Seeley's Chapter 6 Skeletal System

8/18/2019 Seeley's Chapter 6 Skeletal System

1/80

1

Chapter 06Lecture and

Animation Outline

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display.

!ee separate PowerPoint slides or all igures and

ta"les pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes and

animations.

To run the animations you must "e in Slideshow View. #se

the "uttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn

audio$te%t on or o.

Please Note& 'nce you ha(e used any o the animation

unctions

)such as Play or Pause*, you must irst clic+

on the

slides "ac+ground "eore you can ad(ance to the ne%t slide.


2/80

2

Chapter 6-Skeletal System

Functions

1. Support

2. Protect

3. Movement

4. Storage

5. Blood cell production


3/80

3

Components of Skeletal System

• Bone

• Cartilage:

reduce friction and model for bone formation

• Tendons:

attach bone to muscle

• Ligaments:

attach bone to bone


4/80

4

Background Information

• Bones cartilage tendons and ligaments areconnective tissues.

• Proteoglycans:- large pol!saccharides attached to proteins

" part of ground substance

" store #ater


5/80


6/80

(

Classification of Bones

• Based on shape:

long short flat irregular

• Type of "one tissue:

compact and spong! $cancellous&


7/80

)

Bone Shapes

• *ong+" ,%. -emur tibia fibula

• Short+

,%. /arpals tarsals

phlanges

• -lat+

,%. 0ibs sternum s'ull

• rregular+ ,%. ertebrae and facial


8/80

Long Bone Structures• iaph!sis+

shaft compact bone

tissue $on outside&

• ,piph!sis+ ends

spong! bone tissue

• rticular cartilage+" covers epiph!ses

" reduces friction

Endosteum

Periosteum

Medullary cavity contains

red marrow in !uveniles and

yellow marrow in adults"

Compact #one

Spon$y #one

Epiphyseal plates

in !uveniles

Epiphysis

Articular cartila$e

%oun$ #one

&iaphysis

a"



9/80

• ,piph!seal plate+

site of gro#th bet#een diaph!sis

and epiph!sis

• Medullar! cavit!+

center of diaph!sis

red or !ello#marro#

&iaphysis

Adult #one

Endosteum

Periosteum




Compact #one

Spon$y #one

Epiphyseal lines

in adults

Epiphysis

Articular cartila$e

#"



10/80

16

• Periosteum+ membrane around

bone7s outer surface

• ,ndosteum+

membrane that lines

medullar! cavit! EndosteumPeriosteum




Compact #one

Spon$y #one

Epiphyseal plates

in !uveniles

Epiphysis

Articular cartila$e

%oun$ #one

&iaphysis

a"



11/80

11


&iaphysis

Adult #one

Endosteum

Periosteum




Compact #one

Spon$y #one

Epiphyseal lines

in adults

Epiphyseal plates

in !uveniles

Epiphysis

Articular cartila$e

%oun$ #one

&iaphysis

a" #"

Osteons

haversian systems"

Endosteum'nner

layer

Outer

layer

Periosteum

Compact #one

Central canals

Spon$y #one

with tra#eculae

Connectin$ vessels

Medullarycavity

Adult #onec"


12/80

12

Compact Bone Tissue

• Location:

outer part of diaph!sis $long

bones& and thinner surfaces

of other bones

• #steon:- structural unit of compact

bone

- includes lamella lacunae

canaliculus central canal

osteoc!tes

• Lamella:

rings of bone matri%

Osteons

haversian systems"

Endosteum'nner

layer

Outer layer

Periosteum

Compact #one

Central canals

Spon$y #onewith tra#eculae

Connectin$ vessels

Medullarycavity

Adult #onec"



13/80

13

• Lacunae:

spaces bet#een lamella

• Canaliculus:

- tin! canals

" transport nutrients and remove #aste

• Central canal:" center of osteon

" contains blood vessels

Osteons

haversian systems"

Endosteum'nner

layer

Outer layer

Periosteum

Compact #one

Central canals

Spon$y #onewith tra#eculae

Connectin$ vessels

Medullarycavity

Adult #onec"



14/80


Osteocytes in

lacunae

Canaliculi

(lood vessels

within a central

)aversian" canal

(lood vessels

connectin$ to

a central canal

(lood vessel within

the periosteum

Periosteum

Lamellae

#etween osteons

Lamellae on

sur*ace o* #oneOsteon

(lood vessel

connectin$ to

a central canal

#etween osteons

Lacunae

Canaliculi #"a"

Central canal

Concentric rin$s

o* lamellae

Osteon

LM +00,

a& © Trent !tephens


15/80

15

• /ancellous bone

• Location: epiph!ses of long bones and center of other bones

• Tra"eculae: interconnecting rods spaces contain marro#

• 8o osteons

Spongy Bone Tissue


16/80


17/80

1)

Bone Formation

•#ssification: process of bone formation $occurs in utero&

• #steo"lasts role:" build bone

" after an osteoblast becomes surrounded b! bone

matri% it becomes an osteoc!te


18/80

1

• #ssification center:

#here bone formation begins

• Primary ossification center:

" #here bone 1st begins to appear" forms diaph!ses

• Secondary ossification center:

forms epiph!ses


19/80

19

Intramem"ranous #ssification

• Bone formation #ithin connective tissue

membranes

• :steoblasts build bone

• ,%. S'ull bones


20/80


21/80

21

$ndochondral #ssification

• Bone formation inside cartilage

• /artilage models are replaced b! bone

• ,%. ll bones $e%cept s'ull&


22/80

22

Steps in $ndochondral #ssification

1. /hondroblasts build a cartilage model thechrondroblasts become chondroc!tes.

2. /artilage model calcifies $hardens&.

3. :steoblasts invade calcified cartilage and a primar! ossification center forms diaph!sis.

4. Secondar! ossification centers form epiph!sis.

5. :riginal cartilage model is almost completel!ossified and remaining cartilage is articular

cartilage.


23/80


24/80

24

-

.

+

1

-

.

+

Calci*ied cartila$e

is replaced #y #one/

Chondrocytes

divide and enlar$e/Epiphyseal

plate

(one o*

diaphysis

Len$th o* #one

increases/

hicness o*

epiphyseal

plate remains

unchan$ed/

(one isadded to

diaphysis/

he cartila$e on

the diaphyseal side

o* the plate is

replaced #y #one/LM +00,

Matri, is calci*ied2

and chondrocytes

die/

Chondrocytes

mature andenlar$e/

3ew cartila$e is

produced on

the epiphyseal side

o* the plate as the

chondrocytes divide

and *orm stacs

o* cells/

Epiphyseal side

&iaphyseal side

a"

#"

c"

1

-

.

+

1

&iaphysis

Epiphyseal

plate

Epiphysis

4emur

Patella


)a*& © d esch+e$Peter /rnold, Inc.$ Photoli"rary.com0 )c*& © 1io-Photo /ssocs$Photo esearchers, Inc.


25/80

25

Bone %ro&th

• Infancy and youth:" long bones lengthen at epiph!seal plate

" long bones #iden b! adding more lamella

• $nd of "one gro&th 'in length(+

epiph!seal plate is replaced b! an epiph!seal line


26/80

-igure

(.2b


27/80

2)

Please note that due to di**erin$

operatin$ systems2 some animations

will not appear until the presentation is

viewed in Presentation Mode Slide

Show view"/ %ou may see #lan slides

in the 53ormal or 5Slide Sorter views/

All animations will appear a*ter viewin$

in Presentation Mode and playin$ each

animation/ Most animations will re7uire

the latest version o* the 4lash Player2

which is availa#le at

http899$et/ado#e/com9*lashplayer/


28/80

Bone )emodeling

• *hat is it+" removal of e%isting bone b! osteoclasts and

deposition of ne# bone b! osteoblasts

" occurs in all bones

" responsible for changes in bone shape bone

repair ad;ustment of bone to stress and

calcium ion regulation

2


29/80

29

Bone )epair1. Bro'en bone causes bleeding and a blood clot

forms.2. /allus forms #hich is a fibrous net#or' bet#een

2 fragments.

3. /artilage model forms first then osteoblastsenter the callus and form cancellous bone this

continues for 4"( #ee's after in;ur!.

4. /ancellous bone is slo#l! remodeled to formcompact and cancellous bone.


30/80


31/80

Bone and Calcium ,omeostasis

• Bone is a ma;or storage site for calcium• Movement of calcium in and out of bone helps

determine blood levels of calcium

• /alcium moves into bone as osteoblasts buildne# bone

• /alcium move out of bone as osteoclasts brea'

do#n bone• /alcium homeostasis is maintained b!

parath!roid hormone $P


32/80

1

-

.

+

:

6

1

-

:

6

(lood

Small intestine

Osteo#lasts promote

Ca-; deposition in #one/

Vitamin & Stimulates

osteoclasts'nhi#its

osteoclasts

Calcitonin

Osteoclasts

promote Ca-;uptae *rom

#one/

'ncreased

#lood Ca-;&ecreased

#lood Ca-;

Posterior aspect

o* thyroid $land

Parathyroid

$lands

hyroid $land


33/80

33

,ematopoietic Tissue

• *hat is it+

tissue that ma'es blood cells

•)ed marro&:location of blood forming cells

• ello& marro&:mostl! fat


34/80

34

• Location of hematopoietic tissue in ne&"orns:

most bones $red marro#&

• Location of hematopoietic tissue in adults:- red is replaced #ith !ello# marro#

" red marro# is mainl! in epiph!ses of femur

and humerus

B . t


35/80

35

Bone .natomy• Foramen:

- hole " ,%. -oramen magnum

• Fossa:

" depression

" ,%. >lenoid fossa

• Process:

" pro;ection

" ,%. Mastoid process


36/80

3(

• Condyle:

" smooth rounded end

" ,%. :ccipital cond!le

• /eatus:

- canal"li'e passage#a!" ,%. ,%ternal auditor! meatus

• Tu"ercle:

" lump of bone

- ,%. >reater tubercle


37/80

3)


38/80

3

.!ial Skeleton• /astoid process:

attached to nec' muscles

• $!ternal auditory meatus:

ear canal

• 0asolacrimal canal:" canal bet#een nasal cavit! and e!e

" conducts tears


39/80

39

• Styloid process:

attachment site for tongue

• /andi"ular fossa:

depression #here lo#er ;a# and s'ullmeet

• %lenoid fossa:#here humerus meets scapula


40/80

46

• ,ard palate:

roof of mouth

• Foramen magnum:hole #here spinal cord ;oins brainstem


41/80

41

• 1ygomatic:chee' bone

• /andi"le:

lo#er ;a#

• /a!illa:

upper ;a#


42/80


43/80


44/80


45/80

45


3uchal lines

Occipital #one

emporal #one

Mastoid process

Carotid canal

Mandi#ular *ossa

Styloid process

)ard

palate

Palatine process o* ma,illary #one

)ori=ontal plate o* palatine #one

>y$omatic #one

Vomer

'ncisive *ossa

Ma,illa

'n*erior or#ital *issure

Sphenoid #one

4oramen ovale

4oramen spinosum

E,ternal auditory canal

?u$ular *oramen

Occipital condyle

4oramen ma$num

'n*erior view


46/80

4(

2erte"ral Column• ) cervical vertebra

• 12 thoracic vertebra• 5 lumbar vertebra

• 1 sacrum

• 1 cocc!%• .tlas:

- 1st vertebra

" holds head

• .!is:

" 2nd vertebra

" rotates head


47/80


48/80


49/80


50/80

56

Functions of 2erte"ral Column

• Support

• Protect spinal cord

• Movement


51/80

51

Thoracic Cage• Protects vital organs

• 12 pair of ribs

• Sternum:

breastbone

• True ri"s:

attach directl! to sternum b! cartilage

• False ri"s:attach indirectl! to sternum b! cartilage

• Floating ri"s:

not attached to sternum


52/80


53/80

Pectoral %irdle

• Scapula:shoulder blade

• Cla3icle:

collar bone

53


54/80

4 Li " B


55/80

4pper Lim" Bones

• ,umerus:

upper limb

• 4lna:

forearm

• )adius:

forearm

• Carpals:#rist

• /etacarpals:

hand55


56/80


57/80


58/80


59/80


60/80

Pel3ic %irdle

• ?here lo#er limbs attach to bod!• Pel3is:

includes pelvic girdle and cocc!%

• Ischium:inferior and posterior region

• Ilium:

most superior region

• .ceta"ulum:

hip soc'et $;oint& (6


61/80


62/80


Medial viewLateral view

'schial tu#erosity

'schium

'schial spine

@reater

sciatic notch

'liac crest

'lium

'liac *ossa

@reater sciatic notch

'schial spine

'schium

Articular sur*acearea o*

articulation

with sacrum"

O#turator *oramen

Pu#ic symphysis

Pu#is

Aceta#ulum

Pelvic #rim

a" #"


63/80


64/80

(4


65/80

Lo&er Lim" Bones

• Femur:thigh

• Patella:

'nee cap• Ti"ia:

large lo#er leg

• Fi"ula:

small lo#er leg

(5


66/80

• Tarsals:

an'le

• /etatarsals:

foot

• Phalanges:

toes and fingers

((


67/80


@reater trochanter

)ead)ead


68/80

(

Anterior view

Anterior

sur*ace

Posterior viewAnterior view

Patellar $roove

Lateral epicondyle

Lateral condyle

'ntercondylar *ossa

Lateral epicondyle

Linea aspera

3ec

@reater trochanter

3ec

@reater trochanter

(ody sha*t" o* *emur

Medial

condyle

Medial

epicondyle

Lesser trochanter

a"

#"


69/80


70/80


71/80

)1

.rticulations


72/80

)2

.rticulations

• *hat are they+

#here 2 bones come together $;oint&• Synarthrosis:

" nonmovable ;oint

" ,%. s'ull• .mphiarthrosis:

" slightl! movable ;oint

" ,%. Bet#een vertebrae• 5iarthrosis:

" freel! movable ;oint

" ,%. 'nee elbo# #rist


Parietal#one


73/80

)3

Occipital

posterior"

*ontanel

Superior view

Occipital

#one

Parietal

#one

4rontal

anterior"

*ontanel

4rontal #ones

not yet *usedinto a sin$le

#one"

Sa$ittal

suture

Lateral viewemporal #one

Sphenoidal

anterolateral"*ontanel

Coronal

suture

4rontal

#one

Mastoid posterolateral"

*ontanel

Lam#doid

suture

Occipital

#one

S7uamous

suture

a"

#"



74/80

)4

(one

(lood vessel

3erve

Articular

cartila$e

endonsheath

endon

(onePeriosteum

Outer layer

'nner layer

?oint cavity *illed

with synovial *luid"

(ursa

?oint

capsule

Synovial mem#rane

4i#rous part o* !oint

capsule


Sli$htAcromion process o* Acromioclavicular

Plane

Class and E,ample

o* ?oint

MovementStructures ?oined


75/80

)5

Multiple a,es as a $roup

Sli$ht

Sli$ht

Sli$ht

Sli$ht

Sli$ht

Sli$ht

Sli$ht

scapula and clavicle

Carpals and metacarpals-:

Bi#s and verte#rae

(etween carpal #ones

(etween metatarsal #ones

(etween tarsal #ones

(etween articular processes o*

ad!acent verte#rae

(etween sacrum and co,al #one com ple, !oint with several

planes and synchondroses"

arsal #ones and metatarsal #onesarsometatarsal

Sacroiliac

'nterverte#ral

'ntertarsal

'ntermetatarsal

'ntercarpal

Costoverte#ral

Carpometacarpal

Saddle

wo a,es

Sli$ht

Sli$ht

Manu#rium o* sternum

and clavicle

Sternoclavicular

'ntercarpal

Carpometacarpal pollicis

Carpal and metacarpal o* thum#

(etween carpal #ones

)in$e

Cu#ital el#ow"


76/80

)(

Types of /o3ement

• Fle!ion: bending

• $!tension: straightening

• ."duction: movement a#a! from midline

• .dduction: movement to#ard the midline

• Pronation: rotation of the forearm #ith palms

do#n

• Supination: rotation of the forearm #ith palms up

• )otation: movement of a structure about the long

a%is


77/80


78/80


79/80

,ffects of ging on the S'eletal

S!stem and @oints1. ecrease /ollagen Production

2. *oss of Bone ensit!3. egenerative /hanges

)9


80/80

Please note that due to di**erin$

operatin$ systems2 some animations

will not appear until the presentation is

viewed in Presentation Mode Slide

Show view"/ %ou may see #lan slides

in the 53ormal or 5Slide Sorter views/All animations will appear a*ter viewin$

in Presentation Mode and playin$ each

animation/ Most animations will re7uire

the latest version o* the 4lash Player2

which is availa#le at

http899$et/ado#e/com9*lashplayer/

Seeley's Chapter 6 Skeletal System

Documents

Transcript of Seeley's Chapter 6 Skeletal System