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Sedimentary Sedimentary PetrologyPetrologyGEO 333GEO 333
Lab(4)Lab(4)
Classification of Classification of Unconsolidated SedimentsUnconsolidated Sediments
2009 2009
Mansour Al-HashimMansour Al-Hashim
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Preview of Lab 3Preview of Lab 3 Textures of sedimentary rocksTextures of sedimentary rocks Grain sizeGrain size Roundness and sortingRoundness and sorting MaturityMaturity ColorColor Cohesiveness (firmness)Cohesiveness (firmness) Mineral composition and sedimentary Mineral composition and sedimentary
structuresstructures Framework and matrixFramework and matrix Cements in sedimentary rocksCements in sedimentary rocks
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Objectives of Lab 4Objectives of Lab 4
Classification of sediments Classification of sediments
Reading a ternary diagramReading a ternary diagram
Finding Clay : Silt RatioFinding Clay : Silt Ratio
Finding Mud : Sand RatioFinding Mud : Sand Ratio
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Classification of Sediments Classification of Sediments (1)(1)
Classification of detrital sediments is Classification of detrital sediments is
based on particle size.based on particle size.
The major size categories are gravel, The major size categories are gravel,
sand, and mud.sand, and mud. Boundaries between these categories Boundaries between these categories
are in accord with those of Udden-are in accord with those of Udden-
Wentworth grade scale. Wentworth grade scale.
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Classification of Sediments Classification of Sediments (2)(2)
The problem is that sediments are The problem is that sediments are NOT always very well sorted.NOT always very well sorted.
There is always a spread of sizes There is always a spread of sizes around the mean size.around the mean size.
So what does one do about naming So what does one do about naming mixed sediments?? mixed sediments??
For the sake of that purpose, various For the sake of that purpose, various classifications have been proposed. classifications have been proposed.
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Classifications of sediments that contain mixtures of size classes
Figure by MIT OCW
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Classifications of sediments that contain mixtures of size classes
Figure by MIT OCW
![Page 8: Sedimentary Petrology GEO 333 Lab(4) Classification of Unconsolidated Sediments 2009 Mansour Al-Hashim.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cbf5503460f949856ab/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Classifications of sediments that contain mixtures of size classes
Figure by MIT OCW
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From Long (2006), based on Folk (1954)
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Reading a Ternary DiagramReading a Ternary Diagram
A ternary diagram is a triangle. A ternary diagram is a triangle. Each of its three apexes represents a Each of its three apexes represents a
specific component, such as gravel, specific component, such as gravel, sand, or mud.sand, or mud.
In the following example the apexes In the following example the apexes are labeled are labeled AA,, B B, and , and CC..
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Composition A
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Composition B
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Composition C
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A Complete Ternary Diagram
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Example (1)• What is the composition of the points 1-4 plotted on the diagram?
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SolutionSolution
Point 1Point 1 (60% A) (20% B) (20% C) = 100% (60% A) (20% B) (20% C) = 100%
Point 2Point 2 (25% A) (40% B) (35% C) = 100% (25% A) (40% B) (35% C) = 100%
Point 3Point 3 (10% A) (70% B) (20% C) = 100% (10% A) (70% B) (20% C) = 100%
Point 4Point 4 (0.0% A)(25% B) (75% C) = 100% (0.0% A)(25% B) (75% C) = 100%
Note:Note: the total percentages of the total percentages of
compositions that make up a specific compositions that make up a specific
sediment must be 100%. sediment must be 100%.
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NotesNotes
In common practice, "A Scale", "B Scale", In common practice, "A Scale", "B Scale", and "C Scale" are not always shown on the and "C Scale" are not always shown on the diagram.diagram.
Sometimes, these diagrams even lack the Sometimes, these diagrams even lack the percent numbers. percent numbers.
Here, we will learn how to read such Here, we will learn how to read such diagrams.diagrams.
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From csmres.jmu.eduFrom csmres.jmu.edu
Can you read it Can you read it now??now??
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Triangle (A)
Folk (1954)
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Triangle (B)
Folk (1954)
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Based on Folk (1954)
Triangle (B)
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When do we use triangle A When do we use triangle A and B?and B?
Triangle (A):Triangle (A): Sand, Silt, and ClaySand, Silt, and Clay No GravelNo Gravel Clay : Silt RatioClay : Silt Ratio
Triangle (B):Triangle (B): Gravel, Sand, and Mud (Silt + Clay)Gravel, Sand, and Mud (Silt + Clay)
Mud : Sand RatioMud : Sand Ratio
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Finding Clay : Silt RatioFinding Clay : Silt Ratio
Example (1)Example (1)
Sand= 25%, Silt= 25%, Clay= 50%Sand= 25%, Silt= 25%, Clay= 50%
Clay : SiltClay : Silt
50 : 2550 : 25
50/25 : 25/2550/25 : 25/25
2 : 12 : 1
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Finding Mud : Sand RatioFinding Mud : Sand Ratio
Example (2)Example (2)
Gravel= 10%, Sand= 80%, Mud= 10%Gravel= 10%, Sand= 80%, Mud= 10%
Mud : SandMud : Sand
10 : 8010 : 80
10/10 : 80/1010/10 : 80/10
1 : 81 : 8
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Assignment (4)Assignment (4) Classify the following sediments using the ternary diagrams Classify the following sediments using the ternary diagrams
(A) or (B)(A) or (B)
Sediment 1Sediment 1 Gravel= Gravel=7070 %, Sand= %, Sand= 20 20 %%, , Mud=Mud= 10 10 % %
Sediment 2Sediment 2 Sand= Sand= 6060 %, Clay= %, Clay= 4040 %, Silt= %, Silt= 00 % %
Sediment 3Sediment 3 Gravel= Gravel=3030 %, Sand= %, Sand= 5050 %, Mud= %, Mud= 2020 % %
Sediment 4Sediment 4 Sand= Sand= 1010 %, Clay= %, Clay= 1515 %, Silt= %, Silt= 7575 % %
Find theFind the Mud : Sand Mud : Sand oror Clay : SiltClay : Silt for all the above cases. for all the above cases.
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References References
Long, D. 2006. BGS detailed explanation of Long, D. 2006. BGS detailed explanation of
seabed sediment modified folk classification.seabed sediment modified folk classification.
Folk, R.L., 1954. The distinction between grain Folk, R.L., 1954. The distinction between grain
size and mineral composition in sedimentary size and mineral composition in sedimentary
rock nomenclature. Journal of Geology 62 (4), rock nomenclature. Journal of Geology 62 (4),
344-359.344-359.
csmres.jmu.edu csmres.jmu.edu
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The EndThe End