated from foundation filling.

For Foundation filing :-

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The volume is calculated in cu m considering the low

rate of earth filling the quantity s usually taken as1/5th

the volume of the earthwork in excavation. But for

the high rate due to carried earth or for accuracy,

quantity of earthwork = (volume of work in

excavation-volume of work in foundation).The volume

of work in foundation may be of brick soling ,

concreting and masonry work up to ground level.

Plinth filling: -

The volume is calculated in cu m. The internal length

and breadth, of a verandah between plinth walls i.e.,

excluding plinth off set from the

Measurements of rooms or verandah are taken and

multiplied by depth of filling the depth of feeling is

taken from ground level up to the bottom of floor

structure

Cement or lime concrete in foundation:-

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The volume is computed in cu m

i.e., length x breadth x depth of concrete. Dimension

for length and breadth for concrete remains the same

as that of earthwork when section of all walls of the

building are same (For different sections this length

only varies as explained in the above chapter) For

R.C.C.foundation see R.C.C. works

Masonry work (may be brickwork or stone

masonry in the foundation and plinth :-

The volume of different offsets or layers and plinth

wall are calculated one by one in cu m by multiplying

their individual length breadth and height or

thickness. As there is no opening in the wall up to

plinth no deduction is required.

Damp proof course (D.P.C.) :-

34


This is usually a layer of the cement concrete mixture

in the pripition1:2:4mixed with water profiling

compound laid in between the plinth and

superstructure walls to prevent excessive damp

effectively a layer concrete (1:1/2:3)4cm in thickness

painted with two coats of hot bitumen are used D.P.C.

may also of other layers, like 2 cm thick cement

mortar (1:3) with water proofing compound or hot

Bitumenetc. The quantity is estimated in square

meter (sq m) multiplying the length and breadth. The

thickness is described in description column. The total

length is that to superstructure walls is considered

first. The breadth is thickness of superstructure walls.

After calculated total area deduction made for door

opening, verandah opening or such other where there

is no superstructure walls above the plinth level to

intercept the capillary action of the water. Similarly

there is no need to provide D.P.C. for entire top width

of plinth and superstructure walls (i.e. width of

superstructure walls) should be considered in the

calculation to find the quantity of D.P.C.

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Masonry work in superstructure walls :-

For walls up to one brick (i.e., upto 20 cm) thick the

volume is calculated in cu m, Length breadth or

Thickness height.

The wall is considered first solid, has no opening and

no lintel in the wall. The length is calculated by

method of calculation (illustrated next). After

calculated the the volume of brickwork (considering

the soling first) standard deduction for volumes for

opening, volume occupied by lintel or any such others

are made as per standard rules of deduction

prescribed by IS: 1200 (described in article 4-4) to

arrive estimated quantity of brickwork. For

multistoried building s brickwork for different stories

shall be kept separated.

10 cm thick brickwork : -

10 cm thick or when the length of brick are laid

parallel to the wall. (May also be 7.5 cm thick for

traditional brick on edge) the quantity of brickwork is

36


computed in sq m. i.e., length x height the thickness

is described in description column. Any brickwork

more than 10cm or half brick. (In case of pillar

provided in 10 cm walls) be accounted separately

R.C.C or R.B. (reinforced brick work):-Reinforced

concert may be for column, lintels, beams, roof slab

etc.The quantity is worked over in cu m, i.e., length x

breadth x depth including reinforcement. The volume

occupied by reinforcement is not deducted from the

volume of the concert.

The quantity of reinforcement in found

separately by providing aspirate item in the estimate

if not otherwise mentioned. Each type of work is

classified separately the method of measurement in

conjunction with column and beams has been stated

in the R.C.C. chapter.

According to I.S. recommendation from work i.e.,

shuttering shall be classified and measured

37


separately. If reinforcement or shuttering are

included and considered at the consolidated one

item, this should be fully described and measured in

cu.m. R.B. work in lintel in roof slab is measured in

cum as in the case of R.C.C. chajja is include with

R.C.C. work.

Centering and shuttering from work : - The cost

of form work is about 30% of cement concrete. Unless

otherwise specified form work is measured separately

(see chapter method of measurement for form work),

in sq m. multiplying length and breadth.

Measurement is taken as the actual surface in

contract with concrete or any other materials

requiring form work. Generally to surface area of the

buildup concrete member is measured.

Steel work (reinforcement) :-Tor steel is now in

mass use this is measured by weight in quintal

including bending and binding in position .No

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separate payment is made for binding wire. For

estimating purpose, the weight of reinforcement may

be calculated from the percentage volume in the

R.C.C. such as 0.8% or1%

Reinforcement for different members. Say 1%

reinforcement in roof slab. Than volume of

reinforcement in cum =volume of the member in cum

x1/100.Weight of steel (may be M.S. or tor steel) per

cum =78.5 quintals. So multiplying the volume of

reinforcement by 78.5. The quantity is in quintal.

Percentage method is shortcut process of

estimating the quantity of the reinforcement. But in

practice quantity of reinforced is worked out from the

bar bending schedule and paid after measuring the

bars before concreting. For reinforcement separate

bars before concreting. For reinforcement separate

bar bending and drawing prepared for different

39


members showing the position of the bar, position of

crank, bend etc. and works are done according

In the estimate for reinforcement

the diameter of bar is stated, its length is measured

including standard crank , overlapping and end

hooks . From the calculated length the weight for the

rod is worked out in quintal. The unit of rate of

payment is quintal (maybe in kg).

Actually the price of reinforcement

bar (M.S. or TOR varies according to their diameters.

But the P.W.D. schedule has provided a general rate

for reinforcement, and not diameter wise. To maintain

the quantity, the steel bars are provided by

department.

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WOOD WORK FOR DOORS AND WINDOWS : -

Door and window frame: The quantity is worked

out in cu m. The total length of frame is found first

and thus is multiplied by both sides of the cross

section of the frame. Doors are now provided now

without bottom still. So the total length of the frame

is=two vertical + on top. Size of door or window

means the size of the opening. So length of one

vertical means the means the height of the opening.

That is, insertion in between the verticals

and horizontal are accounted. Generally vertical floor

so also measured for the verticals. If there be horn

projections at both sides for the top member the

length of the horn is added. Window frame may be

provided with bottom still and with an intermediate

member in between the top and bottom members.

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Then the total length=2

verticals+3horizontals.If horns are provided for the

top and bottom members this extra length is added.

Mild steel (M.S.) clamps for fixing frames are

estimated separately.

(b)Door and window leaves or shutters :-Shutters

are measured in sq m. multiplying the height by the

breadth, stating the thickness in the description. The

depth of rebates in frame usual1.25cm to2cmare

added in the measurement. For double shutters the

overlapping at the centre between the leaves is not

accounted. For free moment of the shutter a small

gap of 5mmproovded at the bottom of the shutters.

Considering high rate of the

shutters measurement should be taken excluding the

clearance. The design and class of wood are stated in

description column. In P.W.D. schedule of rates this

item of work includes fitting. Hinges for fixing the

shutters with the frame and all other fitting such as

42


tower bolt, sliding bolt (orAldrop), Door handles etc.,

are fully described for their quality sizes and made in

description column and paid by member after

counting them.

But in estimates, the item of door

and window shutters may include the cost of hinges

and all other fittings with fixing when mentioned as

per drawing. Working drawing is very important for

this costly item of woodwork and invariably this is

prepared by the department and so in the drawing.

The position of fitting may be

shown. Otherwise, fitting are paid individually

provided separate items nos. No other shortcut

process is allowed by P.W.D.

Mild steel (M.S.) Clamp or hold fast:-This item is

enumerated i.e., counted by numbering the estimate.

For window frame 6 nos. of clamps @ 3 nos.for each

vertical member of door frames are provided in the

estimate. For window frames4 nos. of clamps@

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2nos.for each vertical are considered. The size and

type of clamps stated in the description.

The item may be paid kg after

measuring the weight of one such member(usually

11/2kg).This items includes fitting and fixing with

cement concrete(1:2:4cost of cement concrete may

be included or paid separately.

Flooring Flooring for ground floor :-

Ground means floor of plinth. The floor consists of two

parts,

(i) Bottom are bed of floor usually provided with 7.5

cm thick lime concrete (1.5:2:7)or cement

concrete(1:3:6)over a brick flat soling is done to

prevent the contamination of green concrete with

earth below it

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(2) The top part above the base which may be

finished with 3mm to 6mm thick toping with coloring

pigment highly polished pigments , highly polished

and grinding. The top part may be 9mm to 12 mm

terrazzo or 20mm thick (finished)terrazzo or20 mm

thick (finished) terrazzo worked precast tiles set in

lime or cement mortar bed.

The quantity for base 7.5 cm thick

concrete is calculated in sq m stating the thickness by

multiplying the inside dimensions of plinth to plinth

walls.

Thus, the quantity of the top of

flooring is calculated also in sq m stating the

thickness by multiplying the inside dimensions of the

room.

So the area top of flooring shall be

more the area of base concrete. The variation for a

number of rooms in a building is considerable. Now, in

case the area of top is considerable to be the same as

the base area and materials such as precast tiles for

45


the top is procured, shortage of tiles shall beacon

actor shall get an excess payment.

For a number of rooms the amount

may be considerable. So the P.W.D.Schedule of rates

provide two separate items with rates, separating

work of flooring into two parts.

Brickwork :-Brickwork (with lime or cement mortar)

of one or more than one brick wall (one brick thick

walls when length of brick is parallel to thickness of

wall. Thickness of brickwork shall be measured in

multiples of half brick. Net measurement shall be

taken after deduction of all opening with lintels. For

small curves or chamfers measurements on the

square (i.e., without deduction for the small curves or

chamfers) is allowed.

Round pillars or the pillars of

polygonal form shall be calculated as if they were

square, the dia, and being taken as the side of the

46


square. Brickworks circulars on plan to mean the

radius exceeding 6m shall be measured separately.

But the brickwork at different levels as in foundation

and plinth superstructure ground floor, 1st floor etcs

hall is measured separately.

No extra payment shall be made for

foaming the small curves or chamfer. No. deduction

shall be made for the opening like ventilators, flues

etc. having opening up to 0.1 sqm in section.

Thus for ends of dissimilar materials

like beams, joists, rafters etc.up to 500sq cm in

section in walls no deduction shall be made.

Reinforced brickwork :-Unless otherwise stated

reinforcement and timber work shall be made

separately.

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10cm or half brick walls :-Brick on edge wall shall

also be paid in sq m. Wire netting etc. If provided

shall be included in the item.

Lime or cement concrete in foundation :-works of

lime concrete shall be fully described.

Reinforced concrete (R.C.C) :- Each class of work

shall be measured separately.

Unless otherwise stated, frame

work and reinforcement are measured as a composite

item they shall be fully described indicating that

supply of reinforcement is included in the item. No

deduction shall be made for the volume occupied by

Reinforcement,

(b)Pipes, conduits etc. not exceeding 100sq cm each

in cross section area (opening)

(c)opening up to 0.1 sq m ,

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(d) Ends of dissimilar material up to 500 sq cm,

(e) Chamfers, splays grooves and rebate.

Formwork:

Unless otherwise specified formwork shall be

classified and measured, separately. Measurement

shall be taken as the actual surfaces in contact with

the concrete or any other material requiring

formwork.

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Reinforcement : -

Shall include the standard length for hooking ends,

cranking and overlapping and cutting to length or

bending and binding. Binding wires are included.

Damp proof. Course (D.P.C.) :-

Measurement shall be taken stating the thickness.

R.C. Chajja sun shade : -

Where chajja is combined with the beam or lintel the

common portion shall be measured as chajja.

Precast C.C. or R.C.C. blocks :-

Formwork or mould shall be deemed to be included

with items .Preset unit shall be enumerated.

Solid block work (bed etc.) :-

May also be measured in sq m stating thickness.

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Hollow concrete block wall :-

No deduction shall be made for the hollows in the

blocks. Others are the same as described above

Expansion :-

Expansion joints in roofs, floors, walls roads, etc.,

shall be given in rm stating the width and depth of

the joint and material used for filling the joint.

Earthwork in excavation in any type of soil.

Measurement shall be taken as per authorized

dimensions from which soil has been taken out and

shall be measured without allowance for increase in

the bulk.

Excavation exceeding1.5m in which width as well as

10 sq. m.on plans but not exceeeding30cm in-depth

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shall be considered as surface excavation and given

in sq.m. Stating the average depth.

Excavation in the hard rock

Earthwork in the different kinds of the soil and rock

formation shall be kept separate.

Excavation in trenches for the foundation and

for pipes, cables etc .

The actual measurement s of the fill shall be

calculated by taking levels of the original ground

before start of the work and after completion of the

fill at suitable intervals.

Earthwork in filling (with sand or loose earth) in

foundation trenches or plinth

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The filling shall be measured and the following

deductions shall be made for settlement to arrive at

the net quantities.,

(A)10% in consolidated fills , except where the

consolidation is done by heavy machinery in which

case the deduction shall be 5%;

(B) where measured in loose stacks or in carts or

lorries, a25% deduction;(c)no deduction shall be

made in the case of consolidated fills in confined

situations like floors.

Random rubble masonry, Ashlars masonry

walling and arches

If facing stones are the same as those used in body of

walling, additional work involved in dressing stones

shall be as ‘extra over’ walling. Other

particularsshallbe same as brickwork.

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Stonework in the wall facing etc .

The character of facing, the average width of width

of bed and thickness of joints shall be stated. Circular

facings exceeding6m in radius on plan shall be

included in the general facing.

Stonework in sills, steps, string, cources,

cornices, columns lintels, coping etc

Type of dressing shall be described and measured in

sq m as extra - over.

Terraced roofing portion of tiles, bricks or stone

slabs

The thickness, size and quantity of the tiles, bricks or

stone slabs shall be stated. The numbers of layers,

method of laying, pointing and kind of mortar with

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proportion shall be stated and include in the item.

The supporting rafter and beams shall be measured

sparely under relevant clauses.

Ridges, hips & valley

Hip hooks shall be enumerated.

Asbestos corrugated (A.C.) or galvanized

corrugated Iron (G.C.I.) sheet roofing

Corrugated sheets shall be measured flat and not by

girth. No addition shall be made for laps. Ridges hips

and valley shall be measured in r m stating the laps

for A.C. sheeting and thickness shall be described.

Water proofing on roof.

Surface painting if applied shall be measured

separately

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Terrazzo or Mosaic flooring .

The thickness shall be measured after polishing the

floor materials of dividing strips shall be stated and

given running m mentioning the thickness.

Doors and window shutters of different types

Net measurement shall be taken as per opening in

the framework including rebate but excluding extra

width for rebated or splayed meeting styles of doors

and windows.

Woodwork in door and window frames

Measurement shall be taken as opening and included

the length for joints, horns etc.

M.S. Structural works, R.S.J., channels, angles,

Tee or bar etc .

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No deduction shall be made for rivet or bolt holes.

The weight of cleats gusset plates, packing pieces,

rivets heads etc. shall be added to respective items.

Holding down bolts shall be measured separately.

Steel doors and window

The sizes of the varies members, methods of fixing

and hanging and fastening shall be included in the

item.

All pipe lines water pipe, rain water sanitary

etc.

The measurement shall be taken along the central

line of the pipe & fitting or specials. All fitting or

specials shall be enumerated separately as extra over

the pipes. Alternatively measurement shall take along

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the central line of the pipes and in between the fitting

or specials. All joints, fitting or specials shall be fully

described and enumerated separately.

Sewer lines

Same as water lines.

Manholes or Inspection chamber

Shall be measured in detail as recommended in

relevant I.S. for different items.

Rain-water, vent, waste pipes etc

The length shall be measured along the central line

of the pipes and fitting. Length as laid or fixed shall

be measured over all fittings such as bends, angles

etc. Which shall not be measured separately? The

diameters shall be nominal dia. Of the internal bore.

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Sanitary fittings .

Sanitary fittings such as closet pans, wash basins,

sinks, urinals, shower roses , flushing pipes etc. shall

be fully described.

Glass panes

Each plane of glass shall be measured to the nearest

0.5 cm Irregular or circular planes shall be measured

as the smallest rectangular area from which the

panes can be cut.

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Septic Tank

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